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Biobanks as an important tool in modern translational oncology
Get PDFThe creation and use of biobanks is an actively growing field that plays an
important role in the development of many branches of biotechnology and
biomedicine, including oncology and translational medicine. In this review,
based on the analysis of more than 80 Russian and foreign publications, we
describe the current state of biobanking and its future perspectives. The
diversity of biobanking and the problems arising from it, including the limits
of applicability to different types of research, as well as the prospects for
development are discussed. The role of biobanks in the study of malignant
neoplasms, including rare/orphan diseases, and in the development of new
diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, personalised medicine and pre-clinical
screening studies, are highlighted.This study was realized through
the support of the Applied Genetics
Resource Facility of MIPT (Support Grant
075-15-2021-684). Supported by grants
No. 18-15-00391-p and No. 21-15-00411
from the Russian Science Foundation and
Project No 730000F.99.1.BV10AA00006
Palatal consonants in the Mennonite dialect Plautdietch in the light of the development typology of the Ingvaeonic consonantism
No full textThe paper deals with the system of palatal consonants: /t’/, /d’/, /n’/ in Low German,
Prussian dialects of the Mennonites. This dialect was used in the “language islands”
of the Ukraine and of several other regions of the Russian state and is today
common in the Mennonite communities all around the world: Canada, USA, South
America, Germany, Siberia and the Altai region. The research is based on the recent
records of these dialects as well as on the data from the dialectal archive of Viktor
Schirmunski (Žirmunskij) in St Petersburg. The rendering of the palatal consonants
in the questionnaires in this archive by the dialect speakers in 1920s is examined. The
palatalization of consonants in Plautdietch is considered from the background of the
palatalizations and assibilations in the Ingvaeonic branch of West Germanic languages.
It is emphasized that the palatalization is one of the characteristic phenomena of the
Ingvaeonic languages, which can manifest itself in different periods of their history.
Thus the development of the palatal consonants can be considered in the framework
of genetically related languages’ typology. It is known that the palatalization of [k] and
[g] occurred in Old English before and after front vowels. In Frisian, palatalization was
followed by assibilation. In Dutch, palatalization is observed in the diminutive suffix.
Palatalization in a number of Low German dialects occurred as well and was followed
by zetacism. Thus the palatalizaion reflects internal trends in the development of the
dialects of some West Germanic languages, namely those of the Ingvaeonic group. It
is probably an intermediate stage preceding assibilation and affrication of consonants. In some cases it remains in the modern language in its initial state, as is the case in the
Mennonite dialect of the Plautdietch
Modern popular science radio discourse: The principle of dialogicity
No full textThe article is devoted to identifying specifics of modern popular science media discourse. The
authors conduct a comparative communicative-pragmatic and stylistic analysis of composition, speech means and discursive techniques of educational radio programs which have such
feature as explicated dialogicality — representing conversation between a journalist and an expert.
The leading principle of popular science radio program is dialogization: actual dialogue
between a journalist and an expert is supplemented by conditional dialogue between a journalist
and a scientist who does not participate in the program, as well as between a journalist
and a generalized addressee — a representative of mass audience. The article notes such journalist
speech moves that contribute to dialogization of discourse, as evaluation and criticism
of expert’s statements by the program host and also use of “naive listener” speech mask. The
tactics of illustrative explanation, appeal to personal experience, and stylistic transformation
used by radio journalists are considered. The authors note the redistribution of lexical means
between participants of the dialogue, characteristic of the era of Internet communication:
scientific terminology is actively used by the presenter, and stylistically low lexemes — by the
expert, which entails a relative stylistic uniformity with the predominance of conversational
tonality. This set of techniques determines the priority communicative position of journalist,
which is not typical for classical popular science discourse. The authors conclude that the
popular science sub-style belongs to the journalistic style of modern Russian language. The
principle of dialogicality of popular science discourse creates in the listener the idea that the
authors of radio program conduct a conversation with him on an equal footing. The willingness
of a journalist to model in his mind the image of a possible recipient and act in his interests
ensures the effectiveness of popularization of scientific knowledge in modern mass media
Expertise as a form of development of science: Fundamental vs applied
No full textThe article discusses the epistemological functions of expertise in modern science and substantiates
the thesis that the emergence of expert knowledge is associated with the transformations
of science (its technization, digitalization and application) and the anthropological crisis of the
20th–21st centuries. The authors believe that due to expert assessments, the target settings that
are present in specific scientific research programs are explicated — both cognitive ones and
focused primarily on solving various kinds of socially significant practical problems. Thus, the
examination, in fact, opens up opportunities for clarifying the most effective ratio of fundamental
and applied research settings in a particular cognitive activity. The authors demonstrate that
expert activity allows scientists to consciously (with appeals to the semantic content of specific
research projects) and, thus, more adequately (taking into account applied problems) assess the
epistemological prospects of certain areas of research and thereby contribute to the expansion
of the scope of scientific knowledge, development science as a cultural and historical phenomenon.
To concretize the reasoning, the authors focus on how the implementation of the cognitive
functions of expertise in science takes place and appeal to the legal precedent (the Kass vs. Kass
process), which has become one of the models for resolving disputes in the field of biomedical
research of objects with an unstable subject, ethical and legal status (cryopreserved embryos).
Particular attention is paid to the fundamental predictive functions of expert knowledge, which has dignity, i. e. taking into account socio-political and existential-humanitarian restrictions, on
the one hand, and contributing to the expansion of the scientific horizon, on the other.The research has been performed within the project supported by Russian Science Foundation
no. 22-28-01632 «Expert examination as an epistemological phenomenon in the context of distinction
between fundamental and applied guidelines in science»
Theoretical basics of mediative-negotiation technologies of conflict resolution
No full textThe actual issues of theoretical conceptualization of mediation and negotiation implementation
experience in our country and abroad are discussed in the article. The authors note the
controversial character both of the issue of necessary developing theoretical basis for these alternative
methods of conflict and significance of theory for resolution of the problems related
to their essence and specialists’ efforts integration in this sphere. They analyze the sources
of disagreements on many issues in the sphere of different school mediators’ activities. They
reveal the principal similarities and key differences between negotiation and mediation technologies,
and their peculiarities. They also propose to use the complex notion of “mediativenegotiation
technologies”. The authors reveal the essence of this notion and its understanding based on objectivity, valuelessness and mutual profitability of these technologies for conflicting
parties. The article studies technological constituents uniting accomplishments of original
components. These are such instruments as single informational field creation, differentiation
of emotional and cognitive aspects, dividing people and problems, transition from positional
bargaining to interest-based collaboration and others. The authors show advantages
of integrative technologies compared with separate using of their components - negotiation
between parties and negotiating with neutral mediator’s assistance. The article discovers the
role of mediative-negotiation technologies and the sphere of their implementation including
possibility of mediation practice wider spreading. The authors develop the concept of “builtin
mediator” based on integrative technologies. They emphasize conflictology’s interdisciplinary
character from which the necessity to use theoretical resources from different scopes
of knowledge follows. The authors propose the number of criteria for theories’ classification
based on these technologies and reveal the roles of different types of theories in mediators’
community problems resolving. The authors note the benefits of integrative mediation model
as the essence of professional standard to be used in the process of specialists’ preparation in
different spheres of conflict management. They provide examples of positive experience of
this theoretical approach implementation and reveal its potential for mediative-negotiation
technologies development and spreading
Global climate challenges, structural shifts in the economy and the development of initiative-taking strategies by businesses to achieve carbon neutrality
No full textWorking with trends reflecting the ongoing aggravation of the climate situation, the authors
evaluate countermeasures taken at the interstate and national levels, as well as those implemented
by large businesses in priority sectors that are important emitters greenhouse gases.
In this context, the article makes several points. First, it provides an overview of legal regulations
implemented at the interstate and state levels aimed at preventing and minimizing adverse
climate change. Second, the authors examine the impact of climate challenges and new
regulatory mechanisms on sectors of the modern economy that are a priority for achieving
carbon neutrality, as well as on businesses operating in these sectors. This includes analyzing
ESG strategies and ratings of companies, as well as rating-related failures in solving problems
of the climate agenda. Third, using the example of ferrous metallurgy enterprises, the article
examines decarbonization strategies implemented by business and conducts a comparative
assessment of them as one means of achieving carbon neutrality. Special attention is paid to
systematizing existing and projected tools for the decarbonization of production and technological
processes in the steel industry, an assessment is made of their technological maturity,
as well as the impact on increasing the product cost and the possibility of reducing greenhouse
gas emissions. The authors propose ways to further refine the mechanism of climate regulation
in Russia, as well as methods for selecting proactive business strategies that provide an
effective solution to the problems of decarbonization and achieve sustainable competitiveness
in the context of the structural restructuring of the modern economy
The Issues of Alcohol Production and Abuse in Russia in Mikhail Katkov’s Publications
Get PDFThe article is devoted to the study of the evolution of views on the issues of alcohol production
and abuse by the largest ideologue of Russian conservatism M. N. Katkov — editor-publisher
of the newspaper “Moskovskie Vedomosti” and the magazine “Russkii Vestnik”. It analyses the
speeches of the famous publicist and his associates on the pages of these publications aimed at
alterations in the excise system, in force since 1863, in order to limit the excessive consumption
of strong alcoholic beverages and overcome its severe social consequences. The reasons
that prompted the famous publicist in the early 1880s to launch a campaign for the introduction
of a wine monopoly are explained: the decline of the popularity of the liberal economic
doctrine in the West as a result of the world economic crisis of 1873–1878; the rise of the
movement in European countries for the transfer of the drinking trade to the treasury under
the influence of stagnation in agriculture; the expansion of state intervention in economic life
in Russia. The article points out the arguments given by Katkov in favor of a monopoly, which,
in his opinion, had to allow regulating the distillery industry, ending rampant drunkenness,
eradicating drunkenness and corruption in the beverage business. It is particularly noted that
Katkov considered this reform one of the main points of his program for creating a “national”
economy in Russia, protected from the West by high customs barriers and assuming multilateral
participation of the state in the development of the national economy, and these attitudes
largely corresponded to the protectionist course of the government in the reign of the penultimate
Russian tsar, Alexander III.The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant No. 22-28-01267 “Commercial
capital or the state one? Public debate about the path of Russia’s economic development (second half of the
1870s to first half of the 1890s)”
Nationality (narodnost’) of Golden Age literature: The achievement of romanticism or the heritage of classicism
No full textThe article counters the widely held opinion that the interest in nationality (narodnost’) and
particular nature of nation is a characteristic feature of the Romantic literature. The criticism
and aesthetics of the Golden Age (1810–1830s), transferring Western concepts to the Russian
soil, sometimes too hastily correlated them with Russian artistic practice. So, in the early 1820s,
when, as Petr Vyazemsky admitted, the Russian ideas of romanticism were still vague, nationality
was declared the property of the romantic school (сf. the article On Romantic Poetry by
Orest Somov, who was largely influenced by Germaine de Staёl). This point of view was reflected
in later criticism which characterized such authors as Konstantin Batyushkov, Nikolay
Gnedich, Anton Delvig, and Pavel Katenin as belonging to the Romantic school. Their interest
in particular nature of nation, however, had absolutely different sources. Besides Herder’s Enlightenment
ideas, it was the aesthetics of renewed classicism, advanced by Winkelmann and
oriented at authentic antiquity that nurtured this interest. The antique culture, understood differently
from French classicism, still served as a model for poets developing national themes.
The influence of Greek Anthology upon Delvig’s Russian song, Greek motives in Gnedich’s
Russian idyll, the Homeric simplicity, which permeated in Russian ballad, — all this resulted
from deliberate integration of Russian content and high antiquity. National themes were born
by the culture of classicism, affecting the entire Golden Age, but in the framework of the same
transitional period were quickly “appropriated” by the adepts of Romantic movement.The study was funded by the Russian Science Foundation, project no. 21-18-00527 in the Institute of
Russian Literature (Pushkin House) of the Russian Academy of Sciences, https://rscf.ru/project/21-18-00527/
Wajda’s Dostoevsky and Foucault’s heterotopia
No full textNational paradigms in cinematography are increasingly giving way to a transnational paradigm:
cinema is becoming polylocal. Polylocality first means locations not tied to one particular
country and an international cast and crew. It also corresponds to the merging of two or
more multicultural spaces interacting in the process of filmmaking that results in creating a
kind of master space, which is more than their sum. Such understanding is based on the Henri
Lefebvre’s definition of space as a product where the mental and the cultural, the social and the
historical, are interconnected. Polylocality, as a rule, takes place in film adaptations of literary
works made in a tradition different from the culture of the literary source and distant from it
in time and/or in space. Examples include Nastazja (1994) by Polish director Andrzej Wajda
that creates a special kind of cinematic space, to which the notion of polylocality applies to
a greater extent than to many other screen adaptations. The paper attempts to outline this
special space in the context of Michel Foucault’s ideas about heterotopia as a special location,
illusory and real, open and closed, permeable and sealed, where the order of things is different.
The author concludes that Wajda in Nastazja created a cinematic heterotopia, the structure of
which includes heterochrony, crisis heterotopia, death-resurrection heterotopia, and cultural
heterotopia
Sanctions against Iran: Lessons for Russia in the new international context
No full textThe escalation of sanctions pressure and the expansion of the range of sanctions used against
Russia provides for understanding the importance of studying international experience in
countering restrictive measures. The article discusses the features of the application of sanctions
against Iran, their impact on the economy of the state, as well as the mechanisms and
ways of its adaptation to the restrictive measures of Western countries. The authors identify
typological similarities, in view of which the study of the Iranian experience is significant for
Russia, and differences that deserve attention in terms of understanding Russia’s capabilities in
this area. Iran has been under sanctions for several decades, large-scale and numerous restrictions
have been applied against it. The nuclear deal contributed to eased sanctions pressure
for a short period only, proving that such agreements on concessions by the target country in
response to the lifting of restrictions by the initiating states are not always sustainable. As a
result of the analysis, the main stages of imposing sanctions against Iran are defined. The authors
highlight the trend towards sanctions against the energy and financial sector and its constant
tightening, as well as the increasing number of participants in the coalition of initiating countries and the UN Security Council resolution on measures against Iran. The UN Security
Council sanctions are viewed as serious measures in terms of foreign policy implications. In
addition, the authors reveal the key elements of Iran’s policy in the field of countering restrictive
measures and adapting the economy to them. Measures related to structural changes
in the economy, optimization of the social sphere, use of imperfection of sanctions regimes,
diversification of international partners are indicated as such components. Thus, Iran’s experience
in adapting to sanctions can rather be characterized as successful and relevant for Russia,
despite the different starting positions