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How do peer support interventions for the self-management of chronic pain, support basic psychological needs? A systematic review and framework synthesis using self-determination theory
Get PDFObjective: To identify how peer support interventions, for self-management of chronic pain, support basic psychological needs from a self-determination theory (SDT) perspective, using a systematic review.
Methods: Ten databases were searched for studies reporting qualitative research about peer interactions in pain management interventions. ‘Best fit’ framework synthesis methodology was applied to identify strategies that support the satisfaction of competence, autonomy and motivation. These were matched to definitions of strategies provided by standardised taxonomies.
Results: 18 studies were selected for inclusion. The synthesis resulted in a conceptual model, identifying 12 peer strategies that support psychological needs for self-management of chronic pain; 10 overlapped with existing taxonomies.
Conclusion: This was the first known attempt to synthesise evidence about peer support strategies for people living with pain, using SDT as an a priori framework. The model demonstrates commonality between the motivation-promoting processes of peer support and those of other behaviour change interventions and identifies additional unique strategies provided by peers. This systematic classification of peer support strategies provides a means for future study of the efficacy and comprehensiveness of peer interventions.
Practice Implications: The model could assist healthcare professionals and support groups to optimise the potential of peer processes
Perceived ostracism and paranoia: A test of potential moderating effects of psychological flexibility and inflexibility
Get PDFOstracism is known to lead to negative psychological outcomes; however, little is known as to how ostracism may be a predictor of paranoid thoughts. The present paper examined the relationship between perceived ostracism and paranoid thoughts (social reference, persecution) by focusing on the potential moderating roles of psychological flexibility and inflexibility. As expected, data from a sample of 315 internet users (Mage = 31.5 years) showed that perceived ostracism was positively related to both social reference and persecution. Psychological flexibility did not moderate the ostracism-paranoid thought relationships. However, psychological inflexibility was a moderator of the ostracism-social reference relationship, but not for ostracism-persecution. Specifically, at both high and low levels of psychological inflexibility, there was a significant positive relationship between ostracism and social reference. These unexpected findings suggest that future research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms by which perceived ostracism may lead to paranoia
The Effect of Non-prescription Orthotics on Walking Gait in Participants with Excessive Pronation
Get PDFBackground: Insole orthotics are prescribed to correct human body position during both the standing position and the motion of gait. Also, they are being applied for people who have forefoot abduction and arch deformation. However, a little is known about the relationship between forefoot and arch orthotic correction and the alternation in foot biomechanics.
Objectives: This study was aimed to determine the effect of non-prescription insole orthotics in walking gait parameters.
Methods: It was a quasi- experimental with pre-test, post-test design study. Twelve volunteer participants (41 � 17 y), 10 men and two women, participated in this study. Three-dimensional (3D) cameras were used to do motion capture through those markers placed on lower body segments. Seven segments such as: Hip, left and right thigh, left and right shank, left and right foot were used for labelling in this study, which was measured with Vicon T-Series cameras at 250 Hz. The participants did walk in three different phases: Barefoot, running shoe, running shoe with a non-prescription orthotic inside. t-test was used to analyse the data.
Results: The paired t-test results indicated that there is significant difference in cadence, step length and stride length for running
shoe, and non-prescription orthotics compare to those of barefoot (P � 0.05). Additionally, it was found that, non-prescription orthotics resulted in higher step lengthandstride length, andless cadence (P�0.05). Onthe other hand, But, nosignificant changes
were found for non-prescription orthotics (P� 0.05).
Conclusions: It was concluded that cadence, step length and stride length were improved in running shoe compared to nonprescription
orthotics group. But there were not any significant differences between running shoe and non-prescription orthotics
Enhanced walking-induced fat oxidation by New Zealand blackcurrant extract is body composition-dependent in recreationally active adult females
Get PDFNew Zealand blackcurrant (NZBC) extract enhanced cycling-induced fat oxidation in female en-durance athletes. We examined in recreationally active females the effects of NZBC extract on physiological and metabolic responses by moderate-intensity walking and the relationship of fat oxidation changes with focus on body composition parameters. Twelve females (age: 21±2 yrs, BMI: 23.6±3.1 kg·m-2) volunteered. Bioelectrical bioimpedance analysis was used for body composition measurements. Resting metabolic equivalent (1-MET) was 3.31±0.66 ml·kg-1·min-1. Participants completed an incremental walking test with oxygen uptake measurements to indi-vidualize the treadmill walking speed at 5-MET. In a randomized, double-blind, cross-over de-sign, the 30-min morning walks were in the same phase of each participant’s menstrual cycle. No changes by NZBC extract were observed for walking-induced heart rate, minute ventilation, oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production. NZBC extract enhanced fat oxidation (10 re-sponders, range: 10-66%). There was a significant correlation for changes in fat oxidation with body mass index, body fat% in legs, arms and trunk, and a trend with fat oxidation at rest but not with body mass and habitual anthocyanin intake. The NZBC extract responsiveness of walking-induced fat oxidation is body composition-dependent and higher in young-adult fe-males with higher body fat% in legs, arms and trunk
Finding a way through the fog: school staff experiences of the Covid-19 pandemic
Get PDFThis exploratory study reports on interviews carried out with 19
staff in UK schools during the early phase of the global Covid-19
pandemic. The focus of this qualitative study was to consider
the impact of the pandemic on participants’ mental health and
wellbeing, and to identify buffering mechanisms which may
have mitigated against adverse effects. Participants were
employed in a range of role types (including leaders, teachers
and teaching assistants) in different educational settings (primary, secondary and alternative provision), and in different
regions of the United Kingdom. A process of thematic analysis
identified five key themes from the data set: change and adaptation; loss; impact on wellbeing; risk and protective factors; and
opportunities to reflect. Data indicate that staff resilience during
this time can be understood as emerging from a nuanced and
complex interaction of internal and external factors, and thus
conceptualised within a socio-ecological framework
The Need for Eccentric Speed: A Narrative Review of the Effects of Accelerated Eccentric Actions During Resistance-Based Training
No full textEccentric training as a method to enhance athletic performance is a topic of increasing interest to both practitioners and researchers. However, data regarding the effects of performing the eccentric actions of an exercise at increased velocities are limited. This narrative review aimed to provide greater clarity for eccentric methods and classification with regard to temporal phases of exercises. Between March and April 2021, we used key terms to search the PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Google Scholar databases within the years 1950-2021. Search terms included 'fast eccentric', 'fast velocity eccentric', 'dynamic eccentric', 'accentuated eccentric loading', and 'isokinetic eccentric', analysing both the acute and the chronic effects of accelerated eccentric training in human participants. Review of the 26 studies that met the inclusion criteria identified that completing eccentric tempos of 4 s tempos. Tempos of > 4 s duration increased time under tension (TUT), whereas reduced tempos allowed for greater volume to be completed. Greater TUT led to larger accumulation of blood lactate, growth hormone, and testosterone when volume was matched to that of the reduced tempos. Overall, evidence supports eccentric actions of < 2 s duration to improve subsequent concentric performance. There is no clear difference between using eccentric tempos of 2-6 s if the aim is to increase hypertrophic response and strength. Future research should analyse the performance of eccentric actions at greater velocities or reduced time durations to determine more factors such as strength response. Tempo studies should aim to complete the same TUT for protocols to determine measures for hypertrophic response
Identifying and reporting position-specific countermovement jump outcome and phase characteristics within rugby league
Get PDFThe countermovement jump (CMJ) has been suggested to be an important test of neuromuscular performance for rugby league (RL) players. Identifying force platform-derived CMJ variables that may be more applicable to RL positions (e.g., forwards and backs) has yet to be fully explored in the scientific literature. The aim of this study was to identify RL position-specific CMJ force-time variables. Specifically, we aimed to compare select force-time variables from the countermovement (i.e., the combination of unweighting and braking) and propulsion phases of the CMJ between the global forwards and backs positional groups. We also aimed to compare typical (i.e., jump height) and alternative (i.e., take-off momentum) outcome CMJ variables between positional groups. Finally, we sought to visually present each individual player’s CMJ performance alongside the average data to facilitate the interpretation and reporting of the CMJ performances of RL athletes. Twenty-seven forwards and twenty-seven backs who competed in the senior men’s English RL Championship, performed three CMJs on a force platform at the beginning of the pre-season training period. There were no significant differences in any countermovement or propulsion phase variable between positions with just small effect sizes noted (P ≥0.09, d ≤0.46). Jump height (and so take-off velocity) was significantly greater for backs with moderate effects displayed (P = 0.03, d = 0.60). Take-off momentum (take-off velocity × body mass) was largely and significantly greater for forwards (P<0.01, d = 1.01). There was considerable overlap of individual player’s body mass and CMJ outcome variables across positions, despite significant differences in the mean values attained by each positional group. The results suggest that it may be beneficial for RL practitioners to identify player-specific, or at least position-specific, variables. As a minimum, it may be worthwhile selecting CMJ force-time variables based on what is considered important to individual player’s or small clusters of similar players’ projected successes during RL competition
‘Giving the right service to different people’: revisiting police legitimacy in the Covid-19 era
Get PDFThe suspension of certain civil liberties and the extension of police powers to combat the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic has provoked concerns about the longer-term implications of the pandemic on police legitimacy. Drawing upon pathways to police legitimacy identified within the literature, this paper examines police officers’ perceptions of the impacts on, and potential challenges to, police legitimacy arising from the pandemic. Qualitative interviews, video diaries and focus groups were conducted with police officers in one police force area in England, captured over a five month period in winter 2020/21. The experience of policing Covid-19 left many police officers concerned about the possible consequences for the relationship with the public. The paper cautions that any gains in public perceptions of procedural justice through using enforcement measures only as a last resort, may be offset by losses in other pathways to legitimacy. Expectations of enforcement and increased visibility plus prolonged changes to deployment practices have all heightened a focus on the more instrumental aspects of police legitimacy. Concerns were also voiced that the policing of Covid-19 has accentuated divisions in society, exacerbating the sense of multiple publics to police, with different and often competing expectations of – and beliefs about – the police. Enforcement falling more heavily within some groups and locations risks exacerbating long-standing concerns about distributive fairness. As agents of social control with unique powers to exercise force and compulsion, the pandemic will require the police to exercise continued vigilance on the means by which public consent and support are sustained
Exploring how the experiences of English youth football coaches have shaped their approach to player learning
Get PDFRecently the Football Association (FA) has highlighted a need to move away from traditional approaches to player learning through the dissemination of contemporary pedagogical research.8 Researchers have attempted to evaluate this process by investigating the practice activities engaged in by youth football teams, however there remains limited understanding of why coaches adopt certain approaches to player learning. By acquiring youth football coaches’ insights, this study addressed this gap by giving coaches a platform to share their approaches to player learning and the different experiences that have shaped it. Eight English youth football coaches (minimum FA Level 2 coaching qualification) were interviewed. Using inductive thematic analysis, eight higher order themes were identified and organised into three dimensions: (i) approaches to player learning, (ii) the coaching environment, and (iii) opportunities for learning and development. Despite some contemporary skill acquisition principles being evident in player learning approaches, coaches’ understanding of how specific practice activities impact player learning outcomes was somewhat limited. Learning approaches themselves were not static, but dynamic and adaptable depending on social and contextual factors within the coaching environment. Similarly, these approaches were informed by a multitude of formal and informal learning opportunities, not solely formal coach education pathways. Together, the findings present a challenge for coach educators to account for the individual requirements of coaches and highlight the need to disseminate contemporary pedagogical principles in an easily digestible, transferable, and practical manner
Epistemic injustice and the veil: Islam, vulnerability, and the task of historical revisionism
Get PDFAcademic work on the “veil”, while important in challenging commonly held ideas about Islam and gender, often falls into a familiar series of observations: veiled women are frequently excluded from these debates; women’s bodies and sexuality have become (or rather, taken on new significance as) battle grounds in arguments about national identity, religion, and culture; and the veil not only marks religious identity, but plays a role in the racialisation of religious minorities. Despite this important work, ideas about Muslims in general and Muslim women in particular seem particularly resistant to counter evidence. The essay employs work on epistemic injustice to develop an account of the persistence of negative attitudes towards Muslims. Connecting research on testimonial injustice and epistemologies of ignorance, I argue that epistemic injustice can help explain the epistemic significance of visible manifestations of Islam for white, European forms of knowing