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Organismal and Cellular Interactions in Vertebrate–Alga Symbioses
No full textPhotosymbioses, intimate interactions between photosynthetic algal symbionts and heterotrophic hosts, are well known in invertebrate and protist systems. Vertebrate animals are an exception where photosynthetic microorganisms are not often considered part of the normal vertebrate microbiome, with a few exceptions in amphibian eggs. Here, we review the breadth of vertebrate diversity and explore where algae have taken hold in vertebrate fur, on vertebrate surfaces, in vertebrate tissues, and within vertebrate cells. We find that algae have myriad partnerships with vertebrate animals, from fishes to mammals, and that those symbioses range from apparent mutualisms to commensalisms to parasitisms. The exception in vertebrates, compared with other groups of eukaryotes, is that intracellular mutualisms and commensalisms with algae or other microbes are notably rare. We currently have no clear cell-in-cell (endosymbiotic) examples of a trophic mutualism in any vertebrate, while there is a broad diversity of such interactions in invertebrate animals and protists. This functional divergence in vertebrate symbioses may be related to vertebrate physiology or a byproduct of our adaptive immune system. Overall, we see that diverse algae are part of the vertebrate microbiome, broadly, with numerous symbiotic interactions occurring across all vertebrate and many algal clades. These interactions are being studied for their ecological, organismal, and cellular implications. This synthesis of vertebrate–algal associations may prove useful for the development of novel therapeutics: pairing algae with medical devices, tissue cultures, and artificial ecto- and endosymbioses
Buy Me a Mink: Jews, Fur, and Conspicuous Consumption
No full textKerry Wallach explores how Jews interacted with fashionable luxury objects made from fur. She draws on cultural discourses and historical research to engage questions about material culture, links between production and consumption, and different forms of representation. Cultural texts (literary works, films, television shows) produced in Europe and the United States shed light on the gendered elements of depicting Jews and fur, with Jewish women often shown as social-climbing, selfish, voracious consumers. Wallach also looks at stereotypes that rendered Jewish fur wearers ostentatious and especially visible. Motifs from an era of peak fur production and key fashion trends (1890s to 1930s) recurred in the 1950s. More recent debates illustrate the persistence of allegations of Jewish and especially Jewish women’s conspicuous consumption
What is the “Opposite” of a Value? A Lexical Investigation into the Structure of Generally Undesirable Goal Content
No full textObjectives
Past taxonomies of goal-content have focused (either exclusively or predominantly) on generally-desirable values, and they suggest that some values oppose other values. However, many goals are generally-undesirable (i.e., the average person is committed to avoiding them), and these “vices” have been under-studied. This is an important gap because other models suggest that the “opposite” of a value is actually a vice. Methods
To fill this gap, we conducted a lexical investigation. Two large samples (involving 504 undergraduates & 257 online participants) first rated their commitment to approaching or avoiding a large number of goals from the English lexicon. Results
Analyses indicated that vices can be summarized in terms of Elitism, Rebellion, and Disrepute, which appear opposite from Inclusiveness, Tradition, and Prominence values (respectively) in MDS models. In Study 3 (involving 280 undergraduates) and Study 4 (involving 261 online participants), we found that Schwartz values of Universalism, Tradition, and Self-Enhancement actually appeared opposite from Elitism, Rebellion, and Disrepute (respectively) in MDS models, rather than from other values. Conclusions
This investigation develops an instrument which can distinguish between different vices at a holistic level, and it suggests that they are actually the opposite of select values
We\u27ve Come Through It Again: The Skin of Our Teeth, the Myth of Sisyphus, and Thornton Wilder\u27s American Existentialism
No full textWhile previous scholars have connected Wilder’s works to “orthodox” existentialism, a close analysis of Camus’ The Myth of Sisyphus and Wilder’s The Skin of Our Teeth, both published in 1942, and of Wilder’s relationship to existentialist thought, reveals a more complicated correlation. Whereas Camus’ “orthodox” existentialism stems from the cynicism of post-World War I Europe, Wilder’s version, what we term “American existentialism,” differs in seeking meaning through a collective, progressive, and hopeful worldview
Indigenous Pennsylvania: Past, Present, and Future
Get PDFGettysburg College recently adopted an official Land Acknowledgment Statement. However, there is little publicly accessible media that helps students, or the greater Gettysburg community, understand Indigenous presence in our region. This project, Indigenous Pennsylvania: Past, Present, and Future seeks to address the primary question, “How can we represent Indigenous presence within our region to be informative and inclusive of Indigenous worldviews and perspectives?” The study tackles two sub-questions: a) what are the best digital tools to generate a virtual and informative interactive map that can represent Indigenous senses of space, time, and land relations? and b) what aspects of Indigenous presence should and can be mapped? I engaged with Indigenous scholarship to answer these questions. Specifically, Indigenous cartography emphasizes the idea of “depth of place” that involves mapping land as a storied space of ongoing relations. Following other Indigenous cartographers who have highlighted ArcGIS StoryMap\u27s ability to generate rich multimedia narratives, I used the platform to create a StoryMap Collection.
This paper details the research and process of creating the StoryMaps Collection. The Collection itself includes an interactive map and four sites: Painted Turtle Farm, the 42nd New York Infantry “Tammany Regiment” Monument, the Fulton Theatre, and Big Indian Rock. Criteria used to develop each multimedia site included proximity to campus, the ability to organize site content thematically rather than linearly, and importantly, the availability of primary research to supplement secondary research-- field site visits and interviews were crucial in providing visual and audio evidence of ongoing Indigenous presence in our region. The second two criteria are attentive to decolonial methodologies that prioritize Indigenous knowledges in opposition to how they are often ignored in mapping. The project will be publicly accessible on the Gettysburg College’s LAS page and can continue to incorporate more local sites
Letters for Change: A Scalable Approach for Student OER Advocacy
Get PDFLearn about a library-led activity designed to empower undergraduate students to advocate for OER at the course level. The exercise helps students research alternative materials and invites them to write a letter to a professor suggesting replacement of commercial course materials with zero-cost or affordable materials.
The Gettysburg College Library offers a one-semester career exploration in which undergraduate interns learn about all facets of academic library work. A key goal for the Scholarly Communications department’s contribution is for students to understand the current landscape of textbook publishing, including OER, affordable alternatives, and publisher-led initiatives, in order to effectively advocate for sustainable, accessible, high-quality materials. A structured activity helps students learn about the range of OER that are available to support college courses and then asks students to begin developing an advocate’s voice. A librarian will share more information about the internship and this specific exercise. Next, a spring 2022 intern will explain how he tackled the research required for the exercise and ultimately sent personal letters to two professors advocating for them to adopt alternative, zero-cost titles in place of commercial textbooks. He will also explain what the process taught him about open textbooks and student advocacy.
Attend to hear how professors responded upon receiving these letters! This activity is scalable to different types of institutions. It will be shared with an open license, in hopes that other ALPA schools will use it or adapt it for local use
Epidemiology in Higher Education: Scarlet Fever at Gettysburg College
Get PDFThroughout the early 20th century, the relationship between higher education and the spread of epidemic disease evolved in the United States. Two notable epidemics of scarlet fever in 1915 and 1920 serve as a lens through which the larger roles of disease and higher education can be analyzed. By assessing the roles both the administration and the students played at Gettysburg College, then Pennsylvania College, historians can understand the process of combating health crises in the future. Although the Pennsylvania College scarlet fever epidemics of 1915 and 1920 impacted campus to a smaller extent than the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, the documentation from the students and faculty demonstrate the development of a complex understanding of the roles of educational authority in response to health crises
Criminal Justice Update - September 2022
Get PDFThe Criminal Justice Update is a monthly newsletter created by the Adams County Bar Foundation Fellow providing updates in criminal justice policy coming from Pennsylvania\u27s courts and legislature as well as the US Supreme Court. Contents: Updates from PA Governor\u27s Office (no updates this month) Updates from the PA Legislature Updates from the Courts U.S. Supreme Court (No updates this month) PA Supreme Court: Criminal Law & Procedure PA Superior Court: Criminal Law & Procedur
Occurrence and Ecosystem Effects of Hiking Off-Trail in Michaux State Forest
Get PDFAmerican public lands provide significant outdoor recreational opportunities that enhance an individual\u27s physical and mental well-being. Hiking is an example of a highly accessible and affordable recreational activity that is popular and easy for people to engage in no matter how experienced they are. While hiking has improved the well-being of many individuals, its impacts on local ecosystems are often disregarded. For our research, we focused on the impacts that hikers deviating off-trail may have on a local ecosystem in Michaux State Forest in Southern Pennsylvania. Through partnering with the foresters at Michaux State Forest and using AllTrails data, we identified heavily trafficked, unmaintained trail areas and conducted numerous field visits to observe the ecological impacts of this continued off-trail use. At each of the sites, we set up trail cameras in order to measure trail traffic, measured trail dimensions at numerous locations, and used quadrats to examine noticeable impacts on ground cover and plant ecology. We found substantial off-trail use at Michaux State Forest, from legal trail “shortcuts” to fully illegal trails. Surprisingly, we found no evidence that off-trail use impacted overall vegetative cover. In all of the study sites, the official trail was wider than the beginning of the illegal trail area and the beginning of the illegal trail was wider than the trail at the placement of the trail camera. For future analysis, we recommend that soil analyses and longer data collection periods potentially through different seasons should be conducted, as our quadrat photos and physical observations were limited due to the leafy ground cover. Our recommendations for future management include increased signage intended to prevent off-trail travel as well as improved hiker education on the principles of Leave No Trace