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The Stability of Money Supply in the View of Monetary Unification
Get PDFThis study is focused on the effect of the money unification process of Albania and mainly in the effect of this process into the money supply. During the recent discussions about integrating our country into the European Monetary Union, a money illusion was conceived without taking into the consideration the rational effects of this process into the savers of the economy. Beyond this illusion— after analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of the unification process— this paper aims to look up into the main obstacles this process bears; for instance this article carefully observes the misalignment issue of inflation and exchange rate after the possible currency conversion in Albania. The main indicators on which our analysis is based are: money supply, interest rates, targeted inflation, GDP and velocity of money velocity. Further this paper aims to examine the relationship between money supply, GDP and targeted inflation. Based on this study we drive these following issues to a solution on the reference of Fisher’s Quantitative
Theory of Money. Based on an empirical analysis, we expect to find a controversial behavior of money supply after the currency substitution. This research paper opens a new lieu of discussion in terms of academic and decision making debates
From tolerance to the secular State in Italy
Get PDFThe discourse on tolerance began over two centuries ago and yet is still unfinished. Was Voltaire in 1763 with his “Treatise on Tolerance”, condemned religious intolerance persuaded by religious fanaticism of the judgment of the Court of Toulouse. Although the idea of tolerance was born in Europe, it saw and still sees intolerance. Intolerance of yesterday reminds us wars, inquisitions and crusades, instead the modern Europe shows that even between globalization and multiculturalism often proves incapable of “import” different cultures. But from the legal point of view the term tolerance is far from that of secularism. It follows that individuals in a system that tolerates doesn’t enjoy equality their fundamental rights, because they are not legally placed on the same level. Legal Italian tolerance experience has been for many years a condition for the cults other than Catholic. The Albertine Statute in 1848 welcomed it in the article 1, and it was the task of the new Constitution outlining the principles of a State not only secular but also pluralistic
Sex trade, social and legal aspect of the phenomena and the Albanian criminal legislation provisions
Get PDFThe purpose of this paper is to analyse the effects of Article 113 of the Albanian Criminal Code on women. This article appears to be gender neutral, but it’s enforcement affects women disproportionately and face them with forms of indirect gender discrimination. Through monitoring of Tirana Judicial District Court’s decisions, with object article 113 of the ACC, “Prostitution”, for a four year period from 2010 through 2013 and interviews with women who have exercised prostitution, there are brought in attention the profiles of the individuals who exercise prostitution and also social aspects of this phenomena. The hypothesis raised in this paper is that the profile of an individual who exercises prostitution is a vulnerable woman, with low education, unemployed, with low income, who is faced with family and social problems. This paper analyses the relation between the social aspects and legal dynamics of article 113 of ACC. The changes of 2012 introduced in the article 113 of the ACC brought sanctions for persons who buy the service of prostitution reflecting the process of social changes and understanding of gender equality. The issue of the next steps to address this phenomenon is analysed in this article too
Individual Assessment of Judges in Albania - A General Overview and Comparative Analysis of Career Advancement and Reward Systems Based on Performance Evaluation
Get PDFAssessment of judges in itself is one of the criteria in relation to the establishment of specific rules for the career of judges, creation of a healthy judicial system and a proper one. Professional Assessment process of judges based on objective, clear and transparent criteria, has a great importance for the consolidation of judicial power, because on its base, transfer and promotions of judges are performed only on the basis of individual merit. Considering the fact that the approximation of the Albanian legislation with the European one, has become a task of the Albanian legislator, the draft “On the evaluation system of judicial activity in RA” deserves special attention.This article takes in a comparative analysis the current law “On the individual assessment of judges in Albania” and the draft law “On the evaluation system of judicial activity in RA”. The main attention of the analysis focuses on some basic elements for evaluation of the judges, pointing to some basic procedures relevant and necessary in relation to the performance and their role in the process of administering justice in our country. In the analysis of this draft law we will mainly focus on the establishment of procedures, principles and criteria for professional and ethical assessment of the judges of courts of first instance and courts of appeal that predicts the draftlaw. In the following the article is focused on a comparative view of the assessment criteria, according to the Italian model. Analysis of the Italian system of individual assessment of judges may highlight on some the practical aspects of the most suitable model of assessment to be implemented in Albania
A pragmatic analyses of the use of types of deixis in poetry and novels of the author Ismail Kadare - The importance and complexity to the pragmatic process concerning the different realities evoked in social interaction, communication and language
Get PDFContext is both social and interpersonal. It is social in the sense that context encompasses the internal organization of a society including communication and consist s of the study of linguistic material produced within the structure of the society. The interpersonal context usually takes priority over the social context in such sub-disciplines as pragmatic, discourse analysis, conversational analysis, etc. The focus is rather on the individuals involved in interaction relative the speaker and the hearer or the reader and the writer to understand of exchanged utterances or texts. However the role of context in linguistic use has been most forcefully asserted in the studies associated with names such as in Yule, Grundy, Buhler, Levinson, Rankema, Keith etc. by introducing the wide notion of deixis referring to the ‘environment text’. The same logic stands in communication of the utterance of ‘Broken April’ by Ismail Kadare referring to the phrase analyzing process, in order of getting intrinsically the meaning out and comparing it with discourse and utterance itself
Secession and EU Membership - Is an EU member state secessionist territory automatically within EU after archiving its independence or have to reapply for membership?
Get PDFOne of the political goals of the EU in broad is the absorption of all European continent state in a sort of United States of Europe. Nowadays the EU counts 28 states and the perspective of enlargement is not stopped by the current economic crisis. The current situation after the just completed pro-EU revolution in Ukraine and the implementation of strong economic link with former USSR Transcaucasian Republics (Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan) may suggest the final number of state in the EU. Many people believe that the United States of Europe puzzle is nearly full defined … but a new kind of EU enlargement may change the situation. This paper will focus only in one question. “Is an EU Member state secessionist territory automatically in the EU after archiving its Independence or have to reapply?” To answer to this question I will analyses the possible past experiences in secessionist territory getting membership in international organization like UN. The Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of Treaties is a good material to use in case of succession but the fact that is not in force and not signed by the greatest part of EU member state make it only advisory and not binding
The juridical nature of the European Court of Justice and the principles of its activity
Get PDFThe European Union is a reality closer and closer for Albania as well. The status Albania obtained as a candidate country, not only means a step forward towards the European Union, but it also sets forth a number of challenges to be solved such as, freedom, property, democracy, human rights, the fight against organized crime and corruption etc. Under these circumstances, the analysis of the issues that have to do with the European Union is of a great importance, as in the near future, Albania is designated to join the great European family. The scope of this work is to analyze tow important aspects that have to do with one of the most important institutions of the European Union, such as the European Court of Justice. The first aspect of this work, which is also its first subject, refers to the juridical nature of the European Court of Justice. Analyzing this topic, we shall see that this Court, as per its nature, contains elements of different courts, thus, presenting similarities with the Constitutional Courts of Member States, civil courts, criminal courts, administrative and labour courts and with other international courts as well. However, despite the similarities it presents with other courts, the European Court of Justice is a court of a special kind, “sui generis”, exactly as the European Union is, thus, an organization of a special kind. The second aspect of this paper, which is also its second issue, analyses the fundamental principles where the European Court of Justice bases its activity. The most important principles are that of equality and non discrimination, the principle of protecting and guaranteeing the human rights, the principle of access before the court or the right to address the court, the principle of legality as well as the principles of proportionality and subsidiarity. In this work, especially in the second part, there shall be presented several decisions of the European Court of Justice as well, that have to do with its interpretation on the dispositions of the establishing Treaties as well as the analysis of the above mentioned principles. At the end of this work, there will be given its conclusions as well as the bibliography where it is based on
EU’s Trade Policy with Western Balkans
Get PDFOne of the many policies that EU has adopted is trade policy. This means that the European Union and its 28 Member States are acting as a single jurisdiction in every trade-related matters. Every international agreement that the EU concludes is binding the institutions of the EU and its Member. In trade relations with non EU countries, EU acts as a single one, meaning that the EU Member States share a single trade policy, a single market and a single external border. Europe is considered to be the world’s largest exporter of goods and services of the world. By speaking with one voice, the EU has the weight both to shape an open global trading system based on fair rules and to ensure that those rules are respected. Trade policy, as mentioned below, sets the rules and regulations for trade to take place.
This paper analyzes the trade policy. What is trade policy, for what purpose is this policy implemented. After analyzing trade policy in overall this paper specifically focuses on the trade relation of European Union with the Western Balkans
Kosovo’s State-building: Exceptional Case in International Political Practices
Get PDFThis paper analyzes Kosovo’s state-building and its exceptionality compared to other countries. Its independence was conducted under international supervision through specific political implementing mechanisms. In terms of stability and peace, NATO installed the KFOR mission in Kosovo, and UN the UNMIK mission after the 1999 war. The Ahtisaari Plan, commissioned by the UN, is embodied in the Kosovo’s Constitution. ICO was in charge to ensure its implementation, while ISG was responsible to monitor Kosovo’s self-proclaimed independence. Recently, the European Union established EULEX to enforce the rule of law in Kosovo. Its political and legal model is “sui generis” and produces a unique phenomenon in international relations, incorporating foreign political elements inside the domestic constitutional order
Political Party and Party System Institutionalization in Albania
Get PDFThe drastic transition from the communist regime in a liberal democratic system in Albania has caused the process to be harsh and ambiguous, facing a lot of struggles in establishing a healthy democracy. Literature revealed that political parties have a crucial role in building a consolidated democratic system, since there is no modern democracy functioning without including the role of parties. The vitality of the political parties in the process of democratization should be characterized with strong and stable democratic values, with the scope of representing the citizens and providing policies which determine their willingness toward the public goods. This study examines the institutionalization of the political parties and the party system as a necessity for democracy; using the case of Albania it is analyzed the degree of institutionalization of the political parties in the country taking in regard external institutionalization including the electoral system, the electoral volatility, the electoral parties and their effectiveness, and internal institutionalization including intra-party democracy; measuring here the indicators of intra-party democracy, candidate selection, leadership selection, and policy setting. Results of the study emphasize the fragility of Albanian democracy, and the necessity to build solid, functioning and democratic institutionalization within political parties, as well as intra-party democracy which is a very important feature for the consolidation of democracy