Institute of Psychology,Chinese Academy Of Sciences
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The Perception of Probability
No full textWe present a computational model to explain the results from experiments in which subjects estimate the hidden probability parameter of a stepwise nonstationary Bernoulli process outcome by outcome. The model captures the following results qualitatively and quantitatively, with only 2 free parameters: (a) Subjects do not update their estimate after each outcome; they step from one estimate to another at irregular intervals. (b) The joint distribution of step widths and heights cannot be explained on the assumption that a threshold amount of change must be exceeded in order for them to indicate a change in their perception. (c) The mapping of observed probability to the median perceived probability is the identity function over the full range of probabilities. (d) Precision (how close estimates are to the best possible estimate) is good and constant over the full range. (e) Subjects quickly detect substantial changes in the hidden probability parameter. (f) The perceived probability sometimes changes dramatically from one observation to the next. (g) Subjects sometimes have second thoughts about a previous change perception, after observing further outcomes. (h) The frequency with which they perceive changes moves in the direction of the true frequency over sessions. (Explaining this finding requires 2 additional parametric assumptions.) The model treats the perception of the current probability as a by-product of the construction of a compact encoding of the experienced sequence in terms of its change points. It illustrates the why and the how of intermittent Bayesian belief updating and retrospective revision in simple perception. It suggests a reinterpretation of findings in the recent literature on the neurobiology of decision making
Mind Wandering, Sleep Quality, Affect and Chronotype: An Exploratory Study
No full textPoor sleep quality impairs cognition, including executive functions and concentration, but there has been little direct research on the relationships between sleep quality and mind wandering or daydreaming. Evening chronotype is associated with poor sleep quality, more mind wandering and more daydreaming; negative affect is also a mutual correlate. This exploratory study investigated how mind wandering and daydreaming are related to different aspects of sleep quality, and whether sleep quality influences the relationships between mind wandering/daydreaming and negative affect, and mind wandering/daydreaming and chronotype. Three surveys (Ns = 213; 190; 270) were completed with Chinese adults aged 1850, including measures of sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, mind wandering, daydreaming, chronotype and affect (positive and negative). Higher frequencies of mind wandering and daydreaming were associated with poorer sleep quality, in particular with poor subjective sleep quality and increased sleep latency, night-time disturbance, daytime dysfunction and daytime sleepiness. Poor sleep quality was found to partially mediate the relationships between daydreaming and negative affect, and mind wandering and negative affect. Additionally, low positive affect and poor sleep quality, in conjunction, fully mediated the relationships between chronotype and mind wandering, and chronotype and daydreaming. The relationships between mind wandering/daydreaming and positive affect were also moderated by chronotype, being weaker in those with a morning preference. Finally, while daytime sleepiness was positively correlated with daydream frequency, it was negatively correlated with a measure of problem-solving daydreams, indicating that more refined distinctions between different forms of daydreaming or mind wandering are warranted. Overall, the evidence is suggestive of a bi-directional relationship between poor sleep quality and mind wandering/daydreaming, which may be important in attempts to deal with sleep problems and improve sleep quality. These findings and further research on this topic may also have implications for definitions and theories of mind wandering and daydreaming
Effects of aspirin on immobile behavior and endocrine and immune changes in the forced swimming test: Comparison to fluoxetine and imipramine
No full textAspirin (ASP) is the most commonly used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug in the world. Recent clinical and preclinical evidence suggests that ASP may also exert psychoactive effects. It remains unclear whether ASP has antidepressant-like activity, and any molecular mechanisms underlying such activity have yet to be elucidated. Using the forced swimming test (FST), a well-established animal model of depression widely used to screen potential antidepressants in rodents, we investigated the effects of subacute treatment with ASP (0, 6, 12, 25, and 50 mg/kg, i.p.) on immobility in the FST, and on FST-induced changes in endocrine and immune parameters in rats, in comparison to the clinical antidepressants imipramine (IMI) and fluoxetine (FLU). Serum levels of corticosterone, pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. ASP dose-dependently decreased immobility in the FST, without altering the locomotor activity in the open-field test. The inhibitory effects of higher doses (25 and 50 mg/kg) of ASP on immobility were similar to that of FLU and IMI at a dose of 10 mg/kg. In addition, the levels of corticosterone, IL-6, and TNF-alpha in peripheral blood were significantly increased after the FST exposure. IMI, but not FLU and ASP at any dose tested, significantly attenuated corticosterone responses in the FST. Both FLU and IMI treatment reduced the increase of IL-6 and TNF-a levels following the FST exposure. ASP dose-dependently decreased FST-induced increase of cytokine levels, as manifested by significantly stronger effects on IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels at higher doses (25 and 50 mg/kg) than the lowest dose of ASP (6 mg/kg). In all, these results indicate that ASP treatment dose-dependently decreased the immobility time and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the FST suggesting that the anti-inflammatory effects of ASP might be involved in the antidepressant-like effect. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved
Drivers' and non-drivers' performance in a change detection task with static driving scenes: is there a benefit of experience?
No full textThe 'looked-but-failed-to-see' phenomenon is crucial to driving safety. Previous research utilising change detection tasks related to driving has reported inconsistent effects of driver experience on the ability to detect changes in static driving scenes. Reviewing these conflicting results, we suggest that drivers' increased ability to detect changes will only appear when the task requires a pattern of visual attention distribution typical of actual driving. By adding a distant fixation point on the road image, we developed a modified change blindness paradigm and measured detection performance of drivers and non-drivers. Drivers performed better than non-drivers only in scenes with a fixation point. Furthermore, experience effect interacted with the location of the change and the relevance of the change to driving. These results suggest that learning associated with driving experience reflects increased skill in the efficient distribution of visual attention across both the central focus area and peripheral objects
Enhanced Spatial Stimulus-Response Mapping Near the Hands: The Simon Effect Is Modulated by Hand-Stimulus Proximity
No full textEmerging evidence has revealed that visual processing of objects near the hands is altered. The present study shows that the visuomotor Simon effect when the hands are proximal to stimuli is greater than that observed when the hands are far from stimuli, thereby indicating stronger spatial stimulus-response mapping near the hands. The visuomotor Simon effect is robustly enhanced near the hands even when hand visibility and stimulus-response axis-similarity are controlled. However, the semantic Simon effect with location words is not modulated by hand-stimulus proximity. Thus, consistent with the dimensional overlap model and the known features of the bimodal visuotactile neurons, hand-stimulus proximity enhances spatial stimulus-response mapping but has no effect on semantic processing of location words
信息推送-澳大利亚宣布启动心理健康工作复查
No full text国际动态
澳大利亚宣布启动心理健康工作复查
2014年2月4日，澳大利亚卫生部部长Peter Dutton宣布在全国范围内启动心理健康服务工作复查。
该项目牵涉范围广，由澳国家心理健康委员会（National Mental Health Commission，NMHC）主导，工作重点是评估当前的程序和服务在为罹患心理疾病的个体及其家庭提供支持时的效率和效用。范围覆盖所有现有的政府、民间以及私营部门的相关工作。
Peter Dutton表示，政府承诺将构建起具有国际水平的心理健康体系，为饱受心理疾患困扰的个体及其家庭提供适当的帮助。“为达到上述目标，我们需要确认其中真正有效的因素。同时保证当前各级心理健康部门拥有的资源尽可能有效地运行起来”。他还表示，“在财政允许范围内，我们保证当人们面临心理疾患时能够得到支持，最大可能地利用好纳税人的每一笔钱。”
该项目还将调查服务提供方面的缺口、低效率、重复以及过度的繁文缛节。
NMHC将与各州、地区政府以及其它利益相关方接触合作。NMHC主席Allan Fels教授表示：“NMHC十分乐于接受这次重要且及时的工作，计划于11月下旬向政府提交复查报告”。
整理自：
http://www.health.gov.au/internet/ministers/publishing.nsf/Content/health-mediarel-yr2014-dutton005.htm
原文标题：Mental Health Review-The Minister for Health Peter Dutton has announced the Terms of Reference for the review of mental health services and programmes
检索日期：2014年2月10日<br /
ESI中心理学及相关领域热点论文信息推送2014年第1期（总第15期）
No full textESI热点论文指近两年内发表的在近两个月内被引次数高居前千分之一的SCI/SSCI文章，即最近两个月内最受关注的文章。
本期入榜文章是2011年8月至2013年8月发表的文章中，在2013年9月和10月两个月内被引次数排名前千分之一的文章。数据更新时间为2014年2月7日。
本期ESI（Essential Science Indicators）发布精神病学/心理学领域的热点文章67篇，其中首次入榜文章46篇。入榜文章单篇最高被引163次，由宾夕法尼亚大学（University of Pennsylvania）的NELSON LD等人发表在Psychological Science上，标题为“False-positive psychology: undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant”，关注心理学研究中的假阳性 (False-positive)现象；最低被引2次，由法国艾克斯-马赛大学（Aix-Marseille University）的GRAINGER J等人合作发表在Psychological Science上题为“Transposed-letter effects reveal orthographic processing in baboons”，关于狒狒的正字加工法。首次入榜的46篇中单篇最高被引32次，由德国马尔堡大学（Univ Marburg）的ROMMELSE N等人发表在American Journal of Psychiatry上标题为“Genome-wide analysis of copy number variants in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: the role of rare variants and duplications at 15q13.3 ”，关于注意缺陷多动障碍（Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder，ADHD）中拷贝数变异的全基因组分析。该领域所有热点文章的详细信息请见附表1（按文章被引次数排列）。
发布神经科学与行为领域热点文章76篇，其中首次入榜文章50篇。入榜文章单篇最高被引149次，由华盛顿大学医学院（Washington Univ, Sch Med）的BARNES KA等人合作发表在NEUROIMAGE上，标题为“Spurious but systematic correlations in functional connectivity MRI networks arise from subject motion”；最低被引4次的文章标题为“Spatially constrained hierarchical parcellation of the brain with resting-state fMRI”，由牛津大学（Univ Oxford）的BEHRENS TEJ等人发表于NEUROIMAGE上。首次入榜文章单篇最高被引147次，由加州大学洛杉矶分校（Univ Calif Los Angeles, Neurogenet Program）的GUPTA AR等人合作发表在NATURE上，标题为“De novo mutations revealed by whole-exome sequencing are strongly associated with autism”，该研究利用全基因组测序（Whole-exome sequencing）揭示自闭症谱系障碍相关的新生突变（De novo mutation），第一次进入热点论文榜便获得147次被引表明该工作在最近引起十分强烈的关注。
此外，美国人脑连接组计划（Human Connectome Project，HCP）的相关研究在本期也有多项工作入榜，分别是2-35、2-65、2-66、2-68、2-69、2-72（详细信息见附表2）。<br /
ESI中心理学及相关领域热点论文信息推送2014年第2期（总第16期）
No full textESI中心理学及相关领域热点论文信息推送
——基于2014 年3月更新数据
ESI热点论文指近两年内发表的在近两个月内被引次数高居前千分之一的SCI/SSCI文章，即最近两个月内最受关注的文章。
本期入榜文章是2011年10月至2013年10月发表的文章中，在2013年11月和12月两个月内被引次数排名前千分之一的文章。数据更新时间为2014年3月1日。
本期ESI（Essential Science Indicators）发布精神病学/心理学领域的热点文章61篇，其中首次入榜文章42篇。单篇最高被引95次，最低被引3次。被引95次的文章由伦敦国王学院（King's College London）的Fusar-Poli P等人发表在Archives of General Psychiatry上，标题为“Predicting psychosis meta-analysis of transition outcomes in individuals at high clinical risk”，该研究是对截止到2011年1 月发表的有关精神病高危人群发展为临床发病的文章的元分析。首次入榜的42篇中单篇最高被引45次，由埃默里大学（Emory University）的Paul E. Holtzheimer等人发表在Archives of General Psychiatry上标题为“ Subcallosal cingulate deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant unipolar and bipolar depression ”，讨论了胼胝体下扣带回（Subcallosal cingulate）深部脑刺激（Deep brain stimulation，DBS）治疗难治性抑郁（Treatment-resistant depression，TRD）的效果与安全性。该领域所有热点文章的详细信息请见附表1（按文章被引次数排列）。
本期发布神经科学与行为领域热点文章74篇，其中首次入榜文章39篇。单篇最高被引183次，最低被引3次。被引183次的文章由耶鲁大学（Yale University）的Stephan J. Sanders等人合作发表在NATURE上，标题为“De novo mutations revealed by whole-exome sequencing are strongly associated with autism”，利用全基因组测序（Whole-exome sequencing）揭示自闭症谱系障碍相关的新生突变（De novo mutation）。首次入榜文章单篇最高被引99次，由比利时安特卫普大学（University of Antwerp）的Llse Gijselinck等人合作发表在The Lancet Neurology上，标题为“A C9orf72 promoter repeat expansion in a Flanders-Belgian cohort with disorders of the frontotemporal lobar degeneration-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis spectrum: a gene identification study”，关于法兰德斯-比利时（Flanders-Belgian）地区一项队列研究发现额颞叶退行性变和肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化症患者存在C9orf72启动子重复扩增。
此外，威康基金会神经影像中心（The Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging）的Karl Friston 从审稿人角度讨论了如何通过质疑神经成像研究的统计分析从而提高文章被拒的概率，并且为评审如何应对作者的辩解支招，相信相关领域研究人员阅读此文后会很有收获（2-42，其余文章详细信息见附表2）。<br /
信息推送-2014年度科维理奖颁给记忆与认知领域的三位神经科学家
No full textNATURE NEWS BLOG
2014年度科维理奖颁给记忆与认知领域的三位神经科学家
2014年5月29日，美国科维理基金（The Kavli Foundation）宣布2014年度科维理奖获得者。
科维理奖（The Kavli Prize）由美国科维理基金会、挪威科学与文学院和挪威国家教育与研究部共同设立，以表彰全球在天体物理学、纳米科学和神经系统科学领域做出突出贡献的科学家，促进公众对科学家及其工作的了解并鼓励国际科研合作。该奖自2008年设立后每两年颁发一次，现金奖励1百万美元同时授予一枚金牌。
今年科维理奖对神经科学领域的嘉奖由麦吉尔大学（McGill University）的Brenda Milner、伦敦大学学院（University College London）的John O’Keefe和华盛顿大学医学院（Washington University School of Medicine）的Marcus Raichle三人分享。获奖理由为：他们通过一系列研究手段阐明特定神经细胞如何执行不同的功能，揭示出参与加工记忆的脑区的细节，从而发现记忆加工和认知的特定脑网络。
其中，Milner对包括著名的H.M. （Henry Molaison，为治疗脑外伤导致的癫痫而接受双侧内侧颞叶切除各约8厘米脑组织，术后出现严重失忆）在内的脑损伤患者进行研究，发现内侧颞叶对于情景记忆（episodic memory）的形成至关重要。值得再次一提的是，Milner作为英国皇家科学院、美国科学院、加拿大科学院三院院士，身负多项荣誉，曾被诺贝尔奖获得者Eric Kandel誉为沟通神经学与心理学、开创认知神经科学的关键人物。
O’Keefe获奖是因其发现海马包含可对动物特定位置（specific location）进行编码的神经元。Raichle则是因其设计出可将大脑活动视觉化的方法。
原文标题：Kavli Prizes reward cosmic inflation, memory research and imaging
原文链接：
http://blogs.nature.com/news/2014/05/kavli-prizes-reward-cosmic-inflation-memory-research-and-imaging.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+news%2Frss%2Fnewsblog+%28News+Blog+-+Blog+Posts%29
检索日期：2014年6月4日<br /
ESI中心理学及相关领域热点论文信息推送2014年第4期（总第18期）
No full text
ESI中心理学及相关领域热点论文信息推送
——基于2014 年7月更新数据
ESI热点论文指近两年内发表的在近两个月内被引次数高居前千分之一的SCI/SSCI文章，即最近两个月内最受关注的文章。
本期入榜文章是2012年2月至2014年2月发表的文章中，在2014年3月和4月两个月内被引次数排名前千分之一的文章。数据更新时间为2014年7月10日。
本期ESI（Essential Science Indicators）发布精神病学/心理学领域的热点文章56篇，其中首次入榜文章36篇。单篇最高被引72次，最低被引3次。被引72次的文章由英国利物浦大学心理健康与社会学研究所（Institute of Psychology Health and Society，University of Liverpool）的Varese F等人发表在Schizophrenia Bulletin上，标题为“Childhood adversities increase the risk of psychosis: A meta-analysis of patient-control, prospective- and cross-sectional cohort studies”，该研究是关于童年灾祸将增加成人罹患精神疾病的风险的元分析。首次入榜的36篇中单篇最高被引65次，由蒙特利尔儿童医院精神科（Department of Psychiatry ，Montreal Children's Hospital）的Elsabbagh M等人发表在Autism Research上标题为“ Global prevalence of autism and other pervasive developmental disorders ”，介绍了自闭症与其它广泛性发育障碍（Pervasive developmental disorders，PDDs）的全球流行病学调查结论。
此外除精神分裂症、抑郁和自闭症等长期入榜的研究主题之外，另有部分首次入榜文章可能具有一定关注价值，如：
1-12：社会科学中与Facebook相关研究的综述；
1-30：社会心理学中的具体化（Embodiment）；
1-31：人脑功能架构；
1-37：情感障碍中注意的眼动追踪；
1-54：关于静息态fMRI 的功能连接组学（Functional Connectomics）的综述。
该领域所有热点文章的详细信息请见附表1（按文章被引次数排列）。
本期发布神经科学与行为领域热点文章86篇，其中首次入榜文章41篇。单篇最高被引258次，最低被引3次。被引258次的文章由耶鲁大学医学院（Yale School of Medicine，Yale University）的Sanders SJ等人合作发表在NATURE上，标题为“De novo mutations revealed by whole-exome sequencing are strongly associated with autism ”，该工作利用全基因组测序（Whole-exome sequencing）技术揭示自闭症谱系障碍相关的新生突变（De novo mutation）。首次入榜文章单篇最高被引89次，由Connolly ES（单位不详）等人合作发表在STROKE上，标题为“Guidelines for the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American heart association/American stroke association ”，关于由美国心脏病协会/美国卒中协会提出的动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血 (Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage)治疗指导方针。
此外除脊髓侧索硬化症等神经系统疾病、阿尔茨海默症等神经系统退行性病和神经系统发育等长期入榜的主题之外，另有部分首次入榜文章可能具有一定关注价值，如：
2-32：关于痴呆全球患病率的综述和元分析；
2-36：大脑中催产素和抗利尿激素之间的平衡对焦虑、抑郁和社交行为的影响；
2-54：成功重构一块小鼠视网膜中所有的神经元和它们之间的连接；
2-78：亲代的嗅觉经验可影响后代的行为与神经结构，提示恐惧可以跨代遗传；
2-84：室旁核（paraventricular thalamus，PVT）在吗啡诱导的条件性位置偏爱（cocaine conditioned place preference，CPP）中的作用。
该领域所有热点文章的详细信息请见附表2（按文章被引次数排列）。
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