Institute of Soil and Water Conservation,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources
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    基于最小数据集的黄土高原矿区复垦土壤质量评价

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    矿产开发影响了土壤质量,特别是在黄土高原生态脆弱地区。通过植被恢复能够改善矿区复垦土壤质量。为了 揭示矿区复垦土壤质量在植被恢复过程中的变化,该文以黑岱沟矿区排土场不同恢复年限不同植被类型、未复垦地和周 边自然植被恢复区为研究对象,选取 21 项理化生指标作为总数据集(total data set,TDS),运用主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)结合 Norm 值构建评价指标最小数据集(minimum data set,MDS),通过非线性(non-Linear, NL)和线性(linear,L)两种评价方法对研究区土壤质量进行了评价。研究表明:黄土高原北部典型矿区复垦土壤质量 评价指标 MDS 包括粉粒百分比、有机质、速效磷、钠吸附比和微生物碳;2 种评价方法下,植被恢复均对复垦土壤质量 指数(soil quality index,SQI)有了显著提升(P &lt; 0.05),复垦 20 a 灌木 SQI 高于复垦 10 a 灌木 SQI,复垦 12 a 草本 SQI 高于复垦 20 a 草本 SQI,然而所有复垦土壤 SQI 均未达到自然植被恢复土壤 SQI;由于非线性土壤质量评价方法(SQI-NL) 具有更大的土壤质量指数变化区间和变异系数,此外,在 SQI-NL 和线性土壤质量(SQI-L)评价两种方法下,MDS 和 TDS 之间决定系数分别为 0.911 和 0.866,因此,非线性土壤质量评价方法在该区域具有更好的适用性,并且最小数据集 能够较准确地进行土壤质量评价。</div

    一体化压力补偿式热塑性弹性材质滴头设计与试验

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    为克服硅胶片类压力补偿式滴头&ldquo;回收难&rdquo;的问题,设计开发了一种含热塑性弹性体的全塑料材质的一体化压 力补偿式滴头。基于压力补偿式滴头流量补偿原理及计算流体力学数值计算方法,对一体化滴头关键结构参数齿尖角、 流道宽度、流道深度、流道单元个数开展正交设计试验,通过 Ansys15.0 软件对滴头迷宫流道结构进行确定,以参数组 合齿尖角 34&deg;,流道宽度 0.4 mm,流道深度 0.4 mm,流道单元数 12 个,进行滴头试制并对其补偿性能及抗堵塞性能进 行测试。结果表明:该一体化压力补偿滴头流态指数为 0.07,起调压力为 35 kPa,补偿区间为 35~300 kPa,属于恒流灌 水器-压力补偿滴头范畴;与国内滴头相比,设计滴头的水力性能更优;在低压堵塞试验中,一体化压力补偿式滴头具 有更好的抗堵塞性能,当泥沙浓度为 1.0 g/L,灌水 15 次后,一体化压力补偿滴头与另外两种普通迷宫流道滴头的相对 流量分别下降至 93.1%、54.2%、81.8%,一体化压力补偿滴头的抗堵塞性能明显优于普通迷宫流道滴头。该滴头研发周 期短、成本低、便于回收利用,是传统滴头的良好替代品。该研究可为一体化压力补偿式滴头结构设计、相关产品研发 提供参考。</div

    黄土高原不同植被带草本植物叶片与土壤碳氮分布特征

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    【 目的】黄土高原植被受水热因子作用明显,植被分布自东南向西北总体呈现出森林向草原过渡的地带性规律。本研究选取黄土丘陵区从南向北形成的 4 种典型植被带&nbsp;(森林带、森林&minus;草原带、草原带和草原&minus;荒漠带)&nbsp;作为研究对象,探讨不同植被带草本植物叶片与土壤碳 (C)、氮 (N) 的分布差异及影响因素,为预测黄土高原植物的生长发育前景、生态系统的植物营养元素和土壤养分状况提供理论依据。【 方法】以陕北黄土丘陵区富县、甘泉县、安塞县、靖边县、横山县以榆林市榆阳区为研究区域,基于野外取样调查和室内分析相结合的方法,分别测定研究区 4 种植被带草本植物叶片和不同土层碳氮含量,最后利用方差分析研究不同植被带草本植物叶片及土壤碳氮差异,并与全球、中国尺度等研究结果进行比较;同时采用相关分析,阐明 4 种不同植被带植物叶片和不同土层有机碳、全氮的相关关系。【 结果】1)&nbsp;土壤有机碳和全氮含量在 0&mdash;10、10&mdash;20、20-40&nbsp;cm 各个土层中均表现出极显著的相关性&nbsp;(P&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;0.001),在 0&mdash;40&nbsp;cm 土层中,随着深度增加,土壤有机碳和全氮整体呈下降趋势,由高到低依次为森林带、森林&minus;草原带、草原带、草原&minus;荒漠带,但不同植被类型的垂直变化规律差异较大。2)&nbsp;草本植物叶片有机碳和全氮含量存在显著的相关关系&nbsp;(P&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;0.01),植物叶片碳含量平均值为 442.9&nbsp;g/kg,略低于全球 492 种陆地植物叶片碳含量的平均值 464.2&nbsp;g/kg;而氮含量平均值为 25.8&nbsp;g/kg,略高于全球水平 20.6&nbsp;g/kg,说明黄土高原 4 种不同植被带在碳氮积累上存在差异,且该地区草本植物的C∶N 相对较低。3)&nbsp;植物叶片 C、N、C∶N 与土壤 SOC、STN 含量表现出较显著的相关关系&nbsp;(P&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;0.05),总体来看与不同土层相关关系各不相同。【 结论】不同植被带土壤 C、N 空间分布具有一致性,且 C、N 含量均存在一定的相关关系。黄土高原由南向北,呈现植物叶片 C 含量降低而 N 含量升高的趋势,因此 C/N 呈现减小趋势。植物叶片 C、N、C/N 与不同土层的土壤 C、N 均存在一定相关关系。</p

    The Latitudinal Patterns of Leaf and Soil C:N:P Stoichiometry in the Loess Plateau of China

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    Understanding the spatial patterns and the driving factors of plant leaf and soil stoichiometry are critical for improving the parameterization of future ecological models and to predict the responses of ecosystems to environmental changes. This study aimed to determine how the latitudinal patterns of leaf and soil C:N:P stoichiometry are affected by climate and vegetation types in the dryland ecosystems. The concentrations of leaf C, N, and P in herb community as well as soil nutrient concentrations along a 500&ndash;km&ndash;long latitudinal gradient in Northern Shaanxi of the Loess Plateau, were measured. The results showed that the soil C, N, P and C:N:P ratios at all three depths (0&ndash;10, 10&ndash;20, and 20&ndash;40 cm) showed significant latitudinal trends (except for soil C:N ratios) (P&nbsp;&lt; 0.01). In general, the soil C, N and C:N:P ratios decreased exponentially while soil P increased first and then decreased with the latitude. The soil C, N, C:P, and N:P ratios at all three depths (0&ndash;10, 10&ndash;20 and 20&ndash;40 cm) were positively correlated with MAT and MAP (P&nbsp;&lt; 0.05), while soil P and C:N ratios at all three depths were weakly correlated with MAT and MAP (P&nbsp;&gt; 0.05). In addition, leaf C:N:P stoichiometry was significantly correlated with the latitude, MAT, and MAP (except for N:P ratios) (P&nbsp;&lt; 0.01), such that, leaf C, C:N, and C:P ratios decreased as the latitude increased and MAT and MAP decreased, and leaf N, P concentrations increased as the latitude increased and MAT and MAP decreased, while leaf N:P ratios were weakly correlated with the latitude, MAT, and MAP (P&nbsp;&gt; 0.05). Furthermore, the leaf C:N:P stoichiometry of herbaceous communities was related to the soil properties (except for soil P), and we found that the C:P ratios between the soil and leaves were strongly correlated. Compared with the global scale, the relatively high N:P ratios indicated that the vegetation growth of the herb community in the dryland of the Loess Plateau was more susceptible to P limitation.</p

    Effects of shrubs on soil nutrients and enzymatic activities over a 0–100 cm soil profile in the desert-loess transition zone

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    The creation of &quot;fertile islands&quot; beneath shrubs in dryland ecosystems has been widely reported worldwide and is the major factor influencing ecosystem structure and function. However, studies investigating whether and how shrubs affect soil biogeochemical cycles in deep soil layers are relatively limited. In this study, we examined the vertical distribution of the soil nutrient contents and enzymatic activities at the 0-100 cm soil profiles beneath three common xerophytic shrubs (Artemisia ordosica, Caragana korshinskii and Salix psammophila) and in interspace bare soils in a transition zone from desert to loess in the north of China. The soil metrics included the contents of organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, nitrate and ammonium nitrogen, available phosphorus and potassium, and the activities of saccharase, urease, alkaline phosphatase and amylase. We found that the contents of organic carbon, total nitrogen and available potassium, and the activities of saccharase, urease and alkaline phosphatase were higher in the soils beneath shrubs than in the interspace bare areas, but these differences only occurred in the 0-10 cm soil profile but not in the soils below the depth of 10 cm. The soil quality index was consistently improved among the three shrub species in the topsoil. In addition, the soil nutrients were positively correlated with enzymatic activities, and the organic carbon content explained approximately 50% of the variations in the enzymatic activities. Collectively, our results demonstrated that the establishment of xerophytic shrubs improved the soil chemical and biological conditions in the desert-loess transition region, and the effect was restricted to the 0-10 cm soil layer. &nbsp;</p

    黑土区宽垄和窄垄耕作的顺坡坡面土壤侵蚀对比

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    宽垄耕作具有明显的增产效应,但顺坡宽垄耕作的坡面土壤侵蚀研究鲜见报道。该文基于野外大型坡面 径流场观测和室内模拟降雨试验,对比分析了中国黑土区顺坡宽垄和窄垄耕作的坡面土壤侵蚀差异。结果表 明,野外观测和室内模拟条件下顺坡宽垄坡面侵蚀量较之于顺坡窄垄坡面分别减少 64.4%~90.4% 和 33.2%~ 57.9%,同时2种垄作方式下坡面侵蚀量与径流量均呈现出良好的线性关系(R2&ge;0.81),但顺坡宽垄处理下的坡面 侵蚀量随径流量的增加幅度小于顺坡窄垄处理。野外观测结果还表明, 2种垄作方式的坡面侵蚀量皆与降雨侵 蚀力PI30和径流量呈显著正相关关系,顺坡宽垄较之于顺坡窄垄减少的坡面侵蚀量随着 PI30的增大而呈降低趋 势,当PI30为430~605时,顺坡宽垄较顺坡窄垄的坡面土壤侵蚀量减少 74.8%~90.4%,当PI30为1520~1708时, 顺坡宽垄较顺坡窄垄的坡面土壤侵蚀量减少 64.4%和66.5%。无论是野外观测还是室内模拟试验均表明,与传 统的顺坡窄垄相比,顺坡宽垄具有较好防治坡面土壤侵蚀效果。因此,在东北黑土区推广宽垄耕作对保护黑土 资源有重要意义。</div

    黄土丘陵区刺槐对不同立地环境的适应机制

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    [ 目的 ] 分析刺槐在黄土丘陵区不同立地 条件下的适应机制及适应成本 , 为该区的植被恢复提供 理论依据 。[ 方法 ] 采用野外调查方法 , 对黄土高原丘陵区不同坡向和坡位的刺槐群落功能性状 、 生长状况 差异进行研究 , 分析影响刺槐生长的主要因素 。[ 结果 ] ① 阳坡刺槐的叶氮含量 、 叶磷含量 、 叶有机碳含量 、 根磷含量 、 根有机碳含量 、 根组织密度均 大于阴坡 ; 根 氮 含 量 、 叶 厚 度 、 叶 组 织 密 度 、 比 叶 面 积 、 比 根 长 均 小 于阴坡 。 随坡位上升 , 叶氮含量 、 叶磷含量 、 叶有机碳含量 、 根磷含量 、 根氮含量 、 比叶面积 、 叶厚度均呈减 小趋势 ; 根有机碳含量和叶组织密度呈增大趋势 。 ② 刺槐功能性状 与环境因子间响应关系显著 ; 性状间的 协变和权衡关系在同一器官和不同器官 间均存在 。 ③ 刺 槐 的 株 高 、 胸 径 、 地 径 、 冠幅均表现为阳坡大于阴 坡 , 且随坡位升高而显著减小 ; 其生长状况与功能性状间关系显著 。[ 结论 ] 刺槐在阳坡和下坡位适应成本 较低 , 能够发挥相对大的生态效益 。</div

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    Institute of Soil and Water Conservation,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources
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