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Evolution of the labour law paradigm and factors mediated
No full textBased on the paradigm approach by T. Kuhn, the author analyzes the evolution of the labour
law paradigm. The necessity of identifying the factors influencing the formation of the paradigm
and its development is shown. Two factors influencing the paradigm process are singled
out. The timeless factor is socially significant needs, which process of satisfaction requires
legal regulation. The temporal factor is the type of society and economy, which determines
the production of goods, characterized by transformations of employment of wage labour, a
change in the role of an individual in the production process, and the impact on the volumes
and methods of satisfying needs. These factors are coherent, are in constant relationship. The
article highlights the stages of evolution of the labour law paradigm. The first stage is preparadigm.
In Russia, it lasts from the moment of the emergence of a free labour force and the
foundations of its legal regulation until the separation of labour law. This is the period of initial
accumulation of scientific knowledge about labour law, which ended with the appearance of
the book by L. S. Tal on the employment contract, which formed the basis of the labour law
paradigm. The next stage is “normal science”, when all scientific research is based on achievements
already recognized by the scientists — on the doctrine of the employment contract
and the employment relationship. Currently the paradigm is in crisis. The approaches formed
earlier do not correspond to the time, since the paradigm was formed within the framework
of the industrial type of society and economy, and now there is a transition to the information
type. It is concluded that labour law is on the verge of a scientific revolution, which should
lead to a paradigm shift
Metaverses: How their development will affect workers and employers
No full textThe purpose of this article is to study the possible impact of metaverses on the parties of labour
relations in the future. Metaverses are permanent virtual spaces where users can relax, work
and receive services. The development of digital technologies, primarily VR/AR technologies,
contributes to the creation of metaverses. The activities of global IT giants such as Facebook*
and Microsoft make us think about how the increase in human presence in virtual reality will
affect the world of work. Legal regulation will need to be adapted accordingly if the relationship
between employers and workers changes. To understand the problem, it is necessary to find out
how the metaverse will differ from modern digital platforms, how large will be the proportion
of workers who will take virtual jobs in the metaverses in relation to the total number of
workers. The results of the study allow us to conclude that with the further digitalization of the
world economy, it is very likely that metaverses will become a familiar working environment
for most workers in the near future. In this regard, the presence of artificial intelligence in the
world of work will increase, since the 3D digital environment is a space in which there are
even more opportunities for artificial intelligence systems than in physical reality. Employers
will use artificial intelligence to algorithmize management processes, which will increase the
economic efficiency of activities. Working in the metaverse will become part of the digital
society, and having the skills to quickly adapt to such work is one of the conditions important
for survival in the world of the future
Fourier transform method for partial differential equations. Part 2. Existence and uniqueness of solutions to the Cauchy problem for linear equations
No full textThe article proposes a method for analyzing the Cauchy problem for a wide class of evolutionary linear partial differential equations with variable coefficients. By applying the (inverse) Fourier transform, the original equation is reduced to an integro-differential equation, which can be considered as an ordinary differential equation in the corresponding Banach space. The selection of this space is carried out in such a way that the principle of contraction mappings can be used. To carry out the corresponding estimates for the operators generated by the transformed equation, we impose the conditions of finiteness in the space variable for the inverse Fourier transform of the coefficients, and the spaces of the coefficients of the original equation are determined from the Paley-Wiener Fourier transform theorems. In this case, the apparatus of the theory of the Bochner integral in pseudo-normed spaces, countably-normed spaces and Sobolev spaces is used. Classes of functions are distinguished in which the existence and uniqueness of solutions are proved. For equations with coefficients with separated variables, exact solutions are obtained in the form of a Fourier transform of finite sums for operator exponentials
Optimization of oscillation damping modes of spatial double pendulum. II. Solving the problem and analyzing the results
No full textThis paper is a continuation of the article «Optimization of oscillation damping modes of spatial double pendulum. I. Formulation of the problem», in which the problem formulation of the optimal oscillations damping of double pendulum with joint axes not collinear to each other was given. Passive damping (viscous friction) is considered separately, and the possibility of additional accounting of active impacts (collinear control) is also discussed. Two optimization criteria are adopted that characterize the efficiency of the damping processes of system movements: first, the degree of stability is maximized, and then the integral energy-time criterion is minimized. The optimal values of the parameters of the considered damping options are determined according to both criteria in the course of the exact solution of the problem within the framework of a linear model. The obtained results are presented in the form of visual graphic illustrations which allow to establish their main qualitative and quantitative features. The conclusions can be useful in studying the movements of manipulators and various robotic structures
Impact of a rigid sphere on an infinite viscoelastic Kirchhoff-Love plate considering volume and shear relaxations
No full textThe problem of a low-velocity normal impact of a rigid sphere upon an infinite viscoelastic Kirhhoff-Love plate is considered. The dynamic behaviour of the viscoelastic plate is described by the fractional derivative standard linear solid model. The fractional parameter defining the order of the fractional derivative governs the variation in the viscosity of plate’s material within the contact domain during the impact process. The local bearing of the plate material under sphere’s indentation, as well as the contact force are defined via the generalized Hertzian contact theory. Using the algebra of Rabotnov’s fractional-order operators and taking the volume and shear relaxations into account, the integral equation for the local bearing of the contacting bodies has been obtained. Its approximate solution allows one to find the time dependence of the local indentation and the contact force.The work is supported by Ministry of Science and High Education of the Russian Federation
(project no.FZGM-2020-0007)
Zero velocity surface in the general three-body-problem
No full textThe zero-velocity surfaces of the general planar three-body problem are constructed in the
form space, the factor-space of the configuration space by transfer and rotation. Such a
space is the space of congruent triangles, and the sphere in this space is similar triangles.
The integral of energy in the form space gives the equation of the zero velocity surface. These
surfaces can also be obtained based on the Sundman inequality. Such surfaces separate areas
of possible movement from areas where movement is impossible. Without loss of generality,
we can assume that the constant energy is −1/2 and the sought for surfaces depend only
on the magnitude of the angular momentum of the problem, J. Depending on this value,
five topologically different types of surfaces can be distinguished. For small J, the surface
consists of two separate surfaces, internal and external ones, the motion is possible only
between them. With J increasing the inner surface increases, the outer surface decreases,
the surfaces first have a common point at some value of J, with a further increasing of J,
their topological type changes and finally the zero-velocity surface splits into three disjoint
surfaces, the motion is possible only inside them. Examples of the corresponding surfaces
are given for each of these types, their sections in the plane xy and in the plane xz and the
surfaces themselves are constructed, their properties are studied
Tax сontext in the structure of corporate social responsibility
No full textThe article analyzes the issue of including tax issues in the concept of corporate social responsibility.
The author defines corporate social responsibility as a voluntary acceptance of
obligations by a company that go beyond strictly formal compliance with the letter of the law
and maximize profits as a fundamental goal of corporate activity, but based on society’s expectations
and universal ethical values. Within the framework of this concept, we are talking
about responsibility not only (and not so much) to the state, but to the society as a whole. Can
you remain a socially responsible corporation and still not pay your “fair share” of taxes? Does
society have the right to impose tax requirements on businesses that go beyond the letter of
tax laws? And what does proper tax compliance mean in the context of corporate tax liability?
The author answers in the affirmative. The widespread introduction of ideas and principles
of corporate social responsibility into tax strategies of modern business, accompanied by the
introduction of ethical components in the tax sphere, can significantly increase the level of
tax compliance both within individual countries and at the level of the world community. The
main thing here is the understanding that the key needs, values, ideals and perspectives of the
entire society (and not just the interests of interconnected market players) should be included
in everyday business practices. After all, by supporting “sustainable development” in the context
of CSR, each corporation creates the conditions for its own development. Obviously, the
widespread introduction of ideas and principles of corporate social responsibility into the tax
strategies of modern business, accompanied by the introduction of ethical components in
the field of taxes, can significantly increase the level of tax compliance both within individual
countries and at the level of the global community.The reported study was funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research according to the research
project no. 20-011-00080 “Tax compliance and legal ways for its maintaining”
On the Discontinuity of Extreme Exponents of Oscillation on a Set of Linear Homogeneous Differential Systems
No full textIn this paper, we study the questions of the discontinuity of the extreme oscillation exponents on the set of linear homogeneous differential systems with continuous coefficients on the positive axis. The existence of points on a set of differential systems is established in which all the higher and lower exponents of the oscillation zeros, roots, and hypercorns are not only not continuous, but are not continuous either from above or from below. Moreover, the non-invariance of the extreme exponent of oscillations with respect to infinitesimal perturbations has been proved. When proving the results of this work, the cases of parity and odd order of the matrix of the system are considered separately
The role of values and involvement of young people in various forms of activity in the preference of the online/offline environment
No full textThe paper analyzes the role of values and involvement of young people in various forms of social
activity in the preference of online or online environment. The relevance of such a research design
is related to the need to determine the determinants of the preference for the environment
of social activity in a situation of total digitalization of society. The purpose of the study is to
analyze the role of values and realized forms of social activity of young people in the preference
of the online/offline environment. The study involved 442 people, average age M = 21.82;
SD = 6.23 (men — 33.5 %, women — 64.5 %). We have suggested that the preference for an online
or offline environment may be due to involvement in various forms of activity and values, as
well as their joint effect. The design of the study assumed the use of the regression method and
the method of structural modeling. The following techniques were used. To identify the degree
of involvement in various forms of activity, a modified questionnaire was used, built according
to the type of direct scaling (Shamionov et al.), the analysis of values was carried out using the
Schwartz’s technique “Portrait value questionnaire”, the degree of trust was revealed using the
technique “Scale of social trust” by I. Yu. Leonova and I. N. Leonova. The determining role of
the Internet-network and Internet search, leisure and subcultural (positive) and religious and
sports and wellness (negative) has been established activity in preference to the online environment;
sports and recreation, family, and household, cultural and mass, Internet search (positive)
and protest (negative) activity in the offline environment preferences. The values of stimulation, power-dominance (positive) and tradition (negative) determine the preference for the online
environment, and independence-actions, stimulation, tradition (positive) and interpersonal
conformity (negative) — the preference for the offline environment. The joint effect of values
and involvement in different forms of activity in the preference of the online/offline environment
is revealed. The preference of the online environment in the implementation of social activity
is associated with social distrust. The research results can be used to develop programs to
balance the preferences of the activity environment.The research was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Science Foundation within
the framework of scientific project no. 18-18-00298
The verdict to N. Sarkozy: Corruption in public sector and corporate corruption in the eyes of society
No full textCorruption is a multifaced and controversial phenomenon, attracting attention of various social
sciences. Conflictology considers corruption as a conflict destroying the social structure.
Corruption entails the clash of different interests including interests of largescale business,
government, and interests of specific officials. Society treats corporate and public governance
corruption differently, aggravating the conflict and the counteraction against corruption. The
court decision of 2021 sentencing the 23rd President of France Nicholas Sarkozy allows to
demonstrate the controversies in public opinion to the corruption in public governance and
corporations. Besides the general scientific methods, the authors addressed to the survey of
students studying politics. Corruption in public governance is explicitly considered to be a
menace to the society and criminal offence. Corruption in corporations is a menace from the
public opinion perspective, but, at the same time, it is considered a constrained and acceptable
form of work albeit unethical. Largescale corporations are issuing ethical codes with anticorruption
provisions, however in fact they are inefficient and ignored by their employees.
Admitting corruption to be a constrained phenomenon more harsh penalty for corrupted
top managers is at the same time desirable. The corruption scandals around ex-president of
France Sarkozy demonstrate the reputation losses of big multinationals while their top managers
escaped the responsibility and fell out of the social opinion spotlight. The research shows
the fission of interests and sophistication of social conflict around corruption.The article was prepared within the framework of the MGIMO MFA grant for the performance of
scientific works by young researchers under the guidance of doctors or candidates of sciences