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Genetic Continuity of Bronze Age Ancestry with Increased Steppe-Related Ancestry in Late Iron Age Uzbekistan
No full textAlthough Uzbekistan and Central Asia are known for the well-studied Bronze Age civilization of the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC), the lesser-known Iron Age was also a dynamic period that resulted in increased interaction and admixture among different cultures from this region. To broaden our understanding of events that impacted the demography and population structure of this region, we generated 27 genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism capture data sets of Late Iron Age individuals around the Historical Kushan time period (∼2100–1500 BP) from three sites in South Uzbekistan. Overall, Bronze Age ancestry persists into the Iron Age in Uzbekistan, with no major replacements of populations with Steppe-related ancestry. However, these individuals suggest diverse ancestries related to Iranian farmers, Anatolian farmers, and Steppe herders, with a small amount of West European Hunter Gatherer, East Asian, and South Asian Hunter Gatherer ancestry as well. Genetic affinity toward the Late Bronze Age Steppe herders and a higher Steppe-related ancestry than that found in BMAC populations suggest an increased mobility and interaction of individuals from the Northern Steppe in a Southward direction. In addition, a decrease of Iranian and an increase of Anatolian farmer-like ancestry in Uzbekistan Iron Age individuals were observed compared with the BMAC populations from Uzbekistan. Thus, despite continuity from the Bronze Age, increased admixture played a major role in the shift from the Bronze to the Iron Age in southern Uzbekistan. This mixed ancestry is also observed in other parts of the Steppe and Central Asia, suggesting more widespread admixture among local populations
Measuring Misleading Information in IPO Prospectuses.
No full textNewly public firms may provide misleading information about their business plans in their initial public offering (IPO) prospectuses. Using textual analysis, we develop a simple measure of such misleading information based on the difference between the emphasis placed on business lines in the main textual description and the corresponding information from the accounting tables. We examine our measure of misleading information using a sample of 1878 IPOs in China from 2010 to 2019. We find that the degree of misleading information is greater when firms find it more difficult to get regulatory approval for an IPO. Furthermore, the amount of misleading information is greater for firms with higher leverage and more segmented businesses. We also find some evidence that the stock returns of firms which present a greater amount of misleading information are lower
Netflix: reinvention across multiple time periods, reflections and directions for future research
No full textA modern start-up’s initial success and long-term viability depends upon its overcoming a series of increasingly challenging obstacles. First, it needs to evaluate and modify its product or solution to ensure fit with an intended market. Assuming it truly addresses a pressing customer need, the firm must then create commercial viability. The offering’s feature set, positioning, distribution, pricing, partnerships, and branding all need to be not only established but generate a positive market reaction (Greiner, 1998). In addition, it must ensure that it has the internal capabilities, resources, and business model to manage the business effectively on a day-to-day basis (Zott & Amit, 2008).
If all goes well, the path forward becomes even more difficult. Building upon initial successes, the firm’s leaders look to scale up the business (Picken, 2017). Capital, resource allocation, staffing, and other key decisions all come to the forefront. The firm may test its capabilities via a small-scale regional or partner-based experiment and then attempt a full-blown scale-up. As it does this, early investor pressure for accelerating scaling builds because that is the path to a quick and profitable exit for them. This, however, creates a dilemma for the firm’s founders and leaders. Should they focus on further refining the product or solution that generated the initial momentum, thus solidifying the small-scale success (O’Reilly & Tushman, 2011)? Or should they focus on new products and new markets as paths to faster growth? Focusing on refining the existing product or solution and deepening ties with current customers may limit growth and dash investor expectations, whereas focusing on new products and markets may take attention and resources away from what made the firm successful in the first place
Mapa de Estradas Propostas, Parques Nacionales, e Topografia da Serra do Divisor, Perú-Brasil
No full textCartógrafos: Yunuen Reygadas, D. S. Salisbury
Informação disponível: http://www.stephaniespera.com/, https://servir.ciat.cgiar.org/ , https://blog.richmond.edu/dsalisbury/
No final de 2020, as bases de dados geográficas oficiais dos dois países mostram as duas estradas propostas alcançando a fronteira internacional em dois locais separados que não se ligam entre si.
“No sudoeste da Amazônia fica a Serra do Divisor, um grupo isolado de picos e cumes cobertos de névoa que se erguem da floresta úmida de planície. As florestas desses picos e vales fortemente delineados ainda ecoam com o rosnado baixo do jaguar e os ruídos estrondosos de centenas de rebanhos de queixadas, enquanto a cobertura florestal balança com os bandos do raro macaco vermelho Uakari. Essa biodiversidade inspirou a criação do Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor e sua reserva irmã transfronteiriça, mas essas florestas também abrigam humanos: os descendentes dos guerreiros Asheninka e seringueiros, o povo Nawa ressurgente e o mais evasivo, o povo Isconahua não contactados . Esses territorios e ecossistemas estão entrelaçados com as cicatrizes efêmeras dos recém-chegados: madeireiros, mineiros e traficantes de drogas. No entanto, a linha mais importante da Sierra do Divisor é a própria fronteira; a fronteira internacional que segue a cordilheira da Sierra que divide a bacia do rio Ucayali, no Peru, da bacia do rio Juruá no estado do Acre. Relativamente equidistantes da linha divisória da cordilheira estão duas cidades: Pucallpa, a capital de Ucayali, e o centro comercial ocidental do Acre, Cruzeiro do Sul. Ambas as cidades são o fim da malha rodoviária de seu país. Por agora. Empreendedores e funcionários do governo vêem cada vez mais os 160 quilômetros de floresta que separam as duas cidades como uma obstrução temporária à integração continental” (Salisbury et al., 2013, p. 129).https://scholarship.richmond.edu/geography-maps/1017/thumbnail.jp
Mapa de Carreteras Propuestas, Parques Nacionales, y Topografía de la Sierra del Divisor, Perú-Brasil
No full textCartógrafos: Yunuen Reygadas, D. S. Salisbury
Información disponible: http://www.stephaniespera.com/, https://servir.ciat.cgiar.org/ , https://blog.richmond.edu/dsalisbury/
A finales de 2020 las bases de datos geográficos oficiales de los dos países muestran a las dos carreteras propuestas que llegan a la frontera internacional en dos lugares separados que no se unen entre sí.
“En el suroeste de la Amazonía se encuentra la Sierra del Divisor, un grupo aislado de picos y crestas cubiertos de niebla que se elevan desde la húmeda selva baja de las tierras bajas. Los bosques de estas crestas y valles ferozmente diseccionados aún resuenan con el gruñido bajo del jaguar y los ruidos atronadores de cientos de manadas de pecaríes de raya blanca, mientras el dosel se balancea con las tropas del raro mono rojo Uakarí. Esta biodiversidad inspiró la creación del Parque Nacional Serra do Divisor y su reserva hermana transfronteriza, pero estos bosques también son el hogar de seres humanos: los descendientes de los guerreros Ashéninka y los extractores de caucho, un pueblo Nawa resurgente y el más esquivo, los Isconahua no contactados . Estos territorios y ecosistemas se entrecruzan con las cicatrices efímeras de los recién llegados: madereros, mineros y narcotraficantes. Sin embargo, la línea más importante de la Sierra del Divisor es la frontera en sí, el límite internacional que sigue la cordillera de la Sierra que divide la cuenca del río Ucayali en Perú de la cuenca Juruá de Brasil en el estado de Acre. Relativamente equidistantes de la línea divisoria de la cordillera se encuentran dos ciudades, Pucallpa, la capital de Ucayali, y el centro comercial occidental de Acre, Cruzeiro do Sul. Ambas ciudades son el final del camino para la red de carreteras de su país. Por ahora. Los planificadores y funcionarios gubernamentales ven cada vez más los 160 kilómetros de bosque que separan las dos ciudades como una obstrucción temporal a la integración continental” (Salisbury et al., 2013, p. 129).https://scholarship.richmond.edu/geography-maps/1018/thumbnail.jp
Using Excel to Simulate a Financial Calculator and Excel TVM Formulas
Get PDFExcel is used to build a simulation of the TI BAII-Plus financial calculator to illustrate the N, I/Y, PV, PMT, and FV inputs. Unlike other financial calculator simulators, this template also displays the corresponding Excel functions to aid in transitioning the student to using Excel for financial analysis
Changing Lanes: Tax Relief for Commuters
Get PDFTax law reaches all parts of life, and societal expectations about life\u27s activities often affect how the law is applied. As those expectations change, application of the law should be expected to change in turn. This essay highlights changing societal views about commuting, particularly as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, to demonstrate how even long-standing positions under the tax law can be quickly uprooted. Specifically, as working from home becomes standard, taxpayers should be afforded tax relief when required to commute into the workplace, despite the fact that the tax law traditionally has rejected such relief
The Bivens Special Factors and Qualified Immunity: Duplicative Barriers to the Vindication of Constitutional Rights
Get PDFPart I of this note traces the history of the Bivens cause of action and analyzes the original “special factors” that concerned the Supreme Court. Part I also outlines the purpose behind implying a Bivens cause of action for plaintiffs bringing constitutional claims. Part II includes the same analysis of the qualified immunity defense, both to its history and purpose. Part III demonstrates how the Supreme Court has incorporated the concerns addressed by qualified immunity into the “special factors” analysis, rather than acknowledging the mitigating nature of immunity defenses when examining if any “special factors” exist. Finally, Part IV argues for the restoration of the original, more limited “special factors” jurisprudence—and an abandonment of the incorporation of qualified immunity concerns—to facilitate the vindication of constitutional rights
e-Museletter: April 2021
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Materials Updatehttps://scholarship.richmond.edu/museletter/1164/thumbnail.jp
Committed to the Cause or Performative Posting?: Developing a Measure of Internal and External Motivations for Online Activism
Get PDFThis project assesses the allyship of White students and non-Black students of color at the University of Richmond, specifically through their use of and perceptions of social media as a form of activism during the recent racial justice protests. Though documenting one’s allyship on social media may function to educate and influence others, some have questioned whether such behaviors are merely optical or performative allyship, designed to benefit the ally’s reputation and social standing more than affect social change. The primary aim of this study is to evaluate whether students differ in the extent to which they report internal (i.e., aligned with personal values) and external (i.e., derived from social pressures) motivations to engage in optical allyship, and whether those differences in motivations are linked to differences in the frequency and type of informed action they undertake, as well as related variables (e.g., anti-racist beliefs)