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GENOFUND OF NATIVE FRUIT IN THE UNA - SANA CANTON
Get PDFA high-quality genofund of fruit species and varieties, which are the result of centuries-long
adaptation and selection, characterises the Una – Sana Canton. Therefore, this work has
included research on the thirty-one sites in eight municipalities (Bihać, Bosanska Krupa,
Bosanski Petrovac, Bužim, Cazin, Sanski Most, Velika Kladuša) of the Una- Sana Canton.
The aim is primarily to protect and preserve endangered fruit trees and genofund, whereby the
first step in meeting these goals is the inventory of native species and varieties. The total of
275 native fruit accessions has been found at these sites, apples and pears being dominant.
Most native fruit accessions are not commercially significant varieties. However, local
inhabitants mainly use them in the processing and preparation of traditional products. Also, a
high degree of tolerance of these accessions for particular diseases and pests was recorded,
whereby these accessions represent an exceptional source of starting material for future
breeding steps.
Key words: Native fruit, genofund, Una-Sana Canton, inventory, accessio
The Importance of Public Investments in Regional Development: An Example of Gap in Turkey
Get PDFDeveloped countries can perform better growth with their economic possibilities and they can minimize the imbalances among regions. However, this is not applied to developing and least developed countries. The most important problem of developing countries such as Turkey is insufficiency of sustainable development. Thus, this has led to imbalanced development between regions.
Today, one of the major problems of Turkey is inter-regional inequalities in developments. These inequalities also bring social, political and cultural problems with them. South-eastern Anatolia Project (GAP) aimed a multi-sector, integrated and sustainable and regional development. It is aimed to raise the income levels and living standards of people in the region with the help of GAP, and as a result to abolish the inequalities between this region and other regions. Development program of the project covers irrigation, hydropower, energy, agriculture, rural and urban infrastructure, forestry, and education and health sectors. GAP is funded by public investments and its total cost is 32 billion U.S. dollars.
In this study, the effect of public investment on regional development will be discussed by the light of Turkey South-eastern Anatolia Project (GAP). The analysis of macroeconomic data (economic growth, unemployment, export etc.) will help us to observe the contribution of the GAP to the reconstruction of this region and the economy of Turkey in this context.
Keywords: Public Investment, Regional Development, South-eastern Anatolia Project (GAP
Financial Markets Development and Macroeconomic Stability in Sub-Sahara Africa: Issues and Policy Options
Get PDFThe paper examines the link between financial markets development and macroeconomic stability in Sub-Sahara Africa. The major objective of the paper is to examine the impact of financial markets development on economic growth using secondary data covering the period 1980-2012. It also examines the relationship between financial markets indicators (such as the ratios of broad money supply to GDP, private sector credit to GDP, total bank credit to GDP and market capitalization to GDP) and macroeconomic variables (such as the growth rates of inflation, employment, and poverty and real interest rate) in the region. The paper adopts both analytical and econometric techniques such as ordinary least squares method, granger causality analysis, Johansson’s co-integration techniques and vector error correction model to investigate the relationship. Evidence from the study reveals that a long-run relationship exists between financial markets indicators and macroeconomic variables. It was also discovered that financial markets indicators have positive and significant impact on economic growth in countries with largely developed financial markets, while financial markets indicators have insignificant impact on economic growth in countries with minimally developed financial markets. It was also revealed that causality runs from financial markets indicators to macroeconomic variables (inflation, employment, poverty and real interest rates).
The ratios of domestic private sector credit and bank credit were found to have negative impact on economic growth but changes in these variables cause changes in inflation, employment and poverty rates. Furthermore, the ratio of market capitalization also has significant impact on economic growth. If policymakers want to promote economic growth and stabilize macroeconomic variables, they have to focus attention on long-run policies that will accelerate the development of the financial markets through innovations and effective supervision. Also, the governments should take it as a policy options to create the enabling environment for the growth and development of financial markets with a view to use them to achieve macroeconomic stability in Sub-Sahara Africa.
Keywords: Financial Markets Development, Macroeconomic Stability, Economic Growth, Inflation Rate, Real Interest Rate, Poverty Rate, Employment Rat
Analysis of Internally Generated Revenue and its Implications on Fiscal Viability of State Governments in Nigeria
Get PDFState governments in Nigeria are financed by funds from statutory allocations from the federal government and Internally Generated Revenue (IGR) from each state. But most state governments depend on the federal government due to the poor level of internally generated revenue in their states. Therefore, the paper examines the growth rate of state governments’ internally generated revenue in Nigeria between 1999 and 2011. The main objective of this paper is to examine the relationship between internally generated revenue and state governments’ expenditures. It also seeks to compare the growth rate of internally generated revenue in urban and rural states. The paper adopts analytical and descriptive approaches to examine the relationship between internally generated revenue and government expenditures. The results of the paper revealed a direct relationship between the growth rates of internally generated revenue and capital expenditures. On the overall, the growth rate of state governments IGR was 20.1 per cent, compared to 30.0 per cent and 34.2 per cent for recurrent and total expenditures, respectively. Although, the growth rate of IGR is higher in rural states than in urban states but the growth rates in expenditures are higher than the growth rate of IGR. It was further discovered that the internally generated revenue of urban states financed a greater proportion of their recurrent and total expenditures than the IGR of rural states. The paper therefore recommended that more revenue should be given to rural states to finance capital projects to enable them grow their internally generated revenue, so as to promote economic development.
Keywords: Internally Generated Revenue (IGR), Expenditures, Urban states, rural states, Federation Account
Are Islamic Banks More Effective than Conventional Banks for Turkey’s Development?
Get PDFIslamic banks are so popular nowadays, while many people had preferred to stay far in the past. Even to World’s first and foremost conventional banks have new departments related to Islamic banking. Essentially, Islamic banking is similar to conventional banking in many areas but all rules about transactions, services but interest is pivot of conventional banking. That is why some Muslims had hesitation to make investments in banking systems. In that perspective, Islamic banking fulfilled many people’s investment desire.
Are Islamic banks more effective than conventional banks for development with Islamic bank’s remarkable performance and ability to generate high volume in Islam countries like Indonesia and Malaysia? Or that success is just a coincidence? We will seek that questions’ answer by examining Islamic and conventional banks in Turkey.
Key Words: Islamic Banking, Conventional Banking, Turkey, Development
Macroeconomic Determinants of Nonperforming Loans in Albanian Banking System
Get PDFThe aim of this paper is to study the impact of macroeconomic factors in the amount of nonperforming loans in Albanian banking sectors by using multi regression analysis model from 2003 to 2012. This paper studies the relationship between the amount of non-performing loans and six important macroeconomic factors which are: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate, inflation rate, money supply (M2) annual growth rate, interest rate, unemployment rate and exchange rate. The multi regression analysis suggests that all variables have a negative impact in the non-performing loan level except inflation and exchanges rates. Moreover the time forecasting analysis predicts an increase in NPL level in Albanian Banking System.
Keywords: Albania, Banking System, Macroeconomics, NPL, Credit risk
The Effect of Tax Incentives on Regional Economic Development
Get PDFTax incentives are exceptional applications which are used to encourage in a specified activity for a certain period. Today most of the countries have created tax incentive programs for many reasons but especially to attract regional economic development. Tax incentives can be used as a tax exemption or as a financial incentive. One of the significant outcomes of the tax incentives is that they reduce firm’s costs. Tax incentive programs are focused on the expectations of welfare gains such as the region’s level of employment and income. Another point of these expectations in terms of the state tax incentive programs can result from the loss of tax revenue and inefficient allocation of public goods. Although tax incentives have been used over the world since the 1980s, its utility in practice is a controversial issue in the academic literature. While some studies find an impact on economic development, some studies especially focusing on long term, find the opposite.
The aim of this paper is to investigate the effects of tax incentives as a device for providing regional economic development. Tax incentives have been undertaken as an economic development strategy in developing and developed countries over the past years. Based upon countries’ regional economic development experiences, particularly Turkey’s strategy about regional economic development has been evaluated. Although in the 1980s several attempts have been made about tax incentives, from the 1990s strategies which consist of using it as a tool of regional economic development, come into prominence. In 1 January 1999 Turkey has provided investment allowances which depend on location and type of investment, but its application results have not been as expected. To eliminate these failures and set up regional economic development through tax incentives, a new tax incentive program has been introduced in 4 June 2009. This paper particularly takes into account the effects of new investment incentive plan which effectuated in 1 January 2012 in Turkey. One of the main results of the study is that the use of tax incentives could be limited to the reinforcing of regional economic development.
Keywords: Regional development, Fiscal Instruments, Tax incentives, Incentives, Turkey
The Study of Economic Capital Effects on Lifestyle (The Case Study of Pistachio Farmers in Two Villages of Kerman City in Iran)
Get PDFAs the social world changes, we need new concepts to understand it. The most important change in recent centuries has been the historical increase of consumption. Lifestyle and basic cultural values have changed in Iranian villages in the past half century. In fact, in Iranian villages, some sort of "Iranian rural modernity" has emerged. This paper has attempted to review the terms of lifestyle and indicators. And then it pays to examine the effect of pistachio orchards spread over the rural lifestyle both quantitative and qualitative methods. In this study, theories of sociologists Bourdieu and Giddensare used to study lifestyle, and Ronald Inglehart and other sociologists’ to analyze generational replacement. In qualitative research method, we have used rapid rural assessment, participatory approach, and semi-structured interviews. Interviews transcend walk, and group discussion were among the techniques used in this study. In quantitative part, 440 people from three generations living in the villages were sampled at random Research findings show that consistent with Bourdieu's “distinction theory” economic capitalist associated with lifestyle as the main hypothesis of the research. But the greatest impact is related to generation. As Bourdieu's theory, economic status does not determine the lifestyle changes.
Keywords: economic capital - lifestyle – generational changes – pistachio cultivation – Kerma
MULTI-RESOLUTION WAVELET ANALYSIS FOR FAULT DETECTION
Get PDFIn this study, a multi-resolution wavelet analysis technique is applied to simulation data for
fault detection. Data is simulated at the MATLAB environment. For this purpose, a sinusoidal
wave form is generated at around 1 kHz sampling frequency and then a faulty case is
simulated between 250- 500 Hz using a random process under the band-pass filtering. Hence
data and its noisy form are used to show healthy and faulty cases of any physical system
respectively. In order to show the fundamental properties of the data set, power spectral
density variations are shown to indicate the availability of the data. After that Multi–
Resolution Wavelet Analysis (MRWA) is applied to each case. In general, wavelet transform
is a time-scale analysis technique which can be accepted as an alternative method to the
Fourier transform. However, in this study, MRWA approach is considered. MRWA is a kind
of the discrete wavelet transform and it uses filter banks approach. Hence, the time domain
properties are shown in the sense of the statistical parameters. Also, calculating the power
spectral densities, this comparison is done in frequency domain. With this way, a faulty case
and its some properties can be determined at both of the time and frequency domains.
Key Words: Wavelets, Filtering, Sub-band analysis, Fault detectio
273 | P a g e THE USE OF NATURAL RENEWABLE MATERIALS IN THE SUPPORT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Get PDFArchitecture design today has become far more challenging then it traditionally used to be. On top of accustomed thermal insulation thickness and heating demand, architects need to design new or renovate existing structures in compliance with the primary energy demand, CO2 reductions, as well as ecological properties of the building materials. These properties are essential for a holistic assessment. Researches and demand for ecological building materials have been growing dramatically, particularly for insulating materials from renewable resources. Conventional design, constructions and conventional materials are still predominantly used in the world, particularly in BiH and Turkey.
The aim of this paper is to present a comparison between the use of conventional methods, constructions and materials against alternative solutions of renewable insulations materials application in the wall constructions. The conventional walls are predominantly made of cement, bricks, Styrofoam, plaster and paint. For the innovative walls, materials used for a wall 1 are: brick, wood fibre insulation, plaster, coat render, and for wall 2: timber, sheep’s wool insulation, brick, OSB board and plaster. The tests results indicate the amount of primary energy and CO2 emission which could be saved if renewable materials are used not only for insulation but for the construction as well. Findings also show great demand for a new clean technology in brick production that will save energy and CO2 emission. Additionally, renewable materials have more ecological and fewer health damaging aspects.
Keywords: wall construction, natural insulation materials, primary energy, global warming potential, healt