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The Court of the Grand Duchess of Lithuania and Queen of Poland Elena Ivanovna
Get PDFThe article is a comprehensive study of the composition of the court of the Grand Duchess
of Lithuania Elena Ivanovna, daughter of the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III and Sophia
Paleologina. The author comes to the conclusion that initially Ivan III tried to surround his
daughter with Moscow noblemen and Russian servants in a foreign land However, by September
1495, almost the entire retinue of Elena was sent to Moscow on the orders of Alexander
Kazimirovich, her husband. The court of the Grand Duchess was re-formed on the model
of the court of the Grand Duchess of Lithuania and the Queens of Poland. All key positions
in it (court-master, chancellor, сook, carver) were occupied by Lithuanian Catholic noblemen.
The female court of Elena Ivanovna was headed by the court-master who supervised
ladies-in-waiting (all of them were of Lithuanian origin and, probably, Catholics, with the
exception of one lady of the Orthodox faith who came with the princess from Moscow). Only
by 1511, the Orthodox princess became the court-master. Few Orthodox service people who
arrived in Lithuania from Russia held administrative positions in the princess’s domain. In
1509, after the rebellion of Prince M. L. Glinskii and his departure to Moscow, a number of
key figures (I. S. Sapega, M. Iundilovich) left the court of the Grand Duchess. The remaining
courtiers (Mitia Ivanovich, Kgetovt Kalinikovich, and others), although formally in her service,
in fact followed the instructions of the Lithuanian lords and were loyal to king Sigismund
the Old
Eurasianism from the Point of View of Erengen Khara-Davan
Get PDFThe personality of E. Khara-Davan is a landmark for characterizing the history of the peoples
of our country in the first half of the 20th century. He became one of the first Kalmyk students
who received higher education at the university of the Russian Empire, and the first doctor
among the Kalmyk people. He took part in the events of 1917–1920 in southern Russia, collaborated
with the Russian Provisional Government, the Soviet government, and the white
movement. In the modern historiography, E. Khara-Davan is quite often called a member of
the Eurasian movement, who made a great contribution to the formation of its ideology. However,
this view contrasts with the fact that he was not part of any organization of the movement
and published only two articles in Eurasian publications. The main topic of his works was the
history, current state and future structure of the Kalmyk people. There is no doubt that he
was deeply influenced by the ideas of the Eurasians, which is especially evident in the texts on
the Mongol Empire history as well as in his main work — the book “Genghis Khan as a commander
and his legacy”. His assessments of the influence of the Mongols on the development
of Russian statehood were of a pronounced “Eurasian” character. However, outside of this
discourse, the works of E. Khara-Davan practically did not intersect with Eurasian concepts
in any way, and even diverged in characterizing the current state and future structure of the
peoples of Russia
ЭКСПЕРТНОЕ ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ по информационным материалам запроса ГУ МВД России по г. Санкт-Петербургу и Ленинградской области (Отдельные фрагменты исключены из текста опубликованного заключения в целях обеспечения соблюдения требований законодательства)
No full textОтдельные фрагменты исключены из текста опубликованного заключения в целях обеспечения соблюдения требований законодательстваAbstrac
The doctrine of kenosis as the basis of Buddhist-Christian dialogue in the works of the philosophers of the Kyoto school
No full textThe article is devoted to the consideration of one of the episodes of the Buddhist-
Christian dialogue, which was actively held in the last decades of the 20th century. The
immediate cause of the discussion was the work of the Japanese thinker Abe Masao
(1915–2006) “Kenotic God and Dynamic Sunyata”, where Abe compared the Buddhist
concept of emptiness and the Christian idea of kenosis, “the self-emptying of
God”. Abe Masao was one of the representatives of the Kyoto School of Philosophy,
which existed in Japan since the beginning of the 20th century, and the idea of comparing
the concepts of emptiness and kenosis was also considered by other members
of this philosophical community. The philosophers of the Kyoto School developed
methods of interpreting kenosis using the paradoxical Mahayana logic of “simultaneous
identification and differentiation” (soku-hi). This logic can be described by the
formulas: “A is not A, and therefore A” or “A is if and only if A is not A”. The first paradoxical
logic of soku-hi was formulated by D. T. Suzuki (1870–1966). Nishida Kitaro
(1870–1945), the founder of the Kyoto School of Philosophy, and his followers used
this idea in comparative studies of the basic concepts of Buddhism and Christianity.
In conclusion, one of the ways of perception of Christianity by Japanese thinkers
through the prism of Buddhist philosophical approaches is shown
Innovation in times of crisis: A systematic literature review
Get PDFToday the world faces significant economic and financial crises, which have drawn firms into
high levels of uncertainty and directly influences their innovation strategies. The literature on
organizational decline reveals a lack of agreement about the effects of decline on innovation. This
study aims to shed light on how economic crisis affects innovation and to provide a comprehensive
picture of the innovation constraints and determinants with a focus on environmental factors.
To add to the extant knowledge in the area of innovativeness in crisis, a systematic literature
review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses was conducted.
70 conceptual and empirical research articles published in the period 2000–2021 from
highly ranked journals according to the Association of Business Schools rating were reviewed.
The article presents three identified patterns related to a firm’s innovation behaviour in crisis: а
cyclical behaviour in which most of companies reduce their costs and become more unwilling
to engage in innovation activities, a neutral behaviour with a view to keep the status quo, and a
counter-cyclical behaviour when companies tend to boost their innovation activities. The three
innovation behaviours are contingent on several factors that hamper innovation. Furthermore,
the findings suggest that innovation positively affects the performance of firms in the context of
crisis and this impact is contingent upon the level of environmental turbulence. This review contributes
to the extant knowledge on the adaptation of firms to adverse environments. The study
offers a nuanced understanding of the main innovation strategies to respond to the economic
downturn at the firm and country level, highlights benefits of innovation in highly turbulent settings
and gives a detailed description of factors that play an important role in counteracting the
negative effect of crisis on firms’ investment in innovations.This research has been conducted with financial support from the Russian Science Foundation grant
(project No. 21-78-10024, http://rscf.ru/project/21-78-10024)
ЭКСПЕРТНОЕ ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ по информационным материалам запроса ГУ МВД России по г. Санкт-Петербургу и Ленинградской области (Отдельные фрагменты исключены из текста опубликованного заключения в целях обеспечения соблюдения требований законодательства)
No full textОтдельные фрагменты исключены из текста опубликованного заключения в целях обеспечения соблюдения требований законодательстваAbstrac
Beringia and the Settlement of the Western Hemisphere
Get PDFPreviously, we addressed the problem of what variable(s) limited widespread human settlement
of the Americas before ~15 ka. We concluded that while non-modern human taxa (e. g.,
Neanderthals) probably did not inhabit high-latitude environments (due to cold climate and/
or low plant and animal productivity) and thus could not disperse in the Western Hemisphere via Beringia, modern humans likely were denied access to mid-latitude North America >15 ka
by coastal and interior ice sheets. Here we reexamine the problem with respect to modern humans
in light of a revised chronology for glaciers and sea level, new research in paleo-genomics,
and some new archaeological discoveries. During 35–30 ka, a lineage with west Eurasian
roots occupied the Great Arctic Plain and may have expanded into eastern arctic Beringia
and mid-latitude North America via an ice-free corridor. An East Asian lineage associated
with microblade technology occupied the Lena Basin during the LGM and expanded onto the
Great Arctic Plain >15 ka, possibly as early as the GI 2 interstadial (24–23 ka). Their immediate
descendants probably occupied the southern Bering Land Bridge and Northwest Pacific
coast >15 ka and dispersed widely in the Western Hemisphere during GI 1 (14.5–12.9 ka),
primarily if not exclusively via a coastal route. The coalesced Laurentide and Cordilleran ice
sheets blocked interior access to mid-latitude America until 13.8 ± 0.5 ka (and possibly later
due to the length and narrow width of the ice-free corridor >13 ka).This research was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (projects No. 16-18-10265 and
No. 21-18-00457)
Medical Geography and Civil Society in the Russian Empire
Get PDFIn the intellectual construction of empires in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, one of
the principal building blocks was medical geography. A discipline located at the boundary of
medicine, ethnography, sociology, and geography, medical geography devoted itself to understanding
the social and environmental factors that neo-Hippocratic medicine thought determined
public health. Thanks to A History of Medicine and Medical Geography in the Russian
Empire, co-written by a team of researchers under the direction of E. Vishlenkova and A. Renner,
there exists for the first time a study of the role played by medical geography in the development
of the Russian Empire. The book begins by discussing what it calls the infrastructure
of Russian medico-geographic research: the top-level medical agencies, the system of Baltic
maritime quarantines, the training and career paths of physicians, and the development of
medical associations. Then it examines the findings of medico-geographic researchers, discussing
the climate theories of early modern European medical thinkers and the development
in Russia of the three principal forms of medico-geographic writing — statistics, mapmaking,
and narrative “medico-topographical descriptions”. The final section offers a series of case studies from spaces as diverse as Lithuania, the Kazakh steppe, the Arctic shipping route, and
global voyages of the vessels of the imperial Russian navy. Systematically placing Russia in
the comparative framework of European empires and alternating in its perspective between
St Petersburg and distant frontiers, the book explores how medical geography and its practitioners
connected Russia with Europe and helped simultaneously to form the imperial state,
the Russian nation, and a nascent civil society.This research was supported by the grant No. 21-78-10052 “From the Cadiz сonstitution to the
Petersburg uprising: Transfer of discourses, ideas, emotions in the Biedermeier era” of the Russian Science
Foundation
Часть I. Введение в семейство Unix-подобных операционных систем
Get PDFПособие посвящено изучению основных принципов Unix-подобных операционных систем. В пособии изложены необходимые понятия и даны представления об организации системы; описана работа в оболочке командной строки, основные команды; принципы и методы написания сценариев оболочки. Основная часть пособия построена по принципу от простого к сложному, с приведением необходимых определений, пояснений и примеров с целью получения читателем фундаментальных знаний и базовых навыков по темам курса. Приложение представляет собой обзор основных понятий и возможностей по дополнительным темам, связанным с администрированием Unix-подобных систем и серверов, и призвано стать базой для дальнейшего изучения данных тем.
Пособие рассчитано на студентов младших курсов, обучающихся по направлениям связанным с прикладной и фундаментальной математикой, математическим обеспечением информационных систем, компьютерными науками, информационными технологиями, а также естественно-научными направлениями, где Unix-подобные системы могут использоваться в качестве рабочей среды для проведения расчетов, моделирования, анализа данных
ORTHOEPY — HISTORY OF LINGUISTICS — HISTORY OF LANGUAGE
Get PDFThe definition of orthoepy as “a branch of linguistics that studies pronunciation norms”
tends to determine the understanding of its tasks as exclusively prescriptive, and that
of orthoepy as a whole as an applied area, par excellence. Its other component, purely
linguistic, is present in the problem of the correlation between the system and the
norm, traditionally central to the school of Lev Shcherba. In essence, this problem
is a particular case of the Saussurian “language — speech” dichotomy, which is the
reason for regarding orthoepy as a purely linguistic discipline and for discerning two
points of view on its object, those “from within” and “from without.” The latter implies
a conscious attitude towards the choice, from several possibilities, of one unit as a
normative or “correct” with the establishment of the systemic status of this unit. This
point of view on language, which emerged almost simultaneously with the awareness
of it as an inherently human capacity (Plato), is reflected both in the early evidence
of “language prestige” (Catullus, Cicero) and in the works of “intuitive linguists,”
either relying on a certain norm (Alexandrian grammarians) or creating it (English
orthoepists). In turn, the norm is synonymous to speech, which exists at a given
synchronic stage; it changes either as a result of the alternative possibilities offered
by the system (language dynamics) or due to the transition of the system to another
synchronic stage (linguistic change per se), cf. Ludmila Verbitskaya’s formulation in The
Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary: “The phonological system of a language completely
determines the pronunciation norm. The norm can change within the system provided
new forms gradually replace the old ones under the influence of extralinguistic factors
or as a result of changes that have taken place in the system.” In this context, the
primary task of interpreters of early orthoepic evidence (first of all, historians of language)
is to identify factors belonging to two fundamentally different spheres. Ignoring
this circumstance in the research procedures, characteristic of (chronologically or
ideologically) pre–Saussurian (pre–Baudouin de Courtenay) linguistics, leads to a confusion
of factors, including systemic and extra–linguistic ones, and, moreover, of the
fundamental notions, (diachronic) change and (synchronic) variation, which, among
other things, is reflected in the idea of ‘recent changes’ in the system (in fact, in the
norm) and in the popular notion of “language in the state of (constant) flux.” On the
contrary, the consistent differentiation, in research procedures, of different factors interacting
in the functioning of language system, and thus discerning between the two
points of view on it, “from within” and “from without,” makes orthoepy an integral part
of linguistics as a fundamental science of language, providing theoretical justification
for its applied component, the latter’s goals having been formulated, for all times, as
a maxime to “speak properly and correctly.” Refs 29