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Enhancing Biocathode Functionality in Bioelectrochemical Systems Using Polyethylene oxide Hydrogel Coatings
Full text link[EN] Bioelectrochemical systems (BES) have emerged as sustainable platforms for CO2 valorisation and renewable energy production, but their efficiency is often limited by slow biocathode start-up. A promising route to create more efficient BES is the use of removable hydrogels to improve microbial adhesion. In this work, the influence of new coating biocathodes on poly(ethylene oxide) hydrogels for improved bioelectrochemical systems was evaluated. Hydrogels with different concentrations of poly(ethylene oxide) (5, 10, and 15 wt %) were evaluated as electrode coating. In addition, their effect on initial cell adhesion, microbial proliferation and productivity were studied. The results showed that 10 wt % PEO produced the most suitable coating, combining homogeneous pore structure, adequate elastic modulus and controlled detachment within 5 days. When applied to pretreated carbon felt, the hydrogel increased current density by 37.4% compared with uncoated electrodes, accelerated the start-up period, and promoting higher methane production. At steady state, the hydrogel-coated biocathode directed more carbon into methane (26 vs 3% respect to control) and reduced the unconverted carbon fraction (41 vs 65% respect to control). Microbial community analysis revealed selective enrichment of Methanobacterium, indicating a hydrogenotrophic pathway consistent with the applied potential. In conclusion, this study has made it possible to improve the start-up of the bioelectrochemical systems, demonstrating the potential of hydrogels in the start-up of these systems.S
El monacato femenino hispano plenomedieval visto a través de la documentación pontificia de Gregorio IX (1227-1241)
No full text[ES] Estudio del monacato femenino hispano en el siglo XIII-XIV a partir del análisis sistemático de la documentación pontificia de Gregorio IX (1227–1241)
Los estudios de grado en la universidad
No full text[ES] Las universidades públicas presenciales de España, según los últimos datos publicados (curso académico 2022-
2023), ofertaron un total de 2.610 grados, destacándose la predominancia de las áreas de Ciencias Sociales y
Jurídicas con 934 grados, y de Ingeniería y Arquitectura con 732 grados. Este amplio espectro educativo refleja la
diversidad y la riqueza del sistema universitario español, con una tasa de ocupación total del 90.8% (Ministerio
de universidades, n.d.-a). Las cifras resaltan una particular inclinación hacia las ciencias de la salud, con una tasa
de ocupación del 92.6% (Ministerio de Universidades, n.d.-b). En el curso 2021-2022, se registran 1.333.567
estudiantes matriculados en grados universitarios. La distribución por género revela una mayor presencia femenina,
con 751.501 mujeres matriculadas frente a 582.066 hombres (Ministerio de universidades, n.d.-a).
La selección de un grado universitario involucra múltiples factores desde expectativas familiares (Avendaño
Rodríguez et al., 2020) hasta costos y percepciones de género (García Martínez et al., 2021), que, junto a la guía
académica, juegan un rol decisivo en alinear intereses estudiantiles con carreras. Casi un 30% de los universitarios
españoles expresaron que no volverían a estudiar la misma titulación (Rodríguez-Esteban & Vidal, 2022) por lo
que la orientación académica se vuelve vital en este proceso antes, durante y después de la formación de grado.
Sin embargo, con la creciente influencia de las redes sociales, frente a incertidumbres académicas, es común que
recurran a foros en línea y grupos de discusión en lugar de fuentes tradicionales, buscando respuestas rápidas y
perspectivas diversas.
El objetivo del presente estudio es identificar dudas y problemas sobre grado universitario en foros informales
Disability care in Spanish Universities: services and institutional policies
Full text link[ES] Las universidades españolas ofrecen un Servicio de Atención a la Discapacidad con el fin de proporcionar medidas de apoyo durante su estancia universitaria y formación al profesorado universitario para atender a este colectivo. Este estudio describe el funcionamiento de estos servicios y la estrategia institucional para un marco inclusivo. La metodología empleada consistió en una encuesta realizada a los responsables de estos servicios en las universidades españolas y el análisis de contenido de los reglamentos y planes de inclusión institucionales. Respondieron al cuestionario 36 universidades (43% del total), con una distribución del 64% públicas y 36% privadas. Los resultados indican que estos servicios dependen institucionalmente de los vicerrectorados de estudiantes o de los de responsabilidad social. Sus estrategias de comunicación y promoción son similares. Comienzan su difusión en etapas educativas preuniversitarias, en los institutos. La comunicación con el estudiantado incluye email, reuniones presenciales y online, así como contacto telefónico. La mayoría de las universidades que formaron parte del estudio cuentan con un plan de inclusión o reglamento de atención a la discapacidad, con tutores específicos para el estudiantado con discapacidad y se promueven iniciativas de sensibilización con toda la comunidad educativa. Las universidades en España muestran un compromiso para proporcionar atención personalizada a este estudiantado, buscando su éxito académico e inclusión en el entorno universitario siendo, estos servicios, clave para una educación inclusiva y accesible. No obstante, necesitan una apuesta más decidida en cuanto a su personal y su papel coordinador con otros agentes estratégicos en la política de inclusión[EN] Spanish universities offer a Disability Care Service in order to provide support measures during their university stay and training for university professors to serve this group. This study describes the operation of these services and the institutional strategy for an inclusive framework. The methodology used consisted of a survey carried out among those responsible for these services in Spanish universities and the content analysis of the regulations and institutional inclusion plans. 36 universities (43%of the total) responded to the questionnaire, with a distribution of 64% public and 36% private. The results indicate that these services depend institutionally on the vice-chancellors' offices for students or those for social responsibility. Their communication and promotion strategies are similar. They begin their dissemination in pre-university educational stages, in institutes. Communication with students includes email, in-person and online meetings, as well as telephone contact. Most of the universities that were part of the study have an inclusion plan or regulations for attention to disabilities, with specific tutors for students with disabilities and awareness initiatives are promoted with the entire educational community. Universities in Spain show a commitment to providing personalized attention to these students, seeking their academic success and inclusion in the university environment, these services being key to an inclusive and accessible education. However, they need a more decisive commitment in terms of their personnel and their coordinating role with other strategic agents in the inclusion policyS
Jump performance and field-based anaerobic capacity profiles of international standard amateur mixed martial arts athletes
Full text link[EN] Mixed martial arts (MMA) is a combat sport requiring the ability to complete repeated high impulse actions for 9-25 minutes. This study reports proxy measures of lower body neuromuscular performance and anerobic capacities of tier 3 standard amateur MMA athletes for the first time. A cohort of n=9 female (age = 20.5±2.8 years) and n=12 male (age=20.8±1.6 years) participants completed squat jumps, countermovement jumps, and drop jumps to provide proxy measures of their neuromuscular performance and reactive strength. The cohort also completed the special judo fitness test (SJFT) as a proxy for their anaerobic capacity. Participant’s MMA success rates were determined using their MMA bout winning %. Relationships between physiological measures and success rates were calculated using Pearson’s r correlation coefficient (p<0.05). Both male and female jump characteristics were generally equal to athletes from other combat sports, but below athletes from non-combat sports. Males and females were found to be ‘poor/very poor’ in the majority of SJFT factors. Female success rate was found to have very large relationships to jump variables (SJ r = 0.713; CMJ r = 0.794; CMJ-AS r = 0.718; all p<0.05). Male success rate was found to have very large relationships to SJFT factors (# of throws r = 0.732; SJFT index r = - 0.648; both p<0.05). These results indicate that MMA success is dependent on different physiological factors in each sex. These results may also highlight areas for concern in MMA athlete’s physiological performance standards
Bibliometric analysis of worldwide scientific production in taekwondo
Full text link[EN] Taekwondo has experienced rapid growth over the last three decades, solidifying its position as one of the most prominent combat sports worldwide. The objective of this study was to analyze the academic output on taekwondo published in scientific journals using bibliometric methods. The search included publications up to December 31, 2024. Data was collected in the Scopus and Web of Science databases using Bibliometrix and VOSviewer software. The results showed that the oldest publication date back to 1979, with a notable upward trend in publications starting in 2010. A total of 1982 publications were found, of which 26 have 100 or more citations. Up to 689 scientific journals, 4979 authors and co-authors were associated with the publications. A total of 2480 academic institutions from 80 countries were identified, with South Korea, China, and Brazil being the countries with the highest number of publications. Additionally, South Korea and Brazil had the largest number of international collaboration networks. Despite the growing scientific production, the field presents structural weaknesses, such as an uneven distribution of author productivity and limited long-term engagement in taekwondo research from most researchers. Furthermore, some research domains within taekwondo, particularly those related to physical performance, appear to be developing faster than others, such as sociocultural or pedagogical perspectives
Effect of different work-to-rest ratios on physiological and perceptual responses to kickboxing specific high intensity intermittent exercise in elite male kickboxers
Full text link[EN] This study examined how different rest periods during high-intensity, intermittent kickboxing exercise affect physiological and perceptual responses in nine elite kickboxers. After being informed about the nature of the study, the athletes performed three exercise sessions consisting of kicks and punches with 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 work-to-rest ratios in a randomised order, with 48 hours between each session. Their heart rate (HR) was measured at rest, immediately after, and six minutes after each exercise protocol. The athletes performed a countermovement jump (CMJ) test before and after exercise. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and muscle soreness (PMS) were measured immediately after exercise. The number of kicks and punches performed by the athletes was recorded. Different rest ratios did not affect heart rate (F2, 14 = 1.08, p = 0.36). There was no difference in the number of kicks or punches performed by the athletes among different rest intervals (F2, 16 = 1.59, p = 0.24; F2, 16 = 1.70, p = 0.21). Exercises with different rest periods did not induce changes in CMJ (F₂,₁₆ = 0.69, p = 0.52). While the PMS responses of the athletes did not differ among the different rest intervals (F₂,₁₆ = 1.27, p = 0.31), the RPE values did differ among the exercises with the different rest intervals (F2, 16 = 3.70, p = 0.04). The athletes presented higher RPE values with the 1:1 interval than with the 1:2 and 1:3 intervals (p < 0.05). Kickboxing-specific HIIE with different rest intervals did not induce any physiological or performance differences, but led to a higher RPE following a short rest interval than a long one. These findings highlight that perceived difficulty (i.e. RPE) increases as the rest period shortens. Thus, there is a need to optimise HIIE protocols for targeted results and subjective recovery needs in this sport
Embodied power and identity: bodily discipline and sociocultural transformation in the Guangdong Chin Woo Athletic Association
Full text link[EN] This study aimed to deeply examine how the Guangdong Chin Woo Athletic Association, within the specific historical and regional context of Republican Era China, shaped members’ bodily concepts, behavior patterns, and values through its unique system of bodily discipline. It examines the intricate relationships between this process and individual identity, group identification, and national identity. This paper applies Foucault’s theory of bodily discipline to address the lack of previous research on the bodily disciplinary practices of specific regional Chin Woo branches and their sociocultural implications. Based on a meticulous review and analysis of primary archival materials, including the works Jing Wu Ben Ji and Jing Wu Yue Chuan, this study systematically analyzes the diverse bodily disciplinary practices of the Guangdong Chin Woo Athletic Association, encompassing the modernization of Chinese martial arts training, the organization of diverse cultural activities, and the establishment of strict institutional norms. The research reveals that the bodily discipline of the Guangdong Chin Woo Athletic Association was not merely a simple physical skills training, but a complex social process that integrated the call of the times, the leadership and promotion of social elites, organizational operational guarantees, and cultural inheritance and innovation. This disciplinary system effectively internalized specific bodily standards, behavioral norms, and values into members’ daily practices, not only enhancing members’ self-confidence and sense of group belonging but, more importantly, closely linking individual bodily experiences with national cultural identity and national identity, making the body a symbol carrying the hope of national rejuvenation. The study concludes that the bodily discipline of the Guangdong Chin Woo Athletic Association is a vivid embodiment of Modern China’s sports modernization transformation, bodily cultural changes, and the intertwining of power, identity construction, and social mobilization. It profoundly reveals the historical process in which the body was discovered, disciplined, and endowed with symbolic meaning under specific historical conditions
Successful marketing strategies for martial arts schools
Full text link[EN] This article delves into effective marketing strategies for martial arts schools, with a focus on insights from three successful taekwondo academies in the United States. The information was gathered through interviews with the founders of these schools, followed by an analysis of their strategies using the key marketing principles of STP (Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning). In this context, successful taekwondo academies are often strategically situated in urban and suburban areas with high foot traffic, fostering strong community engagement and attracting children from middle- and upper-class families who seek discipline as well as family-oriented programs. To enhance enrollment and retention, these schools implement targeted marketing strategies, including premium brand image, social media outreach, and specialized programs that emphasize personal growth, skill development, with a strong emphasis on Asian cultural elements and tradition. By examining these real-world examples, martial arts schools of any style or location may gain practical lessons for attracting and retaining students
Reliability of isometric and isokinetic trunk flexor strength using a functional electromechanical dynamometer
Full text link[EN] To determine the absolute and relative reliability of functional trunk tests, using a functional electromechanical dynamometer to evaluate the isokinetic strength of trunk flexors and to determine the most reliable assessment condition, in order to compare the absolute and relative reliability of mean force and peak force of trunk flexors and to determine which isokinetic condition of evaluation is best related to the maximum isometric. Methods: Test-retest of thirty-seven physically active male student volunteers who performed the different protocols, isometric contraction and the combination of three velocities (V1 = 015 m s-1 , V2 = 0.30 m s-1, V3 = 0.45 m s-1) and two range of movement (R1 = 25% cm ; R2 = 50% cm) protocols. Results: All protocols to evaluate trunk flexors showed an absolute reliability provided a stable repeatability for isometric and dynamic protocols with a coefficient of variation (CV) being below 10% and a high or very high relative reliability (0.69 0.86). The more reliable strength manifestation (CV = 6.82%) to evaluate the concentric contraction of trunk flexors was mean force, with 0.15 m s-1 and short range of movement (V1R1) condition. The most reliable strength manifestation to evaluate the eccentric contraction of trunk flexors was peak force, with 0.15 m s-1 and a large range of movement (V1R2; CV = 5.07%), and the most reliable way to evaluate isometric trunk flexors was by peak force (CV = 7.72%). The mean force of eccentric trunk flexor strength with 0.45 m s-1 and short range of movement (V3R1) condition (r = 0.73) was best related to the maximum isometric contraction. Conclusion: Functional electromechanical dynamometry is a reliable evaluation system for assessment of trunk flexor strength.S