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Returns to Education in the Albanian Labor Market
Get PDFThe issue of private returns to education has received much attention in the literature and there are many studies for various countries on the issue. Nonetheless, less is known of the issue in developing countries and these studies are missing for Albania where little is known regarding private returns to education. A major characteristic of labor market in Albania is the disparity between males and females. It is well documented that women in the labor market lag behind in terms of employment and wages; they have higher unemployment rates, higher inactivity rates which translate into lower labor force participation rates, mainly due to household responsibilities. Understanding returns to education by sex, region and sector in Albania would help answer questions regarding parent’s decisions on children’s education as well as the allocation of the workforce in different sectors of the economy by sex and regionally. Higher returns to education are associated with higher investment of parents in children’s education.
This is especially important for females and females in rural areas where culture and societal norms do not always envision females as participants in the labor market. In fact, the vast majority of females in the rural areas are in unpaid family labor. Greater human capital accumulation, employment and wages improve individual’s outcome and have a greater impact for female’s outcomes. Better position of females in the labor market and higher earnings also mean a better position and higher bargaining power of females within the household. This paper estimates returns to education by sex, region, and sector in Albania using the 2012 Living Standard Measurement Survey Data. The econometric model used in this paper to estimate private returns to education is based on Mincer’s (1974) human capital earning function. To correct for self-selection bias a two-step estimation following Casero and Seshan (2006) is estimated for each sector. The study shows that there are clear pay offs to female education. Estimation results show that females have higher returns to education overall and across regions and sectors. Returns to education for females are higher in the private sector compared to the
public sector. The highest returns to education for females are in the service sector. Higher returns to education for women may improve their position in the labor market and should serve as incentives for increased labor force participation and paid employment especially for women in the rural areas. On the other hand, it also shows that investing in education by the government is a worthy investment that brings back rewards and consequently investment in women’s education should continue and it should be increased providing more and better quality education. Promoting women’s entry into the private sector is important given women’s already high participation in the public sector, and the generally limited capacity of the sector to absorb a large number of workers. The higher returns of education for women in the private sector should also serve as a policy incentive to direct women’s participation in the private sector as to reap the rewards to education that this sector offers
Challenge of the European Union’s Energy Security Approach
Get PDFThe diversification of energy supplies is a fundamental principle in the planning process of the energy security, and it implies ensuring access to diverse sources of supply, so it is evident that the activities related to energy security in Europe and the world in future will gain momentum and will be a challenge plus for western community. The main political and economic efforts of the European Union are canalized towards the creation of functional sustainability which in future could be provided only through the energy stability and timely delivery and cost-efficient supply of energy and resources to its economy. That is why the European Union is intensively improving its own energy security, the production, the transport and the development of alternative energy sources at the expense of fossil fuels. The main determinants of the European energy policy actually relate to reducing energy dependence, better utilization and regular supply of natural gas and other fuels and find alternative solutions
The Evaluation of the Practical Implementation of Social Justice by the Judicial System of State
Get PDFBased on a sociological research, the author of this article aims to identify the beliefs and the attitudes of a group of BA and MA students enrolled in university programs of Juridical Science, regarding their apprehension of the principles of justice - as the central value of the Romanian judicial system. This would contribute to the implementation of justice in the actual Romanian economic, political, and judicial structure. The data analysis provides the necessary information for comprehending the extensions of justice and injustice within the specific social context. A real distance between reality and the political doctrines, and the classical and post-modern philosophical theories of justice as well can be noticed. The resulting conclusions could provide solid settings in order to develop a number of strategies/public policies to shape a more honest society
The anti-competitive agreements in the prospective of the law on competition protection - An inside in the Albanian practices and legal framework
Get PDFIn Albania legislation on competition was developed only after the 90s and this is natural depending on the economic development and market model, which before the 90s had spaces of a free and competitive development. Competition is an economic phenomenon that refers to such a state of a free market economy, where companies compete independently in order to benefit as many buyers so as to meet the objectives to increase profits and expansion of markets. In this way free competition is both beneficial for business development and profitable for consumers themselves, who should benefit from the prices set based on the demand–offer ratio. Competition should be perceived as a necessary mechanism that promotes increase of welfare in general, by providing enterprises with greater opportunities for profit and therefore better quality for consumers, a major benefit in the range of choices lower prices. Encouraged by the existence of competition, enterprises as market players should be motivated to be always on the alert and perhaps in uncertainty in order to be as much active in the way they compete with their competitors by providing investments and aggressive strategies as a reply to their, but also potential rivals. In competitive markets, the companies are motivated to gain market power in order to strengthen their positions in the markets where they operate and thereby they have an impact in the fulfillment of the growing needs of the consumer, which brings increase of welfare. Nevertheless, quite often companies have such an attitude that they may cause limitation of competition, such as the agreements, whose object or consequence is price fixing, market shares or the establishment of a market structure where competitors join (in case of concentrations). Price fixing is a classic element to all cases of cartels. By means of such behavior competitors try to avoid price competition between them to the detriment of the consumer, by applying higher prices. This may happen at horizontal level, but also at vertical level. What do we perceive with prohibited agreements under Albanian law of competition? What are the forms of agreements that are prohibited and which are excluded? These are some of the questions that this article adresses
The alternatives of imprisonment according to the Albanian Law and the ways of surveillances
Get PDFThis paper considers different alternatives to Sentence to a Term of Imprisonment listed in a chapter with the same title, in the Articles 58-64 of the Albanian Criminal Code. This approach to such subject reflects not only the reality of how the judicial system in Albania operates, but, because of the purpose and the positive changes that the implementation of these alternatives to sentence to a term of imprisonment brings, it is also a permanent requirement of the international community. In this note I have focused in three important quests: theoretical interpretations of these criminal code provisions, examples from court’s practices as well as problems and challenges that might arise, and lastly, the procedures required for their implementation. Moreover, in considering the procedural challenges, the conditional sentence (Article 59), semi freedom (Article 58), house arrest (Article 59/a), community service (Article 63) and conditional release or parole (Article 64) of the Criminal Code, I have also presented my personal view on the matters. My thoughts and suggestions add to the explanation and elaboration of this subject not only from the practitioners’ points of view, but they also add to the intellectual discussion among those who exchange ideas and theories on the subject. This concludes the intent and purpose of this note, which focuses on a topic that is very current today
The Effect of Trade Openness on Economic Growth: The Albanian case
Get PDFThe main purpose of this study is to evaluate and determine the effects of trade liberalization on the economic growth in Albania. The factors included in this project are, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Exchange Rate (ER), and Trade openness. Trade openness was computed as the ratio of total of imports and exports to total exports. The methodology comprises the use of the above mentioned macroeconomics indicators data which are all gathered by official institution database for an interval time of ten years measured in quarterly bases. Secondly, the Johansen co-integration method is implemented in order to understand the impact and relationship of trade openness with economic growth (GDP). Finally based on the result of the analysis the trade openness and the factors deriving from it have positive impact on economic growth.Epoka Universit
How Can We Create a Healthy Relationship With Children?
Get PDFThe quick changes of technology and science in 21st century have influenced many fields and this affect is still felt. Family itself is one of those that have felt these affects. Family, that is the core and representative of society has one important place in institutions. The role of family is essential in universal values and even in formation of personality. Mothers and fathers are irreplaceable in moral education of the child. Even though school looks like it is the irst place of education, it is family where the irst steps are taken. The child during his life learns moral codes and rules that are needed, from his parent’s education and takes them as model of life. Many positive values as generosity, sacriice and honesty are transmitted during childhood in the family. At this point the communication and attitude toward the child are the basic factors that interwove their life. In this article it is discussed theoretically the communication with children during the childhood and its effect in moral development. To create a successful and healthy communication the irst condition is that parents should give examples from their own life. This follows up other factors as respect, share of personal life between the members of the family and managing the questions correctly. During the dialogue between the parents and children instead of the message “you” it should be “I, me” and paying attention is one of the indispensable elements in one healthy communication.
It requires a lot of effort to contribute in children’s development of personality and socialization, or in contributing in his ability to improve his communication with the others and you should contribute in children’s development of personality and socialization. It requires a lot of effort even in contribution to child’s ability to improve communication with others and sharing community with them. If this is provided without experiencing a conlict inside the children he may become conscious and social person. This is why nowadays parents and educators by coming through a healthy communication with children and working on making more attractive the necessary moral values, is one human responsibility. The purpose of the study is to guide parents in raising and education of children who are the future of our community. This study aims to show parents ways to communicate with children and getting to know them, and contribute the future studies
The Social Factors That Influence Affecting the Widespread Use Of Islamic Concepts In The Albanian Language
No full textA human being that a social is being having unlimited needs, has to live together with their fellow men. In order to meet their needs, human beings who are dependent on each other, have formed a number of institutions with different functions. Sociological and anthropological findings tell us that people in all societies throughout the history had such institutions as family, religion, education, economy and politics. These foundational institutions which are considered as indispensable elements of the society serve as forming and shaping it. In this context, the aforementioned institutions played a crucial role in the irm establishment of the Islamic religion among Albanians and communicating through the Islamic concepts in the Albanian language. The Islamic Concepts,
throughout the Islamization process, increased in number and came to a remarkable stage over time. In this research, the process of transition of the Islamic concepts into Albanian Language has been elaborated from the perspective of the fundamental sociological institutions. Information obtained from written sources such as books, dictionaries and articles has been reached through document screening method
School education and the construction of national identity during the Albanian Renaissance
No full textThis article aims to analyses how the school and the first text in Albanian language have an impact on the construction of national identity during the Albanian Renaissance. Setting up a new collective representation was continually affected by exchanges and communication between different social agencies, such as family and school, which often were called by Albanians activists and patriots to support the education of the masses. For this reason is important to analyze the teaching of behavioral attitudes and moral values useful for patriotic education in Albanian school. Also, the texts proposed by Naim Frashëri, Jani Vreto or Ndre Mjeda aimed to demonstrate that the education of young`s character wasn`t influenced only from historical or geographic disciplines, but also literary ones. The authors argued that the duty of the children were to learn, loving parents, friends, their country and the world. God had given man the thought, the decency and goodness, so he has the power to think right and to make useful works. For this reason it was necessary to start from the heart of the child to go to the heart of the nation and from the family – which was the homeland of the heart – to the nation. In this way we could understand that giving responsibility to the young Albanians in their identity projects wasn`t a simple process. In fact, the writing of the language and not the teaching of the same was considered by Vreto a fundamental element, or even emerging, for the survival of cultural memories and construction of a new idea of the nation. The country was considered as a big home and all citizens like brothers, meaning “brothers” who speak
the same language and gain of the same natural resources. Anyhow, associate the concept of their own home with one of his country offered a new approach to issues of identity, that of place attachment as an essential element for the construction of national consciousness
Youth Engagement in Politics: Case Study in Albania
Get PDFThis research is about the Albanian youth and their engagement in Albanian politics. The
significance of this study is to describe the forms that Albanian youth participation in politics
and also to compare the Albanian youth engagement with the one of the Croatia.
The main research question of this study is “how does Albanian youth engages in politics?” The
significance of this study is to describe the forms that Albanian youth participates in politics and
also comparing between one (of youth forum of the political parties, or directly an activist on a
higher level; secondly is during election times by voting and convincing others to vote for their
political parties; thirdly is in general, just following the latest developments in politics; and
fourthly is engaging in “civic” duties.
The results of the interviews made with 10 young people of each of four main political parties,
respectively The Democratic Party, The Socialist Party, The Socialist Movement for
Integration, and The New Democratic Spirit show that the Albanian youth is active in youth
forums and the political parties that they are in represent their ideals.
The study suggests that youth should be engaged more because they have potential and they
have a vital importance in political decision making of Albania.Epoka Universit