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Spiritual Consistory in Contradiction between the Idea of God and the Idea of the State
Get PDFThe article is devoted to the analysis of legislative acts, archival materials, and other narrative
sources, on the basis of which a description of one of the church administrative and judicial
institutions of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries is
given. The principles of the formation of spiritual consistories, the mode of functioning, the
specifics of cases examined by this church-judicial body are considered. According to the authors,
ecclesiastical consistories performed administrative and judicial roles in the second half
of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Spiritual consistories were an important element of the
system of state and legal institutions during this period. The old concept of the “symphony
of powers” was replaced by the principle of subordination of the church to the state. In this
regard, the historical fate of the spiritual consistories turned out to be closely connected with
the fate of the state and legal institutions of the Russian Empire. The historical development of
the Russian Orthodox Church led to the situation when a significant part of legal issues that
were of great importance to the population of the Russian Empire was controlled within ecclesiastical
jurisdiction. The methodological principles used for the research are the dialectical
approach, which enables to consider this problem in historical retrospective; the method of
problem-centered analysis; the comparative legal method of legal knowledge.The study was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research
within the framework of the scientific project No. 21-011-44055 “The idea of God and the image of theology
in the philosophical discourses of high modernity and postmodernity”
Заключение по вопросу светополимеризующих композиционных пломбировочных материалов
No full textAbstrac
Some aspects of a comparative legal analysis of the doctrine of error at the conclusion of a contract
No full textThe article presents the result of a comparative legal analysis of the aspects of the doctrine of
error at the contract conclusion. The general origin of the concept of error roots in Roman law and was further developed along with the concept of contract and its validity. It is interesting
how a variety of legal theories of error developed from one common Roman beginning, each
of which is in constant search for difficult compromises. The author considers in a comparative
legal context the issue of the admissibility of error in the circumstances of the future. Existing
exceptions to the generally accepted refusal to recognize the significance of error about
future facts are reviewed. The article also analyzes the nature of the problem of assessing the
significance of error. Firstly, the nature of the problem of assessing error can be related to the
fundamental contradictions of the principles of contract law, which must be taken into account
when considering the significance of error. The doctrine of mistake is at the intersection of basic
civil law principles, namely, binding of the contractual obligations (pacta sunt servanda),
on the one hand, and the principles of freedom and autonomy of will, on the other. In this regard,
the doctrine is one of the most controversial doctrines of contract law and seeks a balance
between the interests of the stability of the turnover and the interests of each individual
participant. Secondly, the nature of the problem of assessment of error is related to the issue
of the correlation between contractual theory and defects of will. Depending on the prevailing
contract theory, liberal or interventional, the key tasks of law are determined, respectively: either
ensuring formal equality of opportunities between the parties and guaranteeing procedural
contractual fairness, or ensuring substantive contractual fairness. Depending on this, a balance
is determined in the search for the significance of error. The author of the article also proposes
to get acquainted with the results of a comparative legal study of the criteria for the significance
of an error used in some countries of the European civil tradition and common law countries.
Subjective and objective concepts of significance are analyzed, as well as combinations of their
elements, which are reflected in the regulation of the considered legal orders. The study is useful
for developing and improving the domestic doctrine of error
At the frontiers of the positivist approach to international law
No full textReview of the book by L. N. Galenskaya “Legal Regulation of Transnational Relations”. St Petersburg:
St Petersburg University Press, 2022. 316 p
Multimodality in Middle Ages: Deciphering old proverbs’ image text
Get PDFThe carnivalesque late Middle Ages, with passion for proverbs running through
all its language strata and love for their visualisation not only through fine arts, but
in book artwork as well, are a unique source of research data for the rapidly growing
field of multimodality studies. Although verbal and iconic signs are different in nature,
they supplement each other and interweave under the book covers of the time to form
a semantic and pragmatic unity to influence the receptor holistically. It is worth noting
here that the meaning of the “proverb” term is contingent in this context, as it was used
by the philosophers, scientists, and literary figures of the time to refer to almost all
manner of set phrases. Drawing from a variety of texts belonging to different genres,
the article analyses the specifics of how the language and image components interact
to create a hybrid semiotic complex. Studying the specifics of semiotic hybridisation
as observed in the medieval texts is key to the further development of the historical
phraseology as well, especially when it pertains to the issue of visualising persistent
lexical complexes. Said significance derives from the fact that the so-called visualised
phraseology may serve as a source for the historical phraseology research that would
complement the phraseographical data, phraseology found in the literary work, and
research insights. This research shows, on the one hand, how text and image of the
early stages of the people’s culture and language development become one, and on the
other hand how a set lexical unit and the image accompanying it synergise in a given
hybrid textual space on both semantic and cognitive levels. Based on historical data,
the article showcases how multimodality has become a complex semiotic phenomenon
intrinsic to any society employing not only language, but other complex systems
of signs as well. A complex lexico-semantic nature of the special semantics linguistic
units being visualised is one of the key factors in rendering the interaction between
these two modalities unique
To the problem of the pursuit in quasilinear differential lag games
No full textIn the field of the theory of differential games defined in a finite-dimensional space, fundamental works were carried out by L. S. Pontryagin, N. N. Krasovskiy, B. N. Pshenichny, L. S. Petrosyan, M. S. Nikol’skiy, N. Yu. Satimov and others. L. S. Pontryagin and his students consider differential games separately, from the point of view of the pursuer and from the point of view of the evader, which inevitably connects the differential game with two different problems. In this paper, in a Hilbert space, we consider the pursuit problem in the sense of L. S. Pontryagin for a quasilinear differential game, when the dynamics of the game is described by a differential equation of retarded type with a closed linear operator generating a strongly continuous semigroup. Two main theorems on the solvability of the pursuit problem are proved. In the first theorem, a set of initial positions is found from which it is possible to complete the pursuit with a guaranteed pursuit time. The second theorem defines sufficient conditions on the optimality of the pursuit time. The results obtained generalize the results of works by P. B. Gusyatnikov, M. S. Nikol’skiy, E. M. Mukhsinov, and M. N. Murodova, in which it is described by a differential equation of retarded type in a Hilbert space. Our results make it possible to study delayed-type conflict-controlled systems not only with lumped, but also with distributed parameters
Numerical models for analysis and adjustment of magnetic field in medical centers. I. Simulation of geomagnetic field disturbances
No full textThe study investigates possible disturbances of the Earth’s geomagnetic field associated with ferromagnetic structures of clinical buildings. An original methodology has been applied for 3D field mapping of hospital areas in the Senegalese Radiotherapy (RT) Centre. The RT unit will be located in a bunker with thick steel walls to ensure safety of patients and staff. Steel reinforcement will provide the shielding effect lowering the field level in the therapy room. A detailed numerical model has been created to simulate an expected field map in the RT bunker. The model reflects the actual geometry and reinforcement pattern of the building as well as adopted national standards for hypomagnetic field environment. The field maps generated with the EM codes KLONDIKE and KOMPOT form a basis for validation in comparative computations with the other codes (COMSOL Multiphysics, etc)
A. Poleshchuk: Creative Biography of the Russian-Estonian Architect and a Retrospective Direction in Russian Church Architecture of the Early 20th Century
No full textThis article is devoted to the creative biography of the largest Russian-Estonian architect at the
turn of the 19th–20th centuries A. Poleshchuk and retrospectivism in Russian church architecture
at the beginning of the twentieth century, which was his main creative method. The works and
biography of the great master are still poorly studied, scientific publications are practically not
devoted to him. At the same time, being a pupil of the St Petersburg Academy of Arts, the architect
was awarded the title of architecture academic, the position of professor, proved himself in the capital as the author of such monumental structures as the Geological Committee and the
Church of St Isidor with the house of the St Petersburg Orthodox Estonian brotherhood. He owns
the project of the most monumental Orthodox church in the Baltics of the twentieth century —
the Assumption Cathedral of the Pyukhtitsa Monastery, where he worked from his student years
under the guidance of his teacher prof. M. Preobrazhensky. A native of Estonia and an Estonian
himself on the maternal side, the architect made an invaluable contribution to the formation of a
professional architectural school in the country. He was the chairman of the Estland Engineering
Society and the Estland Technical Society in Petrograd, then was actively involved in teaching in
Tallinn as professor of architecture at Tallinn Polytechnic College and chief architect and educational
adviser to the Construction Board. A. Poleshchuk is known as an architectural theorist, a
specialist in the theory of vaults, the author of the fundamental courses “Lectures on the art of
building” in 10 volumes, and a two-volume guide to bridge construction. The article examines
in detail the main milestones in the creative path of A. Poleshchuk in the context of the history
of architecture at the beginning of the 20th century, mainly, church retrospectivism. The features
of his work, diverse in typology and stylistics (Russian style, neoclassicism, neo-Renaissance,
neo-baroque), are analyzed. In conclusion, a stylistic classification of the retrospective directions
of church architecture of the late 19th — early 20th centuries with examples of relevant monuments
is proposed. The article is based both on little-known published materials and, mainly,
on newly discovered archival documents from the depositories of St Petersburg, Tartu, Tallinn
Epixylic diversity in an old-growth boreal forest is influenced by dynamic substrate attributes
Get PDFQuantifying the factors influencing wood-inhabiting species in boreal forests is
crucial for better understanding of their ecology and conservation needs. We
estimated the influence of substrate attributes on epixylic diversity on logs of
Picea abies, Betula pubescens, B. pendula, Populus tremula and Pinus sylvestris in
a mixed European old-growth boreal forest with high substrate availability and
continuity. The number of species of different taxonomic and substrate groups
in respect of log attributes was estimated with generalized linear models. The
composition of epixylic communities was analysed using non-metric multidimensional
scaling with subsequent environmental fitting. Additionally, we calculated
species interaction networks of log (tree) species and epixylic plants
and lichens. Species richness per log decreased with the increasing height
above the ground and increased with the increasing amount of accumulated
litter. True epixylics were the most sensitive to a log position above the ground.
Aspen and conifer logs harbored the highest richness of rare species of lichens
and liverworts. Birch logs hosted mainly species with wide substrate amplitude.
The whole epixylic community specialization index decreased in the order lichens,
liverworts, mosses, vascular plants. Tree species identity and associated
attributes (bark cover, pH, etc.) as well as ‘dynamic’ attributes (accumulation of
litter, wood decomposition and time since tree death) influenced the total species
number, their taxonomic diversity, and the composition of epixylic communities.
Our results indicate the importance of wood of various age and tree
species for the conservation of epixylic diversity in boreal forests.Data collection and analysis
were supported by the Russian Science
Foundation (15-14-10023). The manuscript
preparation was financed under the State
Research Programs of Forest Research
Institute of the Karelian Research Centre,
Russian Academy of Sciences and Institute
of North Industrial Ecology Problems of the
Kola Science Centre, Russian Academy of
Sciences