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On the category of “secular” in Justinian’s Novels (on the example of concepts λαϊκός, ἰδιώτης, κοσμικός)
No full textThe purpose of this article is to identify, which of the original connotations in the
authentic Greek text of Justinian’s Novels (VI century) contained the categories,
for which the researchers would use the term “secular” in order to understand
and translate into modern Russian and English languages, in the extent that this
translation analogy is justified. The research is performed using the method of analyzing
the expressions, which are close in meaning to the concepts of “secular”,
“non-church”, “non-religious”, based on the original Greek text of the Collection
of 168 Novels (stereotype edition by Schoell and Kroll, 1912) and their dictionary
interpretations. The analysis included the comparison of the ways these expressions
were used in different parts of the original Greek text of Justinian’s Novels, as well
as their comparison with historical Latin translations and the modern translation
into Russian and English. The article analyzes the semantic connotations of the concepts
of λαϊκός, ἰδιώτης, κοσμικός, and related expressions κοσμικός βίος, κοσμικὴ
διαγωγὴ and ἰδιωτικὴ διαγωγὴ. The author concludes that these concepts in Justinian’s
Novels were not legally special. They also designated (or constructed) neither
special area of “secular” nor a special social group of “laity”, but they were used apophatically
to explain and emphasize the special status of the clergy and the church
institution. The more precise meaning of λαϊκός, ἰδιώτης, κοσμικός is the state and
pastime of persons, who did not hold any positions, including those at the church
The relations between Church and state in Czechoslovakia in 1947–1949: New archival documents
No full textThanks to the opening of the Vatican archives concerning the pontificate of Pius XII,
it is possible to shed light on how between 1947 and 1949 the Secretariat of State of
the Holy See faced with the crisis between the Communist government of Czechoslovakia
and the Catholic Church. In the context of secularisation after the Second
World War, the Catholic Church in Czechoslovakia faced a wave of anti-religious
persecution by members of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, which gradually
gained prestige in society from 1946 up to the events of February 1948 (the
so-called “Victorious February”) when the Communists assumed leading positions
in the political system of the country. This study, based on archival data, provides
an insight into the following aspects of these critical years: a deeper understanding
of the chronological links of events; the reasons and aims of the modi operandi of
the Vatican and the local episcopate; the bilateral relations between the Secretariat
of State of the Holy See and the bishops of Czechoslovakia and their interaction
in opposing the anti-church policies of the state; the reasons why the number of
adherence to the so-called “Catholic Action” movement was much lower than that
expected of the Communist Party in Czechoslovakia; Pius XII’s closeness to the
Catholic clergy and believers in Czechoslovakia.The article was prepared within the project “Occidentes. Horizons and Projects of Civilization
in the Church of Pius XII”, organized by Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Pontificia
Universita Gregoriana, Universidad de Navarra and Universidade Catolica Portuguesa
Criminological analysis of the identity of a fraudster in the field of misuse of electronic means of payment
No full textThe processes of digitalization and technologization developed the social relations, but also
acted as a catalyst for the development of illegal activities. A typical example of a crime of
this group is fraud using electronic means of payment. Based on the low detection rate of this
crime, about 30 %, according to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, as well as the high
degree of latency of illegal banking transactions, the optimization of preventive activities is of
particular relevance, which requires research the personality of the offender. Within the framework
of this article, the socio-demographic, socio-role and socio-psychological substructures
of the offender’s personality are analyzed. The official statistics for the period 2013–2020 were
studied, as well as the judicial practice in the amount of 115 verdicts in criminal cases for the
same period. The typical gender of the offender, his age, education and territory of residence,
his professional affiliation were established. The analysis of the socio-psychological substructure
of the personality made it possible to produce a conclusion about the depth and stability
of the criminalization of the offender, as well as his criminal motivation. As a result of a
comprehensive study, a criminological portrait of the personality of a fraudster in the field of
misuse of electronic means of payment was compiled, contradictions were revealed between
the portraits of the personality of a general criminal fraudster and a cybercriminal formed in
the doctrine of criminology with the data obtained. The results of the study can be used in the
framework of improving the prevention of crimes committed using information technology
in general, and the misuse of electronic means of payment, in particular
The definition of armed conflict in cyberspace
No full textThe information technologies development affects all spheres of human activity, including the
military activities of States. The level of military information technologies development allows
us to talk about a new theatre of military operations — the cyberspace. The likelihood of an
armed conflict in cyberspace is also confirmed by the Tallinn Manual, developed in 2013 and
updated in 2017 by experts from the NATO States with the participation of the International
Committee of the Red Cross. In the context of the high probability of military action in cyberspace,
the starting point for applying international humanitarian law to such situations is the
definition of a cyber armed conflict. The research of this topical issue of modern international
law of armed conflicts is the subject of this article. The author pays attention to the legal definition
of cyberspace in general, and to related problems. In the absence of an international
treaty regulating this area, it was suggested that such treaty should be developed and adopted.
Because there is no definition of “classic” armed conflict in international humanitarian law,
this article offers the author’s definition of “classic” armed conflict based on the analysis of
the law of armed conflicts, relevant practice and international legal doctrine. Based on this
definition, on detailed analysis of the relevant norms of international law, including the norms
proposed by the Tallinn Manual on International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations, on the
doctrine of international law, and taking into account the specifics of cyberspace, the author
gives a comprehensive definition of armed conflict in cyberspace. The author substantiates the
need to use the concept of cyber armed conflict, and not the terms “cyberwar” or “information
war”. This article focuses on and evaluates the relevant provisions of the Tallinn Manual. The
author also made suggestions on possible solutions to the problems discussed in this article
The impact of dysfunctional families on the formation of personality of juvenile offenders
No full textJuvenile delinquency is one of the most difficult problems of modern society. These persons,
being socially active, perceive both positive and negative features of not only peers, but also
older persons. Cases when from an early age a person is in a dysfunctional family environment, because the socio-negative factors affecting him are magnified. Every crime committed
by a person under the age of 18 has many causes from a criminological point of view. However,
a key role is given to the family, since the negative impact on the character and behavior is
carried out from the earliest childhood. Among the negative factors that directly affect the
commission of a crime by a minor, we can primarily include the general family atmosphere, if
it has a destructive effect on the psyche of the child. This is manifested in the illegal behavior
of adults, lack of spiritual family values, unhealthy psychological climate in the family. Family
problems create a number of conditions that contribute to the formation of the personality of
the juvenile offender. These include: living of a minor in unsanitary conditions; lack of sufficient
living space for education and life; insufficient family income, which negatively affects
the place of a minor in the society of peers; examples of negative behavior of adult family
members (offenses, alcoholism, drug addiction); incorrect relationship between parents and
child; the use of violence against minors as an educational measure. Therefore, timely and accurate
diagnosis of micro-social causes that form the personality of a juvenile offender and the
development of comprehensive preventive measures are required
International activities of Scotland: Scottish nationalists’ positions
No full textScotland’s international activities are interesting in many respects. Firstly, the region has a long
history of political struggle for independence, having formulated the concept of “Scotland is a
country” by now. Secondly, starting with the preparations for the 2019 general election campaign,
the Scottish National Party (SNP), as the political leader of the region, has launched a
program of “internationalization of Scotland”, stating not only international ambitions, but
also the use of international relations to strengthen the position of Scotland as independent
nation in the international arena. Thirdly, Scotland seeks to demonstrate itself as a responsible
player, offering its innovations in the field of strengthening partnership and peace, and proving
that the whole world will benefit from an independent Scotland (it is no coincidence that
SNP party documents often mention that “the Scots are conscientious citizens of the world”).
Fourthly, the independence of Scotland is offered by the SNP as a tool for realizing the rights
of citizens to participate personally in the international agenda. Thus, we note both the growing
international ambitions of Scotland and their international recognition. In general, the
Scottish model of paradiplomacy is the use of all possible international platforms and the creation
of new ones to form a positive image of the region. The goal of the article: to analyze the
strategy of international activity of Scotland and correlate it with the practical activity of the
region. The study was carried out on the basis of a political-historical approach, which means
an analysis of regional processes in any area in the context of national and macro-regional
development (in this case, we understand the European Union as a macro-region). The research
method within the framework of the chosen approach was the case study method.
Accordingly, the article compared various indicators of regional involvement in international
processes after Brexit in the longer period of Scotland’s entry into the international arena after
1998, i. e. implementation of the Scottish Act. This allows us to talk about the dynamics of the
region’s international activity and its prospects
Geochemical Characteristics of the Vertical Distribution of Heavy Metals in the Hummocky Peatlands of the Cryolithozone
Full text linkOne of the main reservoirs depositing various classes of pollutants in high latitude regions
are wetland ecosystems. Climate warming trends result in the degradation of permafrost in cryolitic
peatlands, which exposes the hydrological network to risks of heavy metal (HM) ingress and its subsequent
migration to the Arctic Ocean basin. The objectives included: (1) carrying out a quantitative
analysis of the content of HMs and As across the profile of Histosols in background and technogenic
landscapes of the Subarctic region, (2) evaluating the contribution of the anthropogenic impact to the
accumulation of trace elements in the seasonally thawed layer (STL) of peat deposits, (3) discovering
the effect of biogeochemical barriers on the vertical distribution of HMs and As. The analyses of
elements were conducted by atom emission spectroscopy with inductively coupled plasma, atomic
absorption spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy with an energy-dispersive X-ray detecting.
The study focused on the characteristics of the layer-by-layer accumulation of HMs and As in
hummocky peatlands of the extreme northern taiga. It revealed the upper level of microelement
accumulation to be associated with the STL as a result of aerogenic pollution. Specifically composed
spheroidal microparticles found in the upper layer of peat may serve as indicators of the area polluted
by power plants. The accumulation of water-soluble forms of most of the pollutants studied on the
upper boundary of the permafrost layer (PL) is explained by the high mobility of elements in an acidic
environment. In the STL, humic acids act as a significant sorption geochemical barrier for elements
with a high stability constant value. In the PL, the accumulation of pollutants is associated with
their sorption on aluminum-iron complexes and interaction with the sulfide barrier. A significant
contribution of biogenic element accumulation was shown by statistical analysis.The reported study by Lodygin E., Vasilevich R. and Vasilevich M. was funded by the
Federal budget of Russia, within the framework of the research topics of the In-stitute of Biology
(No. 122040600023-8 and 122040600026-9). The work of E. Abakumov ([email protected]) was
supported by the St. Petersburg State University grant No. GZ_MDF_2023–1, ID: 101662710
Features of the Expansion of Multiple Stochastic Stratonovich Integrals Using Walsh and Haar Functions
No full textThe problem of the root-mean-square convergence for approximations of multiple stochastic Stratonovich integrals based on the generalized multiple Fourier series method using Walsh and Haar functions is considered. It is shown that when they are chosen to expand multiple stochastic integrals, the proof of the root-mean-square convergence of a subsequence of series partial sums, which is formed in a way that is quite natural for these functions, does not require the explicit fulfillment of any additional conditions, except for the condition of the existence of the multiple stochastic Stratonovich integral
One-Pot Synthesis of Silica-Coated Gold Nanostructures Loaded with Cyanine 5.5 for Cell Imaging by SERS Spectroscopy
Full text linkAnisotropic gold nanoparticles have been recognized as promising agents for medical diagnostics and cancer therapy due to their wide functionality, photothermal effect and ability for optical signal amplification in the near-infrared range. In this work, a simple and rapid method for the preparation of bone-shaped gold nanoparticles coated with a dye-impregnated silica shell with an aminated surface is proposed. The possibility of further functionalization the nanostructures with a delivery vector using folic acid as an example is demonstrated. The average size of the resulted tags does not exceed 70 nm meeting the criteria of cell endocytosis. The prepared tags ehxibit surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra at excitation with lasers of 632.8 and 785 nm. Cell imaging is performed on HeLa cells based on the most pronounced SERS bands as tracking signal. The obtained images along with scanning electron microscopy of cell samples revealed the tendency of tags to agglomerate during endocytosis followed by the "hot spots" effect. To evaluate the toxic and proliferative effect of the nanotags, MTT assay was performed with two HeLa and HEP G2 cell lines. The results revealed higher viability for HEP G2 cells.Saint-Petersburg State University for support within the project 94031307 (part 3.2); Russian Science Foundation, grant № 22-73-10052 (parts 3.1, 3.3, 3.4
Narrative, interest, motivation: L. I. Petrazhitsky vs Ya. E. Golosovker
No full textThe modern philosophy of science pays special attention to the processes of social regulation
of the researcher’s activity. In fact, today, the epistemologist is approaching the boundaries of
the sociology of science. Rather often, his reasoning turns out to be consonant with the concepts
of specialists in the field of social management. But when the discussion begins on how
to build a particular “program”, sociologists, as a rule, will not include in their research the
historical experience of knowledge. Nevertheless, both epistemologists and sociologists agree
that meaningfulness forms the basis of the productivity of human activity (in any sphere). But
how to achieve it? Under what social conditions does a person have the intent to think? The article
actualizes the ideas of social programming aimed at creating such conditions. The author
refers to the intellectual heritage of Russian philosophers and humanities scholars of the early
20th century, L. I. Petrazhitsky and Ya.E. Golosovker, to show the methodological effectiveness
of their reasoning about “motivation” and “interest”, as well as the fundamental ideological
consonance of their philosophical research programs. Petrazhitsky speaks of motivation from
the philosophical and legal fields, while Golosovker proceeds from the logic of the imaginary.
But both of them understand the importance of story (narrative) for the emergence and cultivation
of motivation and interest in knowledge.The study was financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the
Russian Federation (SA (state assignment) in the field of scientific activity project no. FENW-2022-0026
“Narrative or storytelling? Social software of the student audience for scientific success in the context of the
implementation of the Decade of Science and Technology program”)