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CODIFICATION OF THE ORTHOEPIC NORMS OF THE GERMAN LANGUAGE: HISTORY AND CURRENT SITUATION
Get PDFThe article discusses the development of the lexicographic codification of pronunciation
norms of German. It gives an overview of the orthoepic norm, its varieties and inherent
features, relations between the norm and standard of pronunciation. Pronouncing dictionaries
since the end of the 19th century have been studied as primary sources, some
phonetic phenomena are also illustrated with the explanatory dictionaries of earlier
periods. The lexicographic codification of the pronunciation norms in historical retrospect
is briefly analyzed: from exaggerated articulation of actors in Germany to actual
sound phenomena using in the pronunciation of professional radio and television announcers,
which includes the pronouncing features of authentic oral media communication.
Special attention is paid to the problem of codification of the orthoepic standard
in different types of dictionaries in light of the pluricentricity of German, due to lack
of empirical analyses. The article also represents the current orthoepic dictionaries,
which include information about the sounds of three standards of German in Germany,
Austria and Switzerland. Study of their structure and content features made it possible
to identify some advantages and disadvantages. As a result of the study, the author
concludes with changing approaches to the codification of pronunciation norms, such
as transformation of the metalanguage, expansion of the empirical base, use of contemporary
sociophonetic methods in its analysis, some structural and content changes
in the dictionaries. These modifications are shown to be connected with the change of
the lexicographic paradigm and the turn from monocentricity to pluricentricity due to
sociocultural and sociolinguistic factors. Refs 24
Приложение 8. Шкала оценки уровня безнадежности Бека (англ. Pessimism-hopelessness scale)
Get PDFПриложение 8. Шкала оценки уровня безнадежности Бека
(англ. Pessimism-hopelessness scale
Приложение 11. Программа поведенческого тренинга по превенции рискованного поведения и ВИЧ-инфекции для потребителей инъекционных наркотиков и членов их социальных сетей — проект «НАЧАЛО» (Руководство для ведущих групп)
Get PDFПриложение 11. Программа поведенческого тренинга
по превенции рискованного поведения и ВИЧ-инфекции для
потребителей инъекционных наркотиков и членов
их социальных сетей — проект «НАЧАЛО»
(Руководство для ведущих групп
Приложение 18. Методика для оценки уровня выраженности стремления к поиску ощущений «Краткая шкала поиска ощущений BSSS-8» (англ. The Brief Sensation Seeking Scale — BSSS-8)
Get PDFПриложение 18. Методика для оценки уровня выраженности
стремления к поиску ощущений «Краткая шкала поиска
ощущений BSSS-8» (англ. The Brief Sensation Seeking Scale — BSSS-8
The Geopolitical Context of the Rus’ Raid on Seville
Get PDFThe article offers a possible explanation for the raid of the Rus’ on Seville in 844 and also attempts
to compare this event with the embassy of the Rus’ to Constantinople and Ingelheim,
and with their raid on Amastris. These events, taken as a part of a complex geopolitical picture
of the “long middle” of the 9th century, show the origin and nature of the emerging group of
the Rus’ people. This period started with the renewed Muslim onslaught on Europe through
the Byzantine holdings in Asia Minor and Italy in the 820s–830s, and finished in the middle
of the 860s with the Byzantine victory over the Abbasids. Other important events of this time
were the Great Schism; victories of the Byzantine Orthodoxy over Catholicism and heretics
in Great Moravia, Bulgaria and Asia Minor; and the first baptism of the Rus’. This geopolitical
background was complemented by the collapse of the Carolingian Empire and the beginning
of the German Drang nach Osten. During this time, a small group who identified itself as the
Rus’ first in 838, came into being. Its main goal was to explore new trade routes to the Muslim
world bypassing Khazaria. However, eventually they discovered an opportunity of pillaging
Byzantium and its allies in Andalusia. The result of their actions, which were probably coordinated
form one center in Southern Denmark, was their acquisition of “homeland” in the
North of Eastern Europe: a land that was given its accidentally emerged name “Rus’”
Lysias’s Speech On the Refusal of a Pension and Athenian Citizens with Disabilities
Get PDFThe article examines speech XXIV by Athenian orator Lysias “On the Refusal of a Pension”
(V–IV c. BCE) This text provides not only an excellent example of a legal speech written by a
renowned Attic orator but also invaluable material for the study of social policy of Athenian
democracy, namely — adaptation and survival of people with disabilities in the ancient Greek
polis. The author of the article agrees with those researchers who have no doubts concerning
the authorship of the speech and its intention to be delivered during the litigation on dokimasia
of “infirm” people in the Council 500. The article considers the information about the disabled
people in Athens and the allowance granted to them, and analyses topoi frequently used by litigants
in legal speeches. Similarly to other Athenian trials, the outcome of this is not known, nor
is the fate of the disabled person and whether he managed to assert his position. The analysis
of the strategies of litigants indicates that appealing to pathos, enhancing the image of a good
citizen, and discrediting the opponent in combination with irony, humor, and dramatization of
the trial, to a certain extent, often made an impact on judges and resulted in a favorable decision
The whole repertoire of these tactics was effectively utilized by the orator in speech XXIV,
therefore is reasonable to suggest that the success was almost guaranteed. It is also noteworthy
that the Athenian law that granted the allowance to adynatoi was unique for the Ancient
Greece and, in all probability, was connected with the development of Athenian democracy.The paper was created within the project financed by Russian Foundation for Basic Research
No. 19-09-00183 (Judicial process in antiquity: legal, political, social and personal aspects)
The Ostrogothic Historian Jordanes from a Linguo-Historical Perspective
Get PDFThe article deals with the debatable question of the ethnical identity of the Ostrogothic historian
of the 6th century Jordanes, whose main work “Getica” is constantly under scrutiny
by both contemporary historians and linguists. The article proposes the necessity of the linguo-
historical analysis of “Getica” carried out on the interdisciplinatory basis and aimed at
obtaining some new information confirming Jordanes’ Gothic origin. The paper concentrates
on Jordanes’ unambiguous statement of his Gotic origin whose verbal form has been evoking
more than a century-long discussion of his Gothic ethnical identity. This statement is analysed
in comparsion with Late Latin sources and Gothic Bible, which testifies to a similarity in
Jordanes’ manner of writing. The historical foundation of the analysis reveals in some cases
a complete coincidence with the linguistic notions of concept and mentality, which are taken
into consideration in the commentary on Jordanes’ above- mentioned statement. With regard
to the notions of concept and mentality, the analysis results in substantiating Jordanes’ historically
determined manner of writing, which serves as proof of his Gothic origin both by birth
and language. Historical data concerning some facts of his biography referring to his place of
birth and work as a notary in the locations where Latin was spoken enable to conclude that
he could not but know the language of these territories and thus undoubtedly was bilingual
The Image of the Roman Empire in the Works of Mikhail Ivanovich Rostovtzeff
Get PDFThe article examines the features of the image of the Roman Empire created by the outstanding
historian M. I. Rostovtzeff, primarily in his “Social and Economic History of the Roman
Empire”. This image is contradictory and ambiguous. It involves a lot of genuine innovative
ideas, bright colours, but there are also a number of obvious exaggerations and aberrations, a
certain “contemporization” of economic and social realities. Paradoxically, Rostovtzeff ’s Roman
Empire turns out to be an empire without imperialism. Its very “empireness”, i. e., specific
ties between the center and provincial and “barbaric” periphery; the organization of space;
the modes of relations between the “imperial nation” and the subordinate peoples; the unity
of diversity as well as geographical (geopolitical) and economic determination of Roman
imperial expansion, remains outside the historian’s scope. At the same time, Rostovtzeff perspicaciously
grasps the deep drama of Roman history, irreducible either to the tyranny and
extravagance of individual rulers or to the merciless struggle of social classes. A significant
role in creating such a comprehensive image of the Roman Empire was ensured not only by
Rostovtzeff ’s political preferences and life experience, but also by his personality and style
of scholarship. This gives the “Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire” a special
dimension, making it not only a fact of historiography per se but the substantial evidence of
the indissoluble relationship between the personality of the historian, his ideas and the time
in which he happened to live and work.The research is supported by the grant of the Russian Scientific Foundation (project No. 20-18-00374
“The Imperial Mediterranean: Models, Discourses, and Practices of Imperialism from Antiquity to the Early
Modern Age”)
The Formation and Significance of Assyrian Narrative for the Soviet Historiography of Antiquity
Get PDFThe author of the article, using the method of backward chronology, highlights characteristic
features of the narrative about Assyria from the beginning of the 21st century until the middle
of the 20th century, and points out that I. M. Dyakonoff, who used to be the leading Assyriologist,
gradually had delegated to his pupils almost all of the aspects of Assyrian history, retaining
the history of Sumer within his major research scope. On the basis of archival documents,
the author shows that the Assyrian narrative of I. M. Dyakonoff had been generally shaped
even before the war, during his work on the chapters for the multi-volume “World History”.
His Assyrian narrative was formed under the influence of the “Cambridge History of Antiquity”
and V. V. Struve’s lectures: in the first case, this was evident in the presentation of a large
amount of material; in the second case — in the desire to search for non-obvious explanations
of the essence of historical processes. Moreover, I. M. Diakonoff did not share V. V. Struve’s
views on the Assyrian history and attempted to present his position. The author concludes that
the shift of I. M. Diakonoff’s interests from Assyrian history to mainly the history of Sumer
was inevitable and was very unlikely to have been caused by the desire to supersede academician
V. V. Struve in his status of the classic of Soviet scholarship. Two main factors influenced
this transition: first, the features of Soviet historical scholarship, which presupposed a search
for in-depth explanations almost exclusively in the socio-economic field, and secondly, the
specificity of Assyrian sources, which contained scanty information about socio-economic
processes.The reported study was funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project No. 20-09-41014
(“From the Holy Land to the Slave Formation: The History of the Ancient Near East in Russian Historical
Scholarship in 20th century”)
Traditions of the St Petersburg Historical School in the Works of Mikhail Pavlovich Iroshnikov
Get PDFThis article is devoted to the scholarly work of the prominent Russian historian, Doctor of
Sciences (History), Professor of St Petersburg State University Mikhail Pavlovich Iroshnikov.
A student of two well-known St Petersburg-Leningrad scholars, Alexander Ignatievich Andreev
and Sigismund Natanovich Valk, M. P. Iroshnikov became one of the leading specialists
in the field of the political history of Russia of the 20th century, the history of state and law, the
history of state institutions, archives, source studies, historiography and archeography. The
successor to the traditions of the St Petersburg historical school — the school of S. F. Platonov,
A. S. Lappo-Danilevsky, A. E. Presnyakov — M. P. Iroshnikov not only became a recognized
Russian archaeographer, an expert in archival documents, but also a thoughtful, attentive researcher.
The most important academic achievements of M. P. Iroshnikov was the study of the
creation, activities and personnel of the Soviet government in 1917–1922, and the discovery
and introduction of the census of Soviet employees in 1918 into the scholarship. The article
analyzes the work of M. P. Iroshnikov in organizing and implementing many of the largest domestic
archeographic projects: the publication of the works of V. N. Tatishchev, decrees of the
Soviet government, the Radziwil Chronicle. The article also examines the pedagogical activity
of M. P. Iroshnikov in St Petersburg State University, where he continued the traditions of his
teachers in educating historians, archeographers and source specialists