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Information Avoidance, Self-affirmation, and Intentions to Receive Genomic Sequencing Results Among Members of an African Descent Cohort
No full textBackground Information avoidance tendencies have been found to be associated with lower intentions to pursue medically actionable genomic sequencing results, but less so among individuals who engage more in spontaneous self-affirmation. Yet these results were obtained with a largely non-Hispanic White, high-SES cohort. Purpose To assess these variables, their magnitude, and their associations in an African-descent cohort as part of the same ClinSeq® exome sequencing program. Methods Participants reported levels of spontaneous self-affirmation, information avoidance, and intentions to receive three types of results – medically actionable, non-medically actionable, and carrier status as part of a baseline survey. Results Relative to the original, non-Hispanic White cohort, those in the African-descent cohort had higher levels of spontaneous self-affirmation and lower intentions of learning about carrier genomic results; they reported comparable levels of information avoidance and intentions to receive other results. Information avoidance was negatively associated with intention to receive non-actionable results in the African-descent cohort, as found in the initial cohort, with no moderating effect of spontaneous self-affirmation. Information avoidance, spontaneous self-affirmation, and their interaction were not associated with intentions to receive actionable results (contrary to findings in the initial cohort), or carrier results. Conclusions Individuals of African descent may engage in relatively more spontaneous self-affirmation, and do not appear to engage in more information avoidance. Their information avoidance tendencies were associated with pursuit of non-actionable sequencing results, with no moderating effect of self-affirmation, and were not associated with pursuit of actionable results or carrier results.</p
Public Health Noncompliance: Targets With COVID-19 Are Stigmatized When They Fail to Follow Public Health Protocols
No full textPerceived controllability of health conditions influences stigma; yet, limited research has examined stigma associated with COVID-19. Across two samples (N = 1,457), participants read about an individual who complied with COVID-19 health protocols (vs. not) and contracted COVID-19 (vs. not). Participants indicated their attitudes toward the target, willingness to help the target, blame/responsibility toward the target, and willingness to interact with the target. Results demonstrated that participants disliked individuals who did not comply with health protocols regardless of COVID-19 status. Participants felt the target was more to blame, were less willing to interact with the target, and were less willing to help the target that did not comply with health protocols and contracted COVID-19 relative to the target with COVID-19 who complied with protocols. Some individuals exhibit lasting effects of COVID-19 and may require long-term help; these results suggest stigma related to not following safety precautions may present a barrier for these individuals.</p
Ohio History Fall 2022
No full texthttps://kent-islandora.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/node/17534/87539-thumbnail.jpgOHIO HISTORY
Contents for Volume 129, Number 2, Fall 2022
Contributors ...... 6
Editor\u27s Note ...... 8
The Origins of the Buckeye Nickname
Raymond D. Irwin ...... 9
World War II and the Making of a Journalist
Owen V. Johnson and Jon Paul Dilts ...... 28
Dissent and Patriotism: University of Akron Students and the Vietnam War Era, 1966–1970
Thomas Weyant ...... 53
Darwin Comes to the Old Northwest
Stuart Stiffler ...... 82
Research Note: A Newly Uncovered Letter by Albion W. Tourgée on His Capture during the Civil War
Stephen E. Towne ...... 97
The Ohio Women’s Suffrage and Temperance Movements: Public Image, Cross-Group Contention, and Shared Enemies
Harlee Rozell ...... 105
Book Reviews ...... 125
On the cover: Aesculus glabra, Sapindaceae, Ohio Buckeye, American Buckeye, Fetid
Buckeye, leaf. Photo by H. Zell, courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.</p
From Integers to Fractions: The Role of Analogy in Developing a Coherent Understanding of Proportional Magnitude
No full textChildren display an early sensitivity to implicit proportions (e.g., 1 of 5 apples vs. 3 of 4 apples), but have considerable difficulty in learning the explicit, symbolic proportions denoted by fractions (e.g., 1/5 vs. 3/4). Theoretically, reducing the gap between representations of implicit versus explicit proportions would improve understanding of fractions, but little is known about how the representations develop and interact with one another. To address this, we asked 177 third, fourth, and fifth graders (M = 9.85 years, 87 girls, 69% White, 19% low income) to estimate the position of proportionally equivalent integers and fractions on number lines (e.g., 3 on a 0-8 number line vs. 3/8 on a 0-1 number line, Study 1). With increasing age, children\u27s estimates of implicit and explicit proportions became more coherent, such that a child\u27s estimates of fractions on a 0-1 number-line was a linear function of the same child\u27s estimates of equivalent integers. To further investigate whether preexisting integer knowledge can facilitate fraction learning through analogy, we assigned 100 third to fifth graders (M = 10.04 years, 55 girls, 76% White) to an Alignment condition, where children estimated fractions and integers on aligned number lines, or to a No Alignment condition (Study 2). Results showed that aligning integers and fractions on number lines facilitated a better understanding of fractional magnitudes, and increased children\u27s fraction estimation accuracy to the level of college students\u27. Together, findings suggest that analogies can play an important role in building a coherent understanding of proportions.</p
Emotion Differentiation and Behavioral Dysregulation in Clinical and Nonclinical Samples: A Meta-Analysis
No full textBehavioral dysregulation that may manifest as the use of maladaptive behaviors aimed at regulating or avoiding distress, despite potential negative health consequences, is central to the development and maintenance of common psychological disorders. However, less is known about factors that may influence the engagement of these maladaptive behaviors. Recent research suggests that negative emotion differentiation (NED) may be important. The present investigation was a meta-analysis examining the relationship between NED and maladaptive behaviors ranging from binge drinking and nonsuicidal self-injury to treatment noncompliance, in clinical and nonclinical samples across 17 included studies obtained via electronic literature searches. Despite between-study methodological heterogeneity, our results indicated that NED was negatively associated with the enactment of maladaptive behaviors (r = –.15). Additionally, no significant differences in effect sizes were observed between clinical (n = 7; r = –.15) and nonclinical (n = 10; r = –.16) samples. Critically, the relationship between NED and maladaptive behaviors remained significant even after controlling for negative affect (NA; n = 11; r = –.09). This association also did not depend on levels of NA. Overall, our findings suggest that NED is generally associated with reduced engagement of maladaptive behaviors, regardless of diagnostic status and NA, and have important clinical implications for understanding and treating psychological disorders involving behavioral dysregulation.
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Cardiac Autonomic Function Following Bilateral and Unilateral Upper Body Acute Resistance Exercise
No full textThe purpose of this study was to compare cardiac autonomic responses following bilateral and unilateral upper-body (UB) acute resistance exercise (ARE). In total, 14 individuals were assessed for markers of cardiac autonomic responses via heart rate variability (HRV) and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) at rest and at 10- and 30-min following ARE. Logarithmically transformed (ln) HRV measures included: total power (ln TP), high-frequency power (ln HF power), low-frequency power (ln LF power), sympathovagal balance (ln LF: HF), and the square root of the mean squared differences of successive R-R intervals (ln RMSSD). BRS was assessed using the sequence method. Two-way repeated measures ANOVAs were used to analyze effects of UB ARE (bilateral, unilateral) across time (Rest, 10, and 30 min). There were no significant (p > 0.05) interactions. However, there were significant (p <= 0.05) main effects of time such that ln TP, ln HF power, ln RMSSD, and BRS decreased and did not recover within 30 min compared to Rest for both conditions. Collectively, this study suggests that bilateral and unilateral UB ARE yielded similar reductions, for at least 30 min, in respect to vagal measures of HRV and BRS.</p
Vocal Accommodation and Perceptions of Speakers\u27 Prestige and Dominance
No full textResearch on the causes and consequences of vocal accommodation is accumulating rapidly in social psychology, but important puzzles remain. Recent work has shown that patterns of vocal accommodation among actors engaged in competitive interactions (e.g., debates) are related to audience perceptions of their relative dominance but not prestige. This makes intuitive sense, but it remains unclear how audience perceptions of actors\u27 relative dominance and/or prestige are impacted in cooperative group interactions and whether and to what extent audience perceptions agree with actors\u27 own perceptions. Building on past theory and research on vocal accommodation, we address these methodological questions by analyzing data from two experimental studies. Results reveal that for cooperative interactions involving two actors, vocal accommodation is associated with actor and observer perceptions of dominance and prestige, but not to an equal extent. For actors, vocal accommodation is more strongly predictive of their perceptions of each other\u27s relative prestige. For observers, vocal accommodation is more strongly predictive of their perceptions of actors\u27 relative dominance. We offer an explanation for the difference and provide directions for future research.</p
The Effects of Camera Monitoring on Police Officer Performance in Critical Incident Situations: a MILO Range Simulator Study
No full textBody-worn cameras (BWCs) continue to be adopted by law enforcement agencies around the world, yet how camera monitoring affects performance dimensions of policing in critical incident situations has received scant attention. We contribute to filling this gap. Guided by distraction-conflict theory from psychology, we conducted a laboratory experiment and used electrophysiological methods (EEG and ECG) to explore whether officer performance during simulated critical incidents is impaired by camera-induced attentional conflict. Results from a convenience sample of police officers from a medium-sized, Midwestern police department in the USA reveal that camera monitoring had complex, often deleterious, effects on cognitive load, stress arousal, and performance. The current investigation supports a small but growing body of research revealing that BWCs, like any new technology, not only have intended positive consequences, but also potential unintended negative ones that need to be considered from a safety standpoint. A more thorough discussion of policing in the age of BWCs and other forms of camera surveillance is overdue.</p
Emotional complexity under high stress: Do protective associations for risk behaviors persist even during a pandemic?
No full textRisk behaviors like substance use and binge eating are often used to cope with negative emotions. Engagement in these behaviors has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Past research suggests that complex emotion conceptualizations captured as emotion differentiation (ability to discriminate between emotional states) and polarity (ability to integrate positive and negative features of emotional experience) may be protective. We examined associations of mean affect intensity, emotion differentiation, and emotion polarity with frequency of daily substance use and binge eating across 10 days in a demographically diverse sample of U.S. adults (N = 353) recruited between March 24 and April 9, 2020, when stay-at-home orders were initiated. Owing to the nested data structure and excessive zero values, analyses were conducted using multilevel zero-inflated negative binomial regression. Consistent with past research, negative affect was positively associated with frequency of substance use and binge eating. Importantly, results indicated that negative emotion differentiation was protective, predicting greater likelihood of not using substances and binge eating at all across the sampling period. These effects remained even after controlling for mean affect intensity, emotion polarity, and positive emotion differentiation. Neither positive emotion differentiation nor emotion polarity were significantly associated with either behavior. Our results suggest that greater complexity in conceptualization of negative emotions facilitates some protection against risk behaviors such as substance use and binge eating, even during periods of high environmental stress. These findings have important implications for optimizing interventions to reduce engagement in risk behaviors.</p
Uncovering Functional Contributions of PMAT (Slc29a4) to Monoamine Clearance Using Pharmacobehavioral Tools
No full texthttps://kent-islandora.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/node/17922/87874-thumbnail.jpgPlasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT, Slc29a4) transports monoamine neurotransmitters, including dopamine and serotonin, faster than more studied monoamine transporters, e.g., dopamine transporter (DAT), or serotonin transporter (SERT), but with similar to 400-600-fold less affinity. A considerable challenge in understanding PMAT\u27s monoamine clearance contributions is that no current drugs selectively inhibit PMAT. To advance knowledge about PMAT\u27s monoamine uptake role, and to circumvent this present challenge, we investigated how drugs that selectively block DAT/SERT influence behavioral readouts in PMAT wildtype, heterozygote, and knockout mice of both sexes. Drugs typically used as antidepressants (escitalopram, bupropion) were administered acutely for readouts in tail suspension and locomotor tests. Drugs with psychostimulant properties (cocaine, D-amphetamine) were administered repeatedly to assess initial locomotor responses plus psychostimulant-induced locomotor sensitization. Though we hypothesized that PMAT-deficient mice would exhibit augmented responses to antidepressant and psychostimulant drugs due to constitutively attenuated monoamine uptake, we instead observed sex-selective responses to antidepressant drugs in opposing directions, and subtle sex-specific reductions in psychostimulant-induced locomotor sensitization. These results suggest that PMAT functions differently across sexes, and support hypotheses that PMAT\u27s monoamine clearance contribution emerges when frontline transporters (e.g., DAT, SERT) are absent, saturated, and/or blocked. Thus, known human polymorphisms that reduce PMAT function could be worth investigating as contributors to varied antidepressant and psychostimulant responses.</p