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Exposure to metals in the adult population living in industrial areas: a systematic review of the literature
No full textEste artigo objetivou revisar os estudos de biomonitoramento humano (BMH) que avaliaram a exposição a chumbo (Pb), cádmio (Cd), mercúrio (Hg), níquel (Ni), arsênio (As) e manganês (Mn) em adultos residentes próximo a áreas industriais. Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática, sem limite de data inicial até dezembro de 2017, utilizando a base de dados da MEDLINE e a BVS. Foram incluídos estudos originais em inglês, português ou espanhol, com uso de sangue e/ou urina como biomarcador. Os artigos foram avaliados pelos critérios metodológicos, incluindo-se estudos com grupo de comparação e/ou amostragem probabilística. Dos 28 estudos incluídos, 54% foram realizados na Europa, 36% na Ásia, 7% na América do Norte e 4% na África. Fundições, metalúrgicas e siderúrgicas foram as indústrias mais estudadas. Urina e sangue foram usados em 82% e 50% dos estudos, respectivamente. Os elementos mais investigados foram Cd, Pb e As. Embora com metodologias heterogêneas, em geral, os estudos observaram maiores concentrações de metais em expostos, especialmente As e Hg, do que nos grupos de comparação. Esta revisão evidencia a necessidade de estudos de BMH com maior rigor metodológico, reforçando a importância da vigilância em saúde de populações expostas a metais tóxicos, sobretudo nos países em desenvolvimento.This study aimed to review studies of human biomonitoring (HBM) that evaluated exposure to lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), arsenic (As) and manganese (Mn) in adults living close to industrial areas. A systematic review of studies was selected, without initial date limit through to December 2017, from the MEDLINE and BVS databases. Original studies in English, Portuguese or Spanish conducted among the adult population using blood and/or urine as biomarkers were included. The articles were evaluated according to methodological criteria, including studies with comparison groups and/or probabilistic sampling. Of the 28 studies selected, 54% were conducted in Europe, 36% in Asia, 7% in North America and 4% in Africa. Foundries, metal works and steel mills were the most frequently studied. Urine and blood were used in 82% and 50% of studies, respectively. The elements most investigated were Cd, Pb and As. Despite using heterogeneous methodologies, the results revealed higher metal concentrations, especially from As and Hg in general, than in the comparison group. This review highlights the need for more rigorous methodological studies of HBM, stressing the importance of public health vigilance among populations exposed to toxic metals, especially in developing countries
Informativo nr. 150
No full textBoletim informativo desenvolvido pelo Nethis/Fiocruz Brasília com os principais eventos e notícias. Edição publicada no dia 09/08/2021
Dengue in Cabo Frio: a relation of risk areas with cases and hospitalisations in endemic municipality of the state of Rio de Janeiro, from 2010 to 2019
No full textObjetivo: Relacionar as áreas receptivas/vulneráveis do território com os casos e as inter-nações hospitalares por dengue no município de Cabo de Frio, no período de 2010 a 2019. Mé-todo: estudo ecológico que utiliza a escala de análise dos bairros do município de Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro. Para construção do Índice de Receptividade/Vulnerabilidade foram selecionadas va-riáveis relacionadas aos determinantes socioambientais da dengue, integrando a Análise de Com-ponentes Principais (ACP). As dimensões da ACP foram interpretadas e ponderadas pelo método de Análise de Processos Hierárquicos (AHP) e agregadas aos bairros por álgebra de mapas. Re-sultados: O Índice de Receptividade/Vulnerabilidade (IRV) identificou ampla heterogeneidade quando às condições socioambientais, sendo que as áreas classificadas como “alta” e “muito alta”, corresponderam a 57,95% do território cabofriense. Quando os casos foram sobrepostos ao IRV, observou-se que a grande maioria deles estava nas classes “alta” e “muito alta”. Além disso, o índice conseguiu captar os 4 aglomerados de casos de dengue no município. Entretanto, quando as internações foram sobrepostas ao índice, a maior parte delas ficou no bairro Jardim Caiçara, que foi classificado como “média” de IRV. Vale ressaltar que este bairro se encontra cercado por bairros de classificação “alta” de IRV. Conclusão: a metodologia aponta para o desenvolvimento de ações de vigilância diferenciadas para cada parte do território municipal. Desta forma se é mais eficiente quanto a alocação de recursos financeiros e humanos.Objective: To compare receptive/vulnerable areas of territory with cases and hospitalisa-tions due to Dengue fever in the municipality of Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil over 2010-19. Methodology: Ecological study utilising scale of analysis in the municipality of Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. To construct the Receptive/Vulnerability Index, variables related to the socio-environmental determinants of dengue were selected, integrating the Principal Component Anal-ysis (PCA). The dimensions of the PCA were interpreted and weighted by the method of Analysis of Hierarchical Processes (AHP) and added to the neighbourhoods by map algebra. Results: The Receptive/Vulnerability Index (RVI) identified ample heterogeneity in terms of socio-environ-mental conditions, with areas classified as “high” and “very high” corresponding to 57.95% of the Cabo Fries territory. When the cases were superimposed on the RVI, it was observed that the vast majority were in the “high” and “very high” classes. In addition, the index managed to cap-ture the 4 clusters of cases in the municipality. However, when admissions were superimposed on the index, most of them were in the Jardim Caiçara neighbourhood, which was classified as “average” for IRV. It is noteworthy that this neighbourhood is surrounded by neighbourhoods with “high” RVI ratings. Conclusion: The methodology points to the development of different surveillance actions for each part of the municipal territory. In this way, it is more efficient in terms of the allocation of financial and human resources
Esto no es pornografía de venganza: violencia contra niñas y mujeres a partir de la exposición de contenido íntimo en internet
No full textOs nomes verdadeiros das interlocutoras e dos interlocutores, bem como, o nome do grupo no Facebook, o qual as pesquisadoras tiveram a imersão etnográfica, não são citados no artigo por questões éticas ligadas às fontes.Aline Amaral Paz da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, do Centro de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Pós-Graduação em Comunicação teve seu artigo submetido e aprovado na edição da RECIIS - Dossiê Feminismos: perspectivas em comunicação e informação em saúde, parte 2 v. 15 n.3 (2021)Sandra Rúbia da Silva da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, do Centro de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, do Departamento de Ciências da Comunicação teve seu artigo submetido e aprovado na edição da RECIIS - Dossiê Feminismos: perspectivas em comunicação e informação em saúde, parte 2 v. 15 n.3 (2021)Entre questões que se elaboram nas dimensões do público e do privado na internet, a partir da acessibilidade dos smartphones e da configuração de plataformas que se organizam discursiva e tecnologicamente para que usuárias(os) estejam on-line e ativas(os) nas redes, a exposição não consensual de conteúdo íntimo de meninas e mulheres se configura em um problema potencializado. Nesse sentido, o artigo trata da exposição desautorizada de materiais íntimos, chamada no campo de ‘explanação’, apresentando dados etnográficos de um grupo no Facebook que desenvolve práticas para ajudar meninas, geralmente menores de idade, a se proteger e combater casos de explanação. Percebemos o exercício de uma forma atualizada de poder sobre o corpo e a sexualidade que se dissocia do padrão do que é entendido como pornografia de vingança. Nessa direção, o universo digital funciona como uma extensão do cotidiano, produzindo e estendendo violências contra meninas e mulheres.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes)Among issues that are elaborated in the public and private dimensions on the internet, from the accessibility of smartphones and the configuration of platforms that are discursive and technologically organized so that users are online and active on the networks, non-consensual exposure of intimate content of girls and women is an increasing problem. In this sense, the article deals with the unauthorized exposure of intimate materials, called in the field of ‘explanation’, presenting ethnographic data from a Facebook group that develops practices to help girls, usually minors, to protect themselves and fight cases of explanation. We perceive the exercise of an updated form of power over the body and sexuality that is dissociated from the pattern of what is understood as revenge pornography. In this direction, the digital universe works as an extension of everyday life, producing and extending violence against girls and women.Entre los temas que se elaboran en las dimensiones pública y privada en internet, desde la accesibilidad de los teléfonos inteligentes y la configuración de plataformas discursivas y tecnológicamente organizadas para que los usuarios estén en línea y activos en las redes, la exposición no consensuada de contenidos íntimos de niñas y mujeres es un problema cada vez mayor. En este sentido, el artículo trata sobre la exposición no autorizada de materiales íntimos, denominada en el campo de exposición, presentando datos etnográficos de un grupo de Facebook que desarrolla prácticas para ayudar a niñas, generalmente menores de edad, a protegerse y combatir casos de exposición. Percibimos el ejercicio de una forma actualizada de poder sobre el cuerpo y la sexualidad que se disocia del patrón de lo que se entiende como pornografía de venganza. En esta dirección, el universo digital funciona como una extensión de la vida cotidiana, produciendo y extendiendo la violencia contra niñas y mujeres
Microbe/Bug-Busters Visit the Interactive House: An Itinerant Scenographic Device for Health Education
No full textThe term Ecology is derived from οἶκος (Greek “house” or environment), but
our habitations usually overlooked in ecology or environmental studies. The
expression “at home” usually means safety and comfort, but at home we are
under risk of innumerous parasitic/microbial infections and contaminations/
envenomation. During the COVID-19 pandemic we were forced to stay at
home, but the virus and other pathogens were also home-delivered. Educa tion for health is highly effective in health promotion, particularly in poor
areas. Thus, prophylactic interventions approaching household environment
are required. The present activity aims community empowerment and en gagement in controlling parasitic diseases and other infections such as Cha gas disease, leishmaniasis, malaria, arboviruses etc. Inspired on the use of a
house maket by Dr. Virgínia Schall to demonstrate Aedes mosquitoes breed ing sites. We also employ house makets displaying pathogen vectors breed ing/hiding sites. Although some makets can be opened, revealing intradomi ciliary milieu, we intended to offer the public a literally “insider” view of this
largely overlooked scenery. The “Interactive House”, also known as “House
with no viruses and other bugs” is an educative, interactive, ludic device ela borated on an inflatable igloo, with furniture and utensils crafted using
reused/recycled or low-cost materials. Live mosquito larvae were placed at
peridomicile in water-accumulating plant pot saucer, leaves-clogged gutter,
used tire, dog water bowl as well as within the domicile, in the shower drain
trap. Evidengue®, crafted in cloth to block mosquito oviposition developed is
presented. Participants enjoy taking part in the activity, seem amused, play,
laugh and smile while enthusiastically take pictures. This educative activity permits health communication in a ludic interactive way, which may contri bute to health promotion in areas with public health problems
Characterization of Mariner transposons in seven species of Rhus gall aphids
No full textTransposable elements (TEs), also known as jumping genes, are widely spread in the genomes of insects and play a considerable role in genomic evolution. Mariner/DD34D family belongs to class II transposable elements which is widely spread in the genomes of insects and have considerable role in genomic evolution. Mariner like elements (MLEs) were searched in the genomes of seven species of Rhus gall aphids belonging to six genera. In total, 121 MLEs were detected in the genomes of the seven investigated species of Rhus gall aphids, which showed a wide distribution in both close and distant related species. The sequences of MLEs ranged from 1 to 1.4 kb in length and the structural analysis of the MLEs showed that only five copies were potentially active with intact open reading frame (ORF) and terminal inverted repeats (TIRs). Phylogenetic analysis showed that all the 121 MLE sequences belonged to four subfamilies, i.e., Mauritiana, Drosophila, Vertumana and Irritans, among which Drosophila and Vertumana subfamilies were reported in aphids for the first time. Our present report revealed the diversity and distribution of MLEs in Rhus gall aphid genomes and expanded our understandings on the characterization of transposable elements in aphid genomes, which might be useful as genetic markers and tools and would play an important role in genomic evolution and adaptation of aphids
Using the Robson classification to assess caesarean section rates in Brazil: an observational study of more than 24 million births from 2011 to 2017
No full textCentral da Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde do Ministério da Saúde. Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia (FAPESB). Wellcome Trust.Background: Applying the Robson classification to all births in Brazil, the objectives of our study were to estimate the rates of caesarean section delivery, assess the extent to which caesarean sections were clinically indicated, and identify variation across socioeconomic groups. Methods: We conducted a population-based study using routine records of the Live Births Information System in Brazil from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2017. We calculated the relative size of each Robson group; the caesarean section rate; and the contribution to the overall caesarean section rate. We categorised Brazilian municipalities using the Human Development Index to explore caesarean section rates further. We estimated the time trend in caesarean section rates. Results: The rate of caesarean sections was higher in older and more educated women. Prelabour caesarean sections accounted for more than 54 % of all caesarean deliveries. Women with a previous caesarean section (Group 5) made up the largest group (21.7 %). Groups 6–9, for whom caesarean sections would be indicated in most cases, all had caesarean section rates above 82 %, as did Group 5. The caesarean section rates were higher in municipalities with a higher HDI. The general Brazilian caesarean section rate remained stable during the study period. Conclusions: Brazil is a country with one of the world’s highest caesarean section rates. This nationwide population-based study provides the evidence needed to inform efforts to improve the provision of clinically indicated caesarean sections. Our results showed that caesarean section rates were lower among lower socioeconomic groups even when clinically indicated, suggesting sub-optimal access to surgical care
Rapamycin Improves the Response of Effector and Memory CD8+ T Cells Induced by Immunization With ASP2 of Trypanosoma cruzi
No full textDeficiency in memory formation and increased immunosenescence are pivotal features of
Trypanosoma cruzi infection proposed to play a role in parasite persistence and disease
development. The vaccination protocol that consists in a prime with plasmid DNA followed
by the boost with a deficient recombinant human adenovirus type 5, both carrying the
ASP2 gene of T. cruzi, is a powerful strategy to elicit effector memory CD8+ T-cells against
this parasite. In virus infections, the inhibition of mTOR, a kinase involved in several
biological processes, improves the response of memory CD8+ T-cells. Therefore, our aim
was to assess the role of rapamycin, the pharmacological inhibitor of mTOR, in CD8+ T
response against T. cruzi induced by heterologous prime-boost vaccine. For this purpose,
C57BL/6 or A/Sn mice were immunized and daily treated with rapamycin for 34 days.
CD8+ T-cells response was evaluated by immunophenotyping, intracellular staining,
ELISpot assay and in vivo cytotoxicity. In comparison with vehicle-injection, rapamycin
administration during immunization enhanced the frequency of ASP2-specific CD8+ T cells and the percentage of the polyfunctional population, which degranulated (CD107a+
)
and secreted both interferon gamma (IFNg) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). The beneficial
effects were long-lasting and could be detected 95 days after priming. Moreover, the
effects were detected in mice immunized with ten-fold lower doses of plasmid/adenovirus.
Additionally, the highly susceptible to T. cruzi infection A/Sn mice, when immunized with
low vaccine doses, treated with rapamycin, and challenged with trypomastigote forms of
the Y strain showed a survival rate of 100%, compared with 42% in vehicle-injected group.
Trying to shed light on the biological mechanisms involved in these beneficial effects on
CD8+ T-cells by mTOR inhibition after immunization, we showed that in vivo proliferation
was higher after rapamycin treatment compared with vehicle-injected group. Taken together, our data provide a new approach to vaccine development against intracellular
parasites, placing the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin as an adjuvant to improve effective CD8+
T-cell response
Integrated analysis of label-free quantitative proteomics and bioinformatics reveal insights into signaling pathways in male breast cancer
No full textMale breast cancer (MBC) is a rare malignancy that accounts for about 1.8% of all breast cancer cases. In contrast to the high number of the “omics” studies in breast cancer in women, only recently molecular approaches have been performed in MBC research. High-throughput proteomics based methodologies are promisor strategies to characterize the MBC proteomic signatures and their association with clinico-athological parameters. In this study, the label-free quantification-mass spectrometry and bioinformatics approaches were applied to analyze the proteomic profiling of a MBC case using the primary breast tumor and the corresponding axillary metastatic lymph nodes and adjacent non-tumor breast tissues. The differentially expressed proteins were identified in the signaling pathways of granzyme B, sirtuins, eIF2, actin cytoskeleton, eNOS, acute phase response and calcium and were connected to the upstream regulators MYC, PI3K SMARCA4 and cancer-related chemical drugs. An additional proteomic comparative analysis was performed with a primary breast tumor of a female patient and revealed an interesting set of proteins, which were mainly involved in cancer biology. Together, our data provide a relevant data source for the MBC research that can help the therapeutic strategies for its management
Characterization of the Temporal Pattern of Blood Protein Digestion in Rhodnius prolixus: First Description of Early and Late Gut Cathepsins
No full textRhodnius prolixus is one important vector for the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi in Latin
America, where Chagas disease is a significant health issue. Although R. prolixus is
a model for investigations of vector–parasite interaction and transmission, not much
has been done recently to further comprehend its protein digestion. In this work, gut
proteolysis was characterized using new fluorogenic substrates, including optimum
pH, inhibition profiles, and tissue and temporal expression patterns. Each protease
possessed a particular tissue prevalence and activity cycle after feeding. Cathepsin L
had a higher activity in the posterior midgut lumen, being characterized by a plateau of
high activities during several days in the intermediate phase of digestion. Cathepsin D
showed high activity levels in the tissue homogenates and in the luminal content of the
posterior midgut, with a single peak 5 days after blood feeding. Aminopeptidases are
highly associated with the midgut wall, where the highest activity is located. Assays with
proteinaceous substrates as casein, hemoglobin, and serum albumin revealed different
activity profiles, with some evidence of biphasic temporal proteolytic patterns. Cathepsin
D genes are preferentially expressed in the anterior midgut, while cathepsin L genes are
mainly located in the posterior portion of the midgut, with specific sets of genes being
differently expressed in the initial, intermediate, or late phases of blood digestion