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Las sobrevivientes: La represión social y política del trauma sufrido de las mujeres desde la dictadura
No full textThis project is a visibilization and analyzation of gender and human rights abuses. Focusing on the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet in Chile and the following democratic transition, it unravels the systematic and social oppression of gender. The question remains, how is gender manipulated as a tactic of conflict and a means of control? There are clear social elements working to obstruct justice following the catastrophic forms of torture at the hands of the state. These forms of torture were blatantly gendered as a means for intensified state mandated terrorism. In other words, sexual violence in all forms was clearly a tactic of the state to install not only a deeper level of fear but also a direct mean of control. This trauma had become a vulnerability. It has bred a sort of shame and silence that disables communities to the point that it is normalized. Sexualized violence operates on a continuum. When there is no persecution of the military, no conversation about the severity of sexual violence, nor the understanding of just how many women and children were subjected to these horrors, violent behavior towards women and their bodies settles into the day to day lives of the people. Oppressive systems of power seem inevitable. This project illustrates the ways women were affected differently by the dictatorship, not exclusively in regards to sexual violence, but with the consideration that most women prisoners were subjected to such. It reveals that the values of the dictator live and thrive in society today. It furthermore inquires into the ways survivor’s stories are silenced. My primary sources are interviews with five, female survivors of political persecution. Their testimonies corroborate the use of sexual violence as a form of torture, the imprisonment of minors, and the neglect of the newly democratized state. This sense of ambivalence is what many survivors are fighting against now. I use the themes of the continuum of sexual violence, shame, silence, and the lack of reparations to create a conversation based off of said testimonies
Nesting trends of the Green (Chelonia mydas) and Hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) turtles on Misali Island, Pemba
Get PDFMisali Island, one of the first conservation areas in Zanzibar, is considered an important nesting ground for the Green and Hawksbill turtles. This study was conducted to present results on the nesting and hatching trends on Misali Island by using data collected since 2002. Thorough statistical analyses were used on these data in order to find patterns in the nesting trends of these two species, and identify any significant differences that have occurred over the years. Overall, there has been a steady decline in the number of nesting and hatching events, but no statistically significant trends were found in terms of any major differences in the numbers. However, the average success rates of all nesting locations at Misali were all found to be over 70%, and there was a significant difference between Mpapaini beach when compared with all other nesting locations with regards to numbers of nests. These findings, along with the constant level of turtle activities, demonstrate the importance of Misali Island as a suitable key nesting site. These results can be used to determine the effectiveness of the current conservation efforts and legislation implementations that have been done regarding the population of Green and Hawksbill turtles, and help with future effective prioritization of resources
Protecting the Right to Life of the Internally Displaced: An Examination of Encampment and Its Effects on the Communities in Unyama and Koro Sub-Counties in Gulu District, Northern Uganda
Get PDFThis study examines the period of encampment in Northern Uganda, as related to the Lord’s Resistance Army conflict, and the effects that encampment has had on communities in Gulu District through present day. The objectives of this study include; to examine the process of displacement, to analyze whether displaced persons were accorded the right to security during the encampment period, to analyze the effects that encampment has had on communities during the return period, through present day, and to examine the ways in which various actors have attempted to address such effects. This analysis is conducted through a human rights lens, in which it is determined whether the right to life was upheld during the displacement and return periods. For the purpose of this research, the right to life is interpreted as both the right to be alive and the right to be able to live a dignified and meaningful life. The findings of this research also fit into the current international debate on whether displaced persons should be protected on a national or international level.
This research was conducted over a four week period in Gulu District, Northern Uganda. A case study design was employed to examine the impacts of encampment on two particular communities in Gulu District in Unyama and Koro Sub-Counties. A total of 74 respondents, including community members, non-governmental organization employees, government and military officials, and scholars, were interacted with for the purpose of data collection. The primary methods used for data collection included interview, group interview, focus group discussion, and observation. For ethical consideration, this research was approved by a local review board, as well as the Ugandan National Council for Science and Technology.
The findings of this research determined that the policy of displacement issued by the government of Uganda was not made in the interest of civilian protection, but was rather a strategic military strategy to defeat the rebel insurgents. Subsequently, during the encampment period, civilians were not accorded the right to physical, food, or educational security, as their right to life and right to live a dignified life were jeopardized due to the government’s unwillingness to prioritize civilian protection. Since civilian property and lives were not protected during encampment, it has created negative impacts on civilians from the return period, through present day. Such impacts include poverty, dependency, and unemployment due to the loss of educational opportunities for many during encampment. Although government and nongovernmental organizations have attempted to address some of these negative impacts on 7 society, there continues to remain a significant amount of work to be done to ensure that civilians can engage in personal and economic development for the wellbeing of society as a whole. Indeed, the issues of poverty and high levels of unemployment in Gulu District today must be addressed by the Government of Uganda in the near future, as such issues, if they remain unaddressed, have the potential to cause instability in Northern Uganda, as well as the whole of Eastern Africa. The findings in this research indicate that, on an international scale, there continues to exist gaps in the international system regarding the protection of internally displaced persons. Although there exists a non-legally binding document regarding the protection of internally displaced persons, without being legally binding, it will likely not have much of an impact on coercing states to adequately uphold the rights of internally displaced persons as outlined in the Principles. Indeed, if this document had been legally binding during the Ugandan instance of displacement, it would have likely compelled the government to place more of a priority on civilian protection and the protection of their rights
Needle Exchange Programs and HIV/AIDS: A Comparison of the Use of Harm Reduction Methods in Switzerland and the United States of America
Get PDFThis paper explores the connections between needle exchange programs and rates of HIV/AIDS in Switzerland and the United States of America. While these two countries are very similar in their general political philosophies, they have some key cultural and historical differences which has shaped their responses to HIV/AIDS and injection drug use. Switzerland’s unique experience with a very open injection drug use scene in the 1980s guided this country to a more pragmatic, harm reduction-based response. By contrast, United States responded to the AIDS epidemic that struck violently in the 1980s with a mix of fear and denial. Though both generally conservative countries, Switzerland has a history of being independent and pragmatic. The U.S., on the other hand, has built an international identity on its Puritanical roots and seeks global influence through repressive drug measures. As such, needle exchange programs have been widely implemented in Switzerland but their growth is stunted in the United States. The unfortunate result is that the USA has not been able to contain injection drug use or the AIDS epidemic to anywhere near the same extent has Switzerland.
All the experts interviewed for this paper were speaking with regards to their own personal opinion. Their statements in no way reflect the official positions of the organizations for which they work
Rural Emergings, Urban Imaginings: The Effect of Urbanization on Senegalese Ethnic Identity
Get PDFFor the past 40 years, Dakar has been the destination of Senegal’s massive rural exodus, with millions of rural villagers flocking to the city in search of work and education. The rural exodus has produced a unique multi-ethnic environment, where villagers, traditions, cultures, and languages from across the country converge. Ironically, therefore, Dakar’s landscape has been distinguished by the creation of an urban culture by a population of rural inhabitants. This paper examines the effects of urbanization on ethnic identity and affiliation, and further discusses the impact of Urban Wolof on personal identification among Dakar’s citizens. It then demonstrates how this multiethnic environment contributes to the creation of a de-ethnicized, urban identity. In so doing, this paper develops a framework for how modern identity is constructed and how it evolves according to place
Effective General Entrepreneurial Learning Programs for SME Development
Get PDFThe principle objective of this paper is to reexamine the potential for impactful, general programs in education for Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) owners by assessing the success of a program called SME PRIME; conducted by AMIDEAST, Oman for six Omani entrepreneurs over a seven-month period.
General programs for entrepreneur education are produced and implemented the world over despite consistent assertions throughout academic literature that such programs are ineffective. Typical approaches to training program development and evaluation emphasize the critical role of training needs analysis. Training needs analysis is often an ignored step in the process of SME training program development because the number of variables to training success in SME education programs is so vast that the economic viability of scaling a program customized to any single combination of these variables is limited.
Approaches to evaluating benefits to SME PRIME program participants, and to identifying variables inhibiting learning, have been developed through a study of literature on training evaluation, profiles of entrepreneurs as learners, and types of learning. The SME PRIME program included workshops and coaching; and consisted of topical material on: Interpreting Accounts, Understanding Customers, Undertaking Marketing, Identifying Opportunities, HR Processes, Pitching for Capital, and Personality and Entrepreneurship.
Assessment of participant learning occurs roughly one year following the SME PRIME program’s conclusion, and is performed through qualitative interviews. Participants do not exhibit identical learning subject-to-subject, but are able to identify ways knowledge gained from the program inspired operational change in their businesses. Participants did not make program-based changes to their businesses correlating with every topic from the program, and were unable to identify knowledge learned from material that did not inspire change in their business. This paper concludes with recommendations for future studies and approaches to SME education. These recommendations include thoughts on manipulating program structure to improve material relevance and participant attendance by including coaching sessions before workshops instead of after. It also notes that while results of participant interviews imply the SME PRIME program was impactful, participant diversity was limited. All owners in the program have at least a university degree, and experience in their industries
Enough: Narratives of Migration on a Small-Farm in SidiBouafif
Get PDFSmall-scale family farms in the Eastern Rif have undergone challenge after challenge throughout the 20th century, including war, poverty, restrictions of natural resources, overpopulation, and extensive labor migration. This paper aims to examine the ways in which narratives of migration manifest in the daily lives of a family living in the plain of Al-Hoceima. I hold the belief that the ways in which large-scale processes manifest in our daily lives is indicative of how these processes affect our identity. This research comprises a case-study with the Khalid family of SidiBouafif, and aims to examine the ways in which media, ideologies, and materials from abroad are contextualized within everyday life on this small-scale family run farm. In addition, the research will look at the ways in which larger agricultural operations are privileged by the Moroccan government, and how institutionalized policies of the state contribute to the marginalization of famers living in SidiBouafif. The paper concludes that narratives of migration are extremely prevalent within the Khalid family, and moreover, these narratives are in large part positive. Europe and America are conceived as places of greater opportunity and wealth, and are often used as the standard to which their own lives are compared to. Despite a gravitation toward Europe and America, the Khalid family remains extremely proud of both their Amazigh identity, and their ability to provide for themselves regardless of pressures imposed upon them by the Moroccan State
Los Rompecabezas del Enfoque Intercultural: El estado actual, la integración de los sistemas de salud indígena y convencional y el estancamiento de la transversalización en el Centro de Salud de Huancarani
Get PDFPara mi proyecto de ISP, estudiaba y analizaba la funcionalidad de medicina intercultural, así como aquellos elementos que faciliten la integración de los sistemas de medicina tradicional y medicina convencional y se requiere analizar de qué manera se concreta la transversalización del enfoque intercultural en el Centro de Salud de Huancarani, Cusco, Perú. Este tema es de importancia para el Ministerio de Salud de Perú, que aprueba la Política Sectorial de Salud Intercultural mediante el Decreto Supremo 016-2016, para “que se favorezca la inclusión, equidad e igualdad de oportunidades” de salud. Además, este tema es un enfoque respaldado por investigaciones que consideran que la medicina intercultural incrementará el valor de las culturas indígenas, preservará conocimientos tradicionales, facilitará el intercambio cultural, y proveerá la calidad y acceso de salud para las personas campesinas (Mathez-Stiefel, et al. 2012; Mignone 2007; Orr 2012). Este estudio ha realizado en dos y medio semanas en que utilizaba el método cualitativo con técnicas como la entrevista en profundidad y la observación directa (no participante) en el centro de salud de tres poblaciones específicas: (1) pacientes, (2) personal de salud, (3) personal de medicina tradicional. En el análisis encontré que los factores que facilitan el enfoque son el idioma, la incorporación de parto vertical, el intercambio de conocimientos, y actitudes de respecto e interés, pero los factores que lo limitan son actitudes de apatía o discriminación, el conocimiento y uso del idioma local, la falta de incorporación de costumbres y hierbas en todos servicios, baja calidad de servicios. Principalmente los factores de educación, entrenamiento, y respecta de costumbres limitan la transversalización del enfoque intercultural. También, había mucha superposición de mis resultados porque la mayoría tiene una concesión de funcionalidad con otros. Asimismo, algunos de los factores que identifiqué, están congruente con la literatura previa. Finalmente, después de discusión de resultados, hay sugerencias para mejorar el enfoque intercultural.
For this independent research project, I have analyzed the functionality of intercultural medicine and the factors that facilitate and limit the integration of traditional medicine with biomedicine, as well as, analyzed the reasons that have inhibited the translation horizontally of the intercultural focus in the main clinic of Huancarani, Cusco, Peru. This topic is of great importance to the Ministry of Health in Peru because they favor the inclusion of equitable opportunities to medicine for all people. Even more, the topic of intercultural medicine has been the focus of other studies, such as, considering intercultural medicine as ways to increase the pride of indigenous cultures, preserve traditional medical knowledge, facilitate the intercultural exchange of medical knowledge, y improve the quality and access to medical care for indigenous peoples. This study was completed in two and half weeks and utilized qualitative methods with in-depth interviews and direct observation of three specific populations: (1) patients, (2) medical staff, (3) personal of traditional medicine. In the analysis, we discovered that language, birth in the vertical position, intercultural exchange of knowledge and respectful attitudes facilitate intercultural medicine, but attitudes of apathy, discrimination, the lack of local language use, and the lack of incorporation of local costumes limit intercultural medicine. Furthermore, education, training, and lack of respect were the factors identified that are limiting the translation of the focus on intercultural medicine. The majority of these factors identified are congruent with other studies. Finally, we found that there was overlap between many of the factors since some can affect the functioning of other factors. After the discussion of results, we have included recommendations to improve the intercultural focus within the clinic
Song of the Dzopa: A Case Study of Traditional Farming, Food, and
Get PDFIn a plane high above the snow-capped jagged peaks and cracked earth of Ladakh, I stared down below with awe, wondering how people ever coaxed life from the soil in this mountain-desert landscape. The intention of this study is to see how traditional subsistence farming actually takes place and the social settings formed by these practices. Living in the village of Tar for a little over twenty days allowed me to observe the age-old practices in which nourishment is produced and community formed through working the land. Working with my hands and resting with cups of butter tea alongside villagers in the fields, I saw the interconnectedness of agricultural systems and the social fabric of Tar. Modernization, government subsidy, and the migration of youth to the cities are all contributing to slow but meaningful changes to farming and food practices in the village. Furthermore, perceived changes in farming and the foods that are produced and consumed in Tar are used to anticipate changes in the livelihoods of the Tarpas in the face of development. Future implications for agriculture in Tar are also discussed, of which sustainable development projects and the encouragement of young farmers are a light for the preservation of this rich aspect of Ladakhi culture
ANYWHERE AND EVERYWHERE: Third Cultured Kids and Their ‘Stabilizing Factors’
Get PDFThe purpose of this research is to explore the significance of the Third Culture Kid (TCK) and the impact their ‘stabilizing factors’ or ‘constants’ have on their occupation outcome. Third Culture Kid is a term used for people who have travelled and lived in many different countries during their development years. Within that definition there are other subgroups such as: Bi/multi-cultural and/or bi/multi-racial families, immigrants, international adoptees, refugees and Domestic TCKs or CCKs. Ever since the term was first coined by Ruth Hill Useem, a sociologist, in the early 50s, there have been more and more families having the TCK experience due to the world becoming more globalized. Stabilizing factors or constants is a state of mind where one feels connected and is a part of something bigger than he or she is. This is important to study because TCKs do not have a city, town, people whom have been there whilst they were growing up (apart from the parents) during their lifetime. The constants they form within their lifetime (friends, teachers, hobbies, different cultures) become that city, town or people that they did not have before. These constants eventually help pave way for their career choices. For this study there was inputs from seven TCKs, two non-TCKs, one CCK, three international educators, three governmental officials, and one former refugee. In a constantly changing environment TCKs need something to ground themselves. From the interviews and questionnaires conducted themes of TCKs, international education, friends, cultural assimilation/adjustment, ‘Constants’, and the job opportunities for TCKs came up. All the TCKs’ ‘stabilizing factors’ have some say on their job outcome, directly or indirectly. The most common ‘stabilizing factors’ which were found were the parents of TCKs