Institute of Psychology,Chinese Academy Of Sciences
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AprioriGWAS, a New Pattern Mining Strategy for Detecting Genetic Variants Associated with Disease through Interaction Effects
No full textIdentifying gene-gene interaction is a hot topic in genome wide association studies. Two fundamental challenges are: (1) how to smartly identify combinations of variants that may be associated with the trait from astronomical number of all possible combinations; and (2) how to test epistatic interaction when all potential combinations are available. We developed AprioriGWAS, which brings two innovations. (1) Based on Apriori, a successful method in field of Frequent Itemset Mining (FIM) in which a pattern growth strategy is leveraged to effectively and accurately reduce search space, AprioriGWAS can efficiently identify genetically associated genotype patterns. (2) To test the hypotheses of epistasis, we adopt a new conditional permutation procedure to obtain reliable statistical inference of Pearson's chi-square test for the 2 x f contingency table generated by associated variants. By applying AprioriGWAS to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) data, we found that: (1) angiopoietin 1 (ANGPT1) and four retinal genes interact with Complement Factor H (CFH). (2) GO term "glycosaminoglycan biosynthetic process" was enriched in AMD interacting genes. The epistatic interactions newly found by AprioriGWAS on AMD data are likely true interactions, since genes interacting with CFH are retinal genes, and GO term enrichment also verified that interaction between glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and CFH plays an important role in disease pathology of AMD. By applying AprioriGWAS on Bipolar disorder in WTCCC data, we found variants without marginal effect show significant interactions. For example, multiple-SNP genotype patterns inside gene GABRB2 and GRIA1 (AMPA subunit 1 receptor gene). AMPARs are found in many parts of the brain and are the most commonly found receptor in the nervous system. The GABRB2 mediates the fastest inhibitory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. GRIA1 and GABRB2 are relevant to mental disorders supported by multiple evidences
Formulating an emergency plan based on expectation-maximization is one thing, but applying it to a single case is another
No full textThis research extends the exploration of single-play/multiple-play distinctions from monetary gambling paradigm to emergency management situation. We conducted three studies (two survey studies and one eye tracking study) to test whether an emergency plan we formulated in advance based on expectation-maximization would be likely to be applied in a single case. In the first two survey studies we found that the plan with the higher EV was more likely to be preferred when the plan was applied 100 times or to 100 areas than when the plan was applied only once or to only one area. We also found significant framing and reflection effects, both of which violated the invariance principle in the single-application condition, but not in the multiple-application condition. Furthermore, in the eye tracking study, we found distinctly different eye movement patterns in the single-application condition and the multiple-application condition. The eye movement patterns in the multiple-application condition are more consistent with the predictions deduced from expectation computation. The overall results suggest that a gap exists between the formulation and the implementation of an emergency plan. Formulating an emergency plan based on expectation-maximization is doable, but applying it to a single case may be more challenging
Topological organization of the human brain functional connectome across the lifespan
No full textHuman brain function undergoes complex transformations across the lifespan. We employed resting-state functional MRI and graph-theory approaches to systematically chart the lifespan trajectory of the topological organization of human whole-brain functional networks in 126 healthy individuals ranging in age from 7 to 85 years. Brain networks were constructed by computing Pearson's correlations in blood-oxygenation-level-dependent temporal fluctuations among 1024 parcellation units followed by graph-based network analyses. We observed that the human brain functional connectome exhibited highly preserved non-random modular and rich club organization over the entire age range studied. Further quantitative analyses revealed linear decreases in modularity and inverted-U shaped trajectories of local efficiency and rich club architecture. Regionally heterogeneous age effects were mainly located in several hubs (e.g., default network, dorsal attention regions). Finally, we observed inverse trajectories of long- and short-distance functional connections, indicating that the reorganization of connectivity concentrates and distributes the brain's functional networks. Our results demonstrate topological changes in the whole-brain functional connectome across nearly the entire human lifespan, providing insights into the neural substrates Underlying individual variations in behavior and cognition. These results have important implications for disease connectomics because they provide a baseline for evaluating network impairments in age-related neuropsychiatric disorders. (C) 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
How Listeners Weight Acoustic Cues to Intonational Phrase Boundaries
No full textThe presence of an intonational phrase boundary is often marked by three major acoustic cues: pause, final lengthening, and pitch reset. The present study investigates how these three acoustic cues are weighted in the perception of intonational phrase boundaries in two experiments. Sentences that contained two intonational phrases with a critical boundary between them were used as the experimental stimuli. The roles of the three acoustic cues at the critical boundary were manipulated in five conditions. The first condition featured none of the acoustic cues. The following three conditions featured only one cue each: pause, final lengthening, and pitch reset, respectively. The fifth condition featured both pause duration and pre-final lengthening. A baseline condition was also included in which all three acoustic cues were preserved intact. Listeners were asked to detect the presence of the critical boundaries in Experiment 1 and judge the strength of the critical boundaries in Experiment 2. The results of both experiments showed that listeners used all three acoustic cues in the perception of prosodic boundaries. More importantly, these acoustic cues were weighted differently across the two experiments: Pause was a more powerful perceptual cue than both final lengthening and pitch reset, with the latter two cues perceptually equivalent; the effect of pause and the effects of the other two acoustic cues were not additive. These results suggest that the weighting of acoustic cues contributes significantly to the perceptual differences of intonational phrase boundary
Juvenile stress affects anxiety-like behavior and limbic monoamines in adult rats
No full textEpidemiological evidence suggests that childhood and adolescent maltreatment is a major risk factor for mood disorders in adulthood. However, the mechanisms underlying the manifestation of mental disorders during adulthood are not well understood. Using a recently developed rat model for assessing chronic variable stress (CVS) during early adolescence (juvenility), we investigated the long-term effects of juvenile CVS on emotional and cognitive function and on monoaminergic activities in the limbic areas. During juvenility (postnatal days 27-33), rats in the stress group were exposed to variable stressors every other day for a week. Four weeks later, anhedonia was tested in the sucrose test, anxiety-like behaviors were assessed in the elevated plus-maze (EPM) and open field (OF) tests, and cortically mediated cognitive function was evaluated during an attentional set-shifting task (AST). After the behavioral tests, the rats were decapitated to determine limbic monoamine and metabolite levels. Adult rats stressed during juvenility exhibited higher anxiety-like behaviors, as evidenced by reduced locomotion and rearing behavior in the OF and fewer entries into the open arms in the EPM. There were no differences between the stressed rats and the controls in depressive-like anhedonia during the sucrose preference test or in cognitive function during the AST test in adulthood. In addition, the previously stressed rats exhibited increased dopamine (DA) and decreased 5-HIAA in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and decreased noradrenaline in the amygdala compared with controls. Furthermore, DA levels in the mPFC were correlated with adult anxious behaviors in the OF. These results suggest that juvenile stress induces long-term changes in the expression of anxiety-like behaviors and limbic monoaminergic activity in adult rats. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved
Characterization of Thalamo-cortical Association Using Amplitude and Connectivity of Functional MRI in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
No full textPurposeTo examine thalamic and cortical injuries using fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFFs) and functional connectivity MRI (fcMRI) based on resting state (RS) and task-related fMRI in patients with mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI)
Implicit Self-Esteem Decreases in Adolescence: A Cross-Sectional Study
No full textImplicit self-esteem has remained an active research topic in both the areas of implicit social cognition and self-esteem in recent decades. The purpose of this study is to explore the development of implicit self-esteem in adolescents. A total of 599 adolescents from junior and senior high schools in East China participated in the study. They ranged in age from 11 to 18 years with a mean age of 14.10 (SD = 2.16). The degree of implicit self-esteem was assessed using the Implicit Association Test (IAT) with the improved D score as the index. Participants also completed the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (alpha = 0.77). For all surveyed ages, implicit self-esteem was positively biased, all ts > 8.59, all ps < 0.001. The simple correlation between implicit self-esteem and age was significant, r = -.25, p = 1.0 x 10(-10). A regression with implicit self-esteem as the criterion variable, and age, gender, and age 6 gender interaction as predictors further revealed the significant negative linear relationship between age and implicit self-esteem, beta = -0.19, t = -3.20, p = 0.001. However, explicit self-esteem manifested a reverse "U'' shape throughout adolescence. Implicit self-esteem in adolescence manifests a declining trend with increasing age, suggesting that it is sensitive to developmental or age-related changes. This finding enriches our understanding of the development of implicit social cognition
Voxel-based morphometry study of the insular cortex in bipolar depression
No full textBipolar depression (BD) is a common psychiatric illness characterized by deficits in emotional and cognitive processing. Abnormalities in the subregions of the insula are common findings in neuroanatomical studies of patients with bipolar disorder. However, the specific relationships between morphometric changes in specific insular subregions and the pathogenesis of BD are not clear. In this study, structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to investigate gray matter volume abnormalities in the insular subregion in 27 patients with BD and in 27 age and sex-matched controls. Using DARTEL (diffeomorphic anatomical registration through exponentiated lie algebra) for voxel-based morphometry (VBM), we examined changes in regional gray matter volumes of the insula in patients with BD. As compared with healthy controls, the BD patients showed decreased gray matter volumes in the right posterior insula and left ventral anterior insula and increased gray matter volumes in the left dorsal anterior insula. Consistent with the emerging theory of insular interference as a contributor to emotional-cognitive dysregulation, the current findings suggest that the insular cortex may be involved in the neural substrates of BD. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved
The Factor Structure of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Patients With Traumatic Spinal Cord Injuries
No full textThe current study investigated the factor structure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a sample of 256 patients with traumatic spinal cord injuries (SCI) in China. The confirmatory factor analysis results showed that a five-factor model composed of intrusion, avoidance, emotional numbing, dysphoric arousal, and anxious arousal fits the data significantly better than the tripartite DSM-IV model and the two well-supported four-factor models, and the C3 symptom (inability to recall important aspect of the trauma) loaded weakly on its corresponding factor. Implications and limitations for the results are discussed. (c) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved
Towards an optimal support vector machine classifier using a parallel particle swarm optimization strategy
No full textProper parameter settings of support vector machine (SVM) and feature selection are of great importance to its efficiency and accuracy. In this paper, we propose a parallel time variant particle swarm optimization (TVPSO) algorithm to simultaneously perform the parameter optimization and feature selection for SVM, termed PTVPSO-SVM. It is implemented in a parallel environment using Parallel Virtual Machine (PVM). In the proposed method, a weighted function is adopted to design the objective function of PSO, which takes into account the average classification accuracy rates (ACC) of SVM, the number of support vectors (SVs) and the selected features simultaneously. Furthermore, mutation operators are introduced to overcome the problem of the premature convergence of PSO algorithm. In addition, an improved binary PSO algorithm is employed to enhance the performance of PSO algorithm in feature selection task. The performance of the proposed method is compared with that of other methods on a comprehensive set of 30 benchmark data sets. The empirical results demonstrate that the proposed method cannot only obtain much more appropriate model parameters, discriminative feature subset as well as smaller sets of SVs but also significantly reduce the computational time, giving high predictive accuracy. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved
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