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Synthesis and evaluation of gallate esters as alternatives to traditional parabens
Get PDFParabens are esters of p-hydroxybenzoates that are commonly found in everyday consumer products as well as pharmaceuticals. They are often used in commercial products to prevent bacterial growth as well as to provide extended shelf life, but they have been shown to activate estrogen receptors in vivo, a contributing factor in human breast cancer proliferation. Our lab has previously generated a multitude of paraben derivatives that do not exhibit estrogenic activity. Many of these derivatives may have other safety concerns, but gallate esters appear to have the least hazardous properties. The estrogenic, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties of the gallate ester family are unclear; therefore, our lab has synthesized several non-commercially available gallate esters through a DCC coupling reaction. To determine the viability of gallates as preservatives, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were obtained against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Serratia marcescens and were found to be comparable to traditional parabens. Estrogenic activity was compared via MTT proliferation, LDH cytotoxicity, and estradiol colorimetric competition ELISA assays, indicating gallate esters do not upregulate estrogenic activity, while traditional parabens show increased cell proliferation and upregulation of estradiol. Finally, through cyclic voltammetry and DPPH colorimetric assays, gallate esters were determined to act as antioxidants through the reduction of free radicals, where traditional parabens do not. These findings suggest gallate esters could be a suitable antioxidative alternative for traditional parabens. Further work should be completed to determine the magnitude of binding to the estrogen receptor and the extent of the associated antagonistic properties of gallate esters
A Common Place, Volume 1, Spring 2022
Get PDFEditor in Chief: Cuba Carden
Editorial Assistant: Emily Steffenhagen
Prose Editor: Victoria Thompson
Poetry Editor: Kyla Brown
Readers: Tess Bennett, Mallory Davis
Founding Editors: Sara Holdsworth, Grace Fields, Madison Gregory, Brendon Watts, Coleman Vaughn, Shane Shorthttps://digitalcommons.longwood.edu/special_studentpubs/1216/thumbnail.jp
Jamie Krogh \u2707 & Nicole Adams \u2709
No full textJamie Saunders Krogh graduated from Longwood In 2007, she earned a BA in History with a concentration in Public History. She discusses the building she lived in her strong friendships, and the professors and classes she enjoyed most., as well as organizations she was in SGA, RHA and Color Guard. Nicole Rudd graduated Longwood in 2009 with a BA in English and a minor in History. Nicole talks about her dorm in South Tabb, and SLATEhttps://digitalcommons.longwood.edu/lancervoices/1017/thumbnail.jp
Is Machiavellianism Dead or Dormant? The Perils of Researching a Secretive Construct
No full textMachiavellianism is a popular construct in research on ethics and organizational behavior. This research has demonstrated that Machiavellianism predicts a host of counterproductive, deviant, and unethical behaviors. However, individuals high in Machiavellianism also adapt to their organizational surroundings, engaging in unethical behavior only in certain situations. Nevertheless, the utility of Machiavellianism has been questioned. Meta-analyses have demonstrated that psychopathy out-predicts Machiavellianism for most antisocial outcomes. Thus, many researchers assume Machiavellianism is a derivative and redundant construct. However, researchers examining the utility of Machiavellianism may be asking the wrong question about how Machiavellianism is unique. In our review, we find it less informative to ask about what antisocial behaviors Machiavellianism predicts. Instead, we find it more informative to ask when Machiavellianism predicts antisocial behaviors. Drawing on Field Theory and Trait Activation Theory, we argue that Machiavellianism is a trait that is associated with person × environment interactions. Their adaptive nature is made possible through the presence of impulse control and environmental sensitivity to punishment, two characteristics that individuals high in psychopathy lack. Consequently, individuals high in Machiavellianism constrain their antisocial behavior to environments when the benefits outweigh the costs. Thus, environmental context, especially the risk of external punishment, moderates Machiavellian misbehavior more than it does for those high in psychopathy. These behavioral constraints align with Lewin’s argument that behavior is a function of the person, environment, and interaction between the two. From this discussion, we arrive at recommendations pertaining to the future of Machiavellianism research in organizational and other applied settings
Volume 13
Get PDFIntroduction Dr. Roger A. Byrne, Dean
From the Editor Dr. Larissa “Kat” Tracy
From the Designers Rachel English, Rachel Hanson
The Effect of Compliment Type on the Estimated Value of the Compliment by Payton Davenport, Audrey Lemons, and Jacob Shope
The Imperial Japanese Military: A New Identity in the Twentieth Century, 1853–1922 by Haley Smith
Longwood University’s campus: Human-cultivated Soil has Higher Microbial Diversity than Soil Collected from Wild Sites by Cassandra Poole
Reminiscent Modernism: Poetry Magazine’s Modernist Nostalgia for the Past by Rachel Cannon
Challenges Faced by Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Preliminary Study of Age and Occupational Perspectives as Expressed in Language by Rachel Boch
Reconciling Reader Response and Feminism in Late Twentieth-Century Erotic Historical Romances by Suzanne Stetso
Margaret Cobb, Betty Hopkins, and Uncle Tommy
No full textMargaret Cobb, Elizabeth Betty Hopkins, and Uncle Tommy.https://digitalcommons.longwood.edu/elizabethwagner/1002/thumbnail.jp
Group photo of 10 women
No full textGroup photo of 10 women in front of unidentified building. Inscribed on reverse: “Marguerite – Bottom row – 1st on left.”https://digitalcommons.longwood.edu/margueritewiatt/1000/thumbnail.jp
Determination of Nitrate in Aqueous Media
No full textDetermining the amount of inorganic ions in aqueous media is important in the food industry and environmentally. In the environment high levels of ions like nitrate, nitrite, and phosphate can lead to unhealthy conditions for aquatic species. Similarly, high levels of nitrate and nitrite can cause health issues in humans. One method for determining nitrate levels in aqueous samples involves reducing the nitrate species to nitrite via a redox reaction with finely divided zinc powder followed by conversion to a diazonium salt and complexation with 1-napthylamine to form a colored complex. In the work described herein, this modified version of the Griess reaction was used to spectrophotometrically determine the amount of nitrate in several environmental and food samples
Modify E. Coli with a H2 Histamine Blocker to Decrease Stomach Acid Levels in Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
No full textBy genetically modifying E. Coli with an H2 histamine receptor antagonist and delivering the bacteria as a nanoparticle with probiotics within mice. There will be a decrease in stomach acid secretion thus causing lower acid levels. With lower acid levels in the stomach, there will be a decrease in GERD occurrences
Lavater Walker \u2789, Jeris Johnson \u2788, Tracy Caldwell \u2788 & Mairlyn Royal \u2788
No full textLavater, Jeris and Tracy begin by introducing themselves and sharing some of their favorite classes, and activities they participated in. Marilyn Royal Joins the conversation later, and the friends discuss their strong friendship, studying and the fun times they had a Longwood.https://digitalcommons.longwood.edu/lancervoices/1019/thumbnail.jp