Institute of Soil and Water Conservation,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources
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黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带坡耕地土壤风蚀特征
黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带受风力及水力共同作用,是世界上土壤侵蚀最严重区域之一。研究通过选取神木
县六道沟流域迎风坡和背风坡4块坡耕地,所选样地进行留茬和翻耕处理,利用7 Be示踪技术测试表层土壤样品(0—
20mm),估算土壤风蚀速率,以期阐明坡面风蚀速率空间分布特征,明确有效防治风蚀的农田耕作措施。结 果 表 明:
迎风坡风蚀速率显著高于背风坡(p<0.05),留茬可显著减少坡面风蚀速率(p<0.05),迎 风 坡 翻 耕 地、迎 风 坡 留 茬
地、背风坡翻耕地和背风坡留茬地平均风蚀速率分别为778.2,388.4,78.5,4.7t/(km2·a)。风蚀速率沿坡面由上而
下均呈现递减趋势,且留茬地更为显著。4块样地风蚀速率等值线的局部形变显示了坡面的微地貌变化,其中以留茬
地更为明显且出现高侵蚀中心和沉积中心。因此,为有效防治该区域的土壤风蚀,建议采取秋收后留茬、春季播种前
翻耕的方式,并根据坡向和作物类型等调整留茬高度。</div
黄土丘陵区不同坡向土壤球囊霉素类相关 土壤蛋白的分布特征
为研究坡向对土壤球囊霉素相关蛋白(GRSP)的影响,选取了3个弃耕年限相同、立地条件相似,仅坡向不同
的天然草地为试验地,坡向分别为阳坡(S15°W)、半阳坡(N75°W)、阴坡(N57°E)。首先对3个坡向的典型植物群落进
行了植被调查,然后采集了优势物种的根际土与非根际土并进行测定。结果表明:不同坡向土壤 GRSP含量整体表
现为阳坡>半阳坡>阴坡,其中阴坡土壤 T-GRSP含量较阳坡、半阳坡显著减少;不同物种对土壤 GRSP含量无显著
差异;T-GRSP呈现较强的根际效应,EE-GRSP则较弱。研究表明 GRSP与坡向呈负相关,与物种和根际作用正相
关,根际作用强于物种。</div
Changes in soil phosphorus and its influencing factors following afforestation in Northern China
西北干旱区土壤水分时空变异特征及其影响因素研究
西北干旱地区气候干旱、降水稀少,土壤水分长期处于负平衡状态,是我国乃至全球的典型生态脆弱区。在人类活动和气候变化的双重影响下,西北地区水资源分布不均和短缺将更加严峻,严重制约我国经济社会可持续发展和生态环境建设。现有土壤水分的研究主要集中在小尺度,区域尺度西北干旱地区深层土壤水分时空异质性研究罕见报道,同时对于西北干旱地区土壤干层发育状况的研究有待开展。鉴于此,本研究基于地面高密度采样和全球陆面同化土壤湿度数据(GLDAS Noah025),采用经典统计、地统计、冗余分析、趋势分析、时间稳定性分析等手段研究西北干旱地区土壤水分时空动态特征和土壤干层状况,同时基于状态空间方程模型建立土壤水力参数预测模型,主要研究结果如下:
通过地面传统采样方法研究了西北干旱区根区(0-100 cm)土壤水分空间变异。随着土壤深度增加,土壤质量含水量(SMWC)和土壤相对可利用水分(REW逐渐增加。SMWC在整个根区、0-10 cm、10-40 cm和40-100 cm分别为7.76%、7.38%、7.67%和8.15%;REW在根区、0-10 cm、10-40 cm和40-100 cm分别为14.14%、-1.64%、13.13%和14.45%。不同土地利用条件下SMWC:农地 > 草地 > 林地 > 裸地,灌溉农地、自然草地和林地SMWC差异显著(p < 0.05),地处荒漠地区的裸地与林地SMWC差异不显著(p > 0.05);农地REW显著高于其他土地利用类型(p < 0.05),草地REW仅在表层0-40 cm土层显著高于林地和裸地(p < 0.05),其他土层之间差异不显著(p > 0.05)。经典统计表明各土层SMWC和REW分别为中等程度变异和强变异。半方差分析表明不同土层土壤质量含水量空间异质比为47.8 ~ 50.0%,变程为649.0 ~ 857.0 km,为中等空间依赖性; REW在西北干旱区表现为块金效应,空间结构复杂。
基于冗余分析研究了区域尺度土壤水分空间变异控制因素。大尺度气象因子(降水、气温等)和小尺度陆面相关因素(土壤和地形等其他局地因子)都显著影响土壤水分空间变异。土壤性质、其他局地因素和气象因素对土壤水分变异贡献率分别为23.3 ~ 30.7%、14.1 ~ 26.2%和9.2 ~ 16.9%;随着土层增加,土壤和气候因素与局地因子的交互作用逐渐增加。极端干旱田间下气象因素不能独立解释土壤水分变异,土壤是影响土壤水分空间变异控制因子。
通过地面实际采样(5 m深)首次研究了西北干旱区土壤干层发育状况。西北干旱区68.75%(55/80)的样点存在土壤干层,农地、草地和林地土壤干层样点存在比率分别为34.62%、84.85%和85.71%。西北干旱地区干层内平均土壤含水量、干层起始深度和干层厚度分别为5.99%、1.61 m和2.74 m;草地干层发育强度最大,干层厚度为3.44 m显著高于农地(1.77 m)和林地(2.13 m)。土壤干层在河西走廊东南部和新疆西部地区发育严重。冗余分析结果表明气象、土壤性质和其他局地因素可以分别解释土壤干层强度的37.0%、27.1%和33.2%(p < 0.01),气象因素是影响土壤干层发育的主导因素,可以单独解释土壤干层发育的8.7%(p < 0.05),陆面因素(土壤和其他局地因子)不能独立解释土壤干层强度(p > 0.05)。
GLDAS Noah025能够反映西北干旱地区表层0-10 cm土壤水分状况(R2 = 0.238,p < 0.001),10 cm以下土层代表性较差(p > 0.414)。西北干旱地区土壤水分季节性变化明显,河西走廊和南疆地区夏季土壤含水量最高,北疆地区春季土壤含水量高于夏季。2000-2017年深层(10-100 cm)土壤含水量具有显著增加趋势(p < 0.05),且随土层深度增加其增率变大;表层0-10 cm土层土壤含水量仅在河西走廊地区显著增加(p < 0.05),新疆地区年际变化不显著(p > 0.1)。
经典统计表明西北干旱区不同土层土壤含水量季节尺度和年际尺度时间变化为弱变异和中等程度变异,其中季节尺度根区土壤含水量弱变异和中等变异面积比例分别为32.81%和67.19%,51.72%的地区年际波动表现为弱变异。土壤含水量越低,土壤水分相对偏差标准差越小,土壤时间稳定性越高。气象、地理地形和土壤性质显著影响土壤水分季节尺度和年际尺度土壤水分时空变异和时间稳定性。西北干旱地区区域土壤水分稳定性测点主要分布在新疆木垒和巴里坤,其他地区仅能代表各别土层水分稳定性。
河西走廊地区0-20 cm土层平均田间持水量和永久萎蔫点为12.7 ± 6.0%和7.5 ± 3.4%,变异系数为45.0 ~ 47.5%,呈中等程度空间变异。最优的状态空间模型分别可以解释田间持水量和永久萎蔫点变异的99.9%和99.7%,多元线性回归对这两个参数的预测精度分别为0.805和0.599;状态空间方程对田间持水量和永久萎蔫点的预测精度显著高于多元线性回归模型。土壤质地、土地利用类型和土壤容重显著影响土壤田间持水量和永久萎蔫点。
本研究充分认识了西北干旱地区土壤水分时空动态特征,土壤质量含水量具有稳定的空间结构,为中等空间异质性,土壤水分具有明显的季节和年际变异特征;气候和陆面相关因子显著影响土壤水分时空变异,且主导因素具有地域依赖性。首次揭示了西北干旱地区土壤发育状况,草地发育强度最强,气候因素是影响土壤干层发育强度的最主要因素。基于状态空间模型建立了优于线性回归方程的田间持水量和永久萎蔫点的预测模型,获得了大尺度西北干旱区下垫面特征数据信息。这些结果对我国西北地区区域水资源调控和生态环境建设提供了数据支撑和理论依据。</p
Mapping irrigated and rainfed wheat areas using high spatial–temporal resolution data generated by Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer and Landsat
The detailed area and spatial distribution of irrigated and rainfed wheat can help
forecast wheat yield and study water use efficiency. However, the similar spectral characteristics
of irrigated and rainfed wheat make it difficult to separate them with low-spatial resolution or
several high-spatial resolution images on the high heterogeneity of the southern Loess Plateau.
To solve this challenge, this study used the Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion
Model (STARFM) and Enhanced STARFM (ESTARFM) to generate time series of the normalized
difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the normalized difference water index (NDWI) at
a 30-m resolution by fusing Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer and Landsat data.
Then, the phenological feature extracted from the predicted NDVI is combined with an auxiliary
dataset to classify irrigated and rainfed wheat using the support vector machine classifier. An
overall classification accuracy of 93.7% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.91 are achieved. Compared
with corresponding high-resolution Google Earth images, the spatial distribution of the classification
was consistent with actual land cover. This study demonstrates that the classification
approach could classify irrigated and rainfed wheat in high heterogeneity regions and crops
with smaller spectral characteristic differences. Moreover, it could be implemented across larger
geographic regions</p
Combined biochar and nitrogen fertilization at appropriate rates could balance the leaching and availability of soil inorganic nitrogen
Biochar has been proposed to ameliorate soil properties and plant growth. However, it remains unclear how the interaction between biochar and nitrogen (N) fertilizer impacts soil inorganic nitrogen (SIN) leaching and availability in dryland systems. Therefore, a two-year field experiment was carried out on the Loess Plateau in northern China to study the effects of biochar combined with N fertilizer on the leaching and availability of SIN. Biochar applied at 0, 20 and 40 t ha-1 (B0, B1 and B2, respectively) interacted with three N fertilization levels (0, 120 and 240 kg N ha-1; N0, N1 and N2, respectively). Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was cultivated in a winter wheat-summer fallow cropping system. We measured wheat aboveground biomass and residual SIN in the soil profile (0–60 cm at 10 cm intervals) using standard extraction methods (2 M KCL, shaking at 25 °C for 1 h). Additionally, to ascertain whether field-aged biochar captured SIN and to determine residual SIN availability, we also used a modified extraction method (2 M KCL, shaking at 60 °C for 2 h) and ion exchange membranes (IEMs) to extract SIN from plow layer soil (0–20 cm). Our results indicated that biochar application alone in the absence of N fertilization had no significant effect on wheat biomass or residual SIN in the soil profile. However, compared with the application of N fertilizer alone, the application of biochar at 20 t ha-1 combined with N fertilizer not only increased wheat biomass by 12.2–13.8% but also significantly decreased residual NO3--N in the subsoil by 13.2–74.7%. Nevertheless, long-term N fertilization at 240 kg N ha-1 led to large amounts of residual NO3--N without a significant increase in crop biomass, which inevitably increased the risk of leaching during the fallow period. Although the application of biochar at 40 t ha-1 combined with N fertilizer more effectively decreased residual SIN in the subsoil, this approach was impractical because it decreased wheat biomass. Furthermore, the difference between NO3--N extracted via the modified method and via the standard method increased with biochar application under each N level. Thus, field-aged biochar absorbed a certain amount of NO3--N, thereby sequestering N in the soil after two years of N fertilization. Hence, biochar could reduce the residual NO3--N available for leaching during the fallow period. However, notably, overuse of biochar could reduce the amount of NO3--N available not only for leaching but also for crops. Ultimately, the application of biochar at 20 t ha-1 combined with N fertilization at 120 kg N ha-1 is a promising dual-win strategy for improving N availability while concurrently mitigating SIN leaching.</p
A global synthesis reveals more response sensitivity of soil carbon flux than pool to warming
生物结皮坡面不同降雨历时的产流特征
黄土高原退耕还林(草)工程实施后,生物结皮广泛发育,显著影响坡面产流。已有大量研究探索了生物结皮
对径流的影响,但相关结论存在较大分歧。该研究以黄土高原典型生物结皮坡面为研究对象,通过人工模拟降雨试验,
研究了生物结皮坡面产流过程。结果表明:生物结皮坡面较翻耕后的裸土坡面显著降低了初始产流时间,裸土坡面初始
产流时间是生物结皮坡面的 1.59~3.04 倍。生物结皮盖度与初始产流时间之间呈显著的负相关关系;降雨 15 min 时与
60 min 时生物结皮对坡面径流的影响发生逆转,90 mm/h 的雨强下,当降雨历时为 15 min 时,生物结皮坡面较裸土坡面
增加 75.42%的径流;当降雨历时为 60 min 时,生物结皮坡面径流量较裸土坡面降低 52.42%;生物结皮影响了土壤水分
入渗速率,导致生物结皮坡面与裸土坡面随降雨历时变化的产流特征出现差异,裸土坡面降雨 60 min 时的入渗率较 15 min
时降低了 34.30%,高盖度生物结皮坡面降低了 6.38%;生物结皮对坡面入渗产流的影响与降雨历时有极大的关系,降雨
历时不同,很可能得到截然相反的结论,考虑生物结皮因素的野外降雨试验,降雨历时应不少于 45 min。研究结果为解
释生物结皮影响坡面入渗产流方面存在的分歧提供了科学依据,进一步明确了干旱半干旱地区生物结皮的水文效应。</div
水磷供应对柳枝稷和达乌里胡枝子生物量、水分利用 效率及种间关系的影响
明确水磷供应对柳枝稷(Panciumvirgatum L.)和达乌里胡枝子(LespedezadavuricaS.)生 物 量、水 分 利 用
效率(Wateruseefficiency,WUE)和种间关系的影响,可为黄土丘陵区二者混播草地建设提供依据。本研究采用盆
栽 试验,分析了2种水分水平(充分供水和干旱处理),3个磷处理(0,0.05和0.1gP2O5·kg-1干土)和5种组合比
例[12:0(柳枝稷∶达乌里胡枝子),8∶4,6∶6,4∶8和0∶12]下二者的生物量、WUE和 种 间 关 系。结 果 表 明:二
者混播相对总生物量(Relativeyieldtotal,RYT)为0.91~1.34;不论施磷与否,柳枝稷竞争攻击力系数(Aggressiv-
ity,A)和达乌里胡枝子相对竞争强度(Relativecompetitionintensity,RCI)在干旱处理下显著低于充分供水(P<
0.05);2种水分下,施磷(0.1g·kg-1)显著降低柳枝稷 A 值,对达乌里胡枝子 RCI无 影 响。干 旱 处 理 下,4∶8比
例(柳枝稷∶达乌里 胡 枝 子)下 RYT 最 高 且 WUE 较 高,施磷显著提高混播总生物量和 WUE,且 0.05 和 0.1
g·kg-1间均无显著差异,表明采用4∶8比例并施磷0.05g·kg-1可提高生物量和 WUE。</div