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Genomic Analysis of Multidrug-Resistant Enterococcus faecium Harboring vanA Gene from Wastewater Treatment Plants
No full textA Rede Genômica Fiocruz é formada por especialistas de todas as unidades da Fundação no país e de institutos parceiros que se empenham diariamente em gerar dados mais robustos sobre o comportamento do SARS-Cov-2 e contribuir para um melhor preparo do país no enfrentamento da pandemia em termos de diagnóstico mais precisos e vacinas eficazes. Saiba mais sobre a Rede Genômica Fiocruz em: http://www.genomahcov.fiocruz.br/The emergence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (Efm) harboring vanA gene and multidrug-resistant determinants is a relevant public health concern. It is an opportunistic pathogen responsible for nosocomial infections widely distributed in the environment, including wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Our study addresses a genomic investigation of vanA-carrying Efm from WWTPs in Brazil. Samples from five WWTPs supplied with sewage from different sources were evaluated. Here we present whole-genome sequencing of eight vanA-Efm isolates performed on Illumina MiSeq platform. All these isolates presented multidrug-resistant profile, and five strains were from treated wastewater. Multiple antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) were found, such as aph(3′)-IIIa, ant(6′)-Ia, erm(B), and msrC, some of them being allocated in plasmids. The virulence profile was predominantly constituted by efaAfm and acm genes and all isolates, except for one, were predicted as human pathogens. Multilocus sequence typing analysis revealed a new allele and five different STs, three previously described (ST32, ST168, and ST253) and two novel ones (ST1893 and ST1894). Six strains belonged to CC17, often associated with hospital outbreaks. As far as our knowledge, no genomic studies of vanA-Efm recovered from WWTPs revealed isolates belonging to CC17 in Brazil. Therefore, our findings point to the environmental spread of Efm carrying multiple ARGs
Considerations about the Geographic Distribution of Histoplasma Species
No full textHistoplasmosis is a mycotic infection principally affecting pulmonary tissue; sometimes, histoplasmosis can progress into a systemic disease. This infection involves immunocompetent and immunosuppressed human and other mammalian hosts, depending on particular circumstances. Histoplasmosis infection has been documented worldwide. The infection is acquired by inhaling infective mycelial propagules of the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. New reports of clinical cases of histoplasmosis in extreme latitudes could be related to human social adaptations and climate changes in the world, which are creating new favorable environments for this fungus and for bats, its major natural reservoirs and dispersers. Histoplasma has been isolated from most continents, and it is considered a complex of cryptic species, consisting of various groups of isolates that differ genetically and correlate with a particular geographic distribution. Based on updated studies, Histoplasma taxonomy is adjusting to new genetic data. Here, we have suggested that Histoplasma has at least 14 phylogenetic species distributed worldwide and new genotypes that could be under deliberation. Histoplasma's geographic radiation began in South America millions of years ago when the continents were joined and the climate was favorable. For fungal spreading, the role of bats and some birds is crucial, although other natural factors could also participate
Waste valorization through sustainable management at the Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos - Bio-Manguinhos /Fiocruz: case study
No full textOs autores externos submeteram sua publicação para apresentação de trabalho no evento “International Symposium on Immunobiologicals”, que foi coordenado e organizado pelo Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos (Bio-Manguinhos), da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz
Chagas Immunochromatographic Rapid Test in the Serological Diagnosis of Trypanosoma cruzi Infection in Wild and Domestic Canids
No full textCanis lupus familiaris (domestic dog) represents a reliable sentinel for the occurrence of a
well-established transmission cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi among wild mammals in the
surroundings and, consequently, where the risk of human infection exists. Serological
diagnosis is the chosen method to identify T. cruzi infection in dogs that, in Brazil, rarely
present positive parasitological tests. The use of recombinant chimeric parasitic antigens
results in a sensitive and specific serological diagnostic test in contrast to the use of crude
T. cruzi antigens. Our objective was to evaluate the Chagas/Bio-Manguinhos Lateral Flow
Immunochromatographic Rapid Test (Chagas-LFRT) for the diagnosis of T. cruzi infection
in domestic dogs and the potential of application of this diagnostic platform to wild canid
species. Two recombinant proteins (IBMP-8.1 and IBMP-8.4) that displayed the best
performance in the enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) in previous studies were tested in a
platform with two diagnostic bands. A panel of 281 dog serum samples was evaluated:
133 positive for T. cruzi by serological diagnosis, including 20 samples with positive blood
cultures belonging to different discrete typing units (DTUs); 129 negative samples; and 19
samples from dogs infected by other trypanosomatids: Leishmania infantum,
Trypanosoma rangeli, Trypanosoma caninum and Crithidia mellificae, in addition to
samples infected by Anaplasma platys, Dirofilaria immitis and Erlichia sp. that were
employed to evaluate eventual cross-reactions. We also evaluated the Chagas-LFRT to
detect T. cruzi infection in 9 serum samples from six wild canid species. We observed that
the intensity pattern of the bands was directly proportional to the serological titer observed
in IFAT. The sensitivity was 94%, the specificity was 91% according to the ROC curve, and
the defined cutoff was an optical density of 4.8. The agreement obtained was considered substantial by the kappa analysis (84%). From T. cruzi positive hemoculture samples,
88.9% were positive by Chagas-LFRT. The test was efficient in recognizing infections by
five of the six T. cruzi DTUs. Cross-reactions were not observed in infections by L.
infantum, T. rangeli, T. caninum and D. immitis; however, they were observed in sera of
dogs infected by Crithidia mellificae, Anaplasma sp. and Erlichia sp. A strong reaction was
observed when serum samples from wild canids were submitted to the Protein A affinity
test, confirming its applicability for these species. This test will allow rapid preventive
actions in areas with high risk to the emergence of Chagas disease in a safer, reliable, lowcost
and immediate manner, without the need for more complex laboratory tests
Mortality from congenital zika syndrome: nationwide cohort study in Brazil
No full textSupported by the Secretary of Health Surveillance, Ministry of Health of Brazil, and by grants from the Wellcome Trust (213589/Z/18/Z, to Dr. Paixao), the Wellcome Trust with the U.K. Department for International Development (205377/Z/16/Z, to Dr. Barreto), the British Council Newton Fund (527418645, to Dr. Brickley), and the European Union Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under the Zika Preparedness Latin American Network (ZikaPLAN; 734584, to Dr. Brickley).BACKGROUND
Prenatal exposure to Zika virus has potential teratogenic effects, with a wide spec-
trum of clinical presentation referred to as congenital Zika syndrome. Data on
survival among children with congenital Zika syndrome are limited.
METHODS
In this population-based cohort study, we used linked, routinely collected data in
Brazil, from January 2015 through December 2018, to estimate mortality among
live-born children with congenital Zika syndrome as compared with those without
the syndrome. Kaplan–Meier curves and survival models were assessed with ad-
justment for confounding and with stratification according to gestational age,
birth weight, and status of being small for gestational age.
RESULTS
A total of 11,481,215 live-born children were followed to 36 months of age. The
mortality rate was 52.6 deaths (95% confidence interval [CI], 47.6 to 58.0) per 1000
person-years among live-born children with congenital Zika syndrome, as com-
pared with 5.6 deaths (95% CI, 5.6 to 5.7) per 1000 person-years among those
without the syndrome. The mortality rate ratio among live-born children with
congenital Zika syndrome, as compared with those without the syndrome, was
11.3 (95% CI, 10.2 to 12.4). Among infants born before 32 weeks of gestation or
with a birth weight of less than 1500 g, the risks of death were similar regardless
of congenital Zika syndrome status. Among infants born at term, those with con-
genital Zika syndrome were 14.3 times (95% CI, 12.4 to 16.4) as likely to die as
those without the syndrome (mortality rate, 38.4 vs. 2.7 deaths per 1000 person-
years). Among infants with a birth weight of 2500 g or greater, those with con-
genital Zika syndrome were 12.9 times (95% CI, 10.9 to 15.3) as likely to die as
those without the syndrome (mortality rate, 32.6 vs. 2.5 deaths per 1000 person-
years). The burden of congenital anomalies, diseases of the nervous system, and
infectious diseases as recorded causes of deaths was higher among live-born
children with congenital Zika syndrome than among those without the syndrome.
CONCLUSIONS
The risk of death was higher among live-born children with congenital Zika syn-
drome than among those without the syndrome and persisted throughout the first
3 years of life. (Funded by the Ministry of Health of Brazil and others.
Conocimiento y prácticas de riesgo para la infección por VIH en la población general, hombres jóvenes y HSH de tres municipios brasileños en 2019
No full textO objetivo do estudo foi descrever o conhecimento e práticas de risco à infecção pelo HIV na amostra total de cada município, entre homens de 15 a 24 anos que vivem sem companheiro(a), e homens que fizeram sexo com homems (HSH) pelo menos uma vez na vida em três cidades brasileiras. Foi realizado estudo de corte transversal de base domiciliar com amostragem por conglomerados em três estágios (setores censitários, domicílios, indivíduos), com estratificação por sexo, faixa etária (15-24; 25-34; 35-44; 45-59) e vive com companheiro(a) na seleção do indivíduo. Estimaram-se proporções e intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%) de indicadores de conhecimento, testagem do HIV, comportamento sexual e autoavaliação do risco. Foram analisados 5.764 indivíduos em Campo Grande, 3.745 em Curitiba e 3.900 em Florianópolis. Baixo nível de conhecimento foi encontrado para os métodos de prevenção, sobretudo para profilaxia pré-exposição (PrEP). Práticas de sexo desprotegido foram frequentes nos três municípios. As proporções de teste de HIV na vida foram 57,2% (IC95%: 55,1-59,2) em Curitiba, 64,3% (IC95%: 62,7-66,0) em Campo Grande, e 65,9% (IC95%: 64,0-67,7) em Florianópolis. Entre homens de 15-24 anos, proporções de uso de drogas estimulantes e práticas sexuais desprotegidas foram mais altas que nos demais grupos etários. Entre os HSH, as proporções de teste de HIV na vida foram superiores a 80%. Mais de 30% foram parceiros receptivos no sexo anal sem uso de preservativo, e menos de 5% avaliam seu risco como alto. É preciso adotar estratégias de comunicação mais eficazes sobre a prevenção da infecção do HIV, incluindo a ampliação de conhecimentos que poderiam motivar práticas sexuais mais seguras.The study aimed to describe knowledge and risk practices related to HIV infection in three Brazilian cities in the general population, men 15 to 24 years of age living without a partner, and men that reported sex with other men (MSM) at least once in life. This was a cross-sectional householdbased study with three-stage cluster sampling (census tracts, households, individuals) stratified by sex, age group (15-24; 25-34; 35-44; 45-59), and conjugal status in the individual selection. We estimated the proportions and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) of indicators of knowledge, HIV testing, sexual behavior, and self-rated risk. We analyzed 5,764 individuals in Campo Grande, 3,745 in Curitiba, and 3,900 in Florianópolis. Low levels of knowledge were found for preventive methods, especially PrEP. Unprotected sex practices were frequent in the three municipalities. Lifetime HIV test rates were 57.2% (95%CI: 55.1- 59.2) in Curitiba, 64.3% (95%CI: 62.7-66.0) in Campo Grande, and 65.9% (95%CI: 64.0-67.7) in Florianópolis. Among men 15-24 years of age, the proportions of stimulant drug use and unprotected sexual practices were higher than in the other age groups. Lifetime HIV test rates exceeded 80% in MSM. More than 30% of MSM were receptive partners in anal sex without condoms, and fewer than 5% assessed their risk as high. More effective communication strategies are needed on prevention of HIV infection, including increased knowledge that could motivate safer sexual practices.El objetivo fue describir el conocimiento y prácticas de riesgo para la infección por el HIV en la muestra total de cada municipio, entre hombres de 15 a 24 años que viven sin compañero(a), y hombres que practicaron sexo con hombres (HSH) por lo menos una vez en la vida en tres ciudades brasileñas. Se trata de un estudio de corte transversal con base domiciliaria, con una muestra por conglomerados en tres fases (sectores censales, domicilios, individuos), con estratificación por sexo, franja de edad (15-24; 25-34; 35-44; 45-59) y vive con compañero(a) en la selección del individuo. Se estimaron las proporciones e intervalos de 95% de confianza (IC95%) de indicadores de conocimiento, testeo del VIH, comportamiento sexual y autoevaluación del riesgo. Se analizaron a 5.764 individuos en Campo Grande, 3.745 en Curitiba y 3.900 en Florianópolis. Se encontró un bajo nivel de conocimiento respecto a los métodos de prevención, sobre todo para PrEP. Fueron frecuentes las prácticas de sexo desprotegido en los tres municipios. Las proporciones de tests de VIH en la vida fueron 57,2% (IC95%: 55,1-59,2) en Curitiba, 64,3% (IC95%: 62,7-66,0) en Campo Grande, y 65,9% (IC95%: 64,0-67,7) en Florianópolis. Entre hombres de 15-24 años, las proporciones de uso de drogas estimulantes y prácticas sexuales desprotegidas fueron más altas que en los demás grupos de edad. Entre los HSH, las proporciones de test de VIH en la vida fueron superiores a 80%. Más de un 30% fueron parejas receptivas en el sexo anal, sin uso de preservativo, y menos de un 5% evalúan su riesgo como alto. Es necesario adoptar estrategias de comunicación más eficaces sobre la prevención de la infección contra el VIH, incluyendo la ampliación de conocimientos que podrían motivar prácticas sexuales más seguras
Prevalence and clinical profiling of dysglycemia and HIV infection in persons with pulmonary tuberculosis in Brazil
No full textWe thank the study participants. We also thank the teams of clinical and laboratory platforms of RePORT-Brazil. A special thanks to Elze Leite (FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil), Eduardo Gama (FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), Elcimar Junior (FMT-HVD, Manaus, Brazil), and Hilary Vansell (VUMC, Nashville, USA) for administrative and logistical support.Pesquisa Intramuros Programa da FIOCRUZ (BA.). Fogarty International Center e Instituto Nacional de Saúde Infantil e Desenvolvimento Humano dos Institutos Nacionais de Saúde. Conselho Nacional de
Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq). Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia (FAPESB). Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior.Intramural research program of FIOCRUZ (BA.)Fogarty International Center and National Institute of Child Health & Human Development of the National Institutes of Health under (Award Number
D43 TW009763NIH (U01AI069923)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), BrazilFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia (FAPESB), BrazilCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Finance
code: 001)Background: There are scarce data on the prevalence and disease presentation of HIV in patients with tuberculosis (TB) and dysglycemia (diabetes [DM] and prediabetes [PDM]), especially in TB-endemic countries. Methods: We assessed the baseline epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with culture-confirmed pulmonary TB, enrolled in a multicenter prospective cohort in Brazil (RePORT-Brazil) during 2015–2019. Dysglycemia was defined by elevated glycated hemoglobin and stratified as PDM or DM. Additionally, we used data from TB cases obtained through the Brazilian National Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN), during 2015–2019. In SINAN, diagnosis of diabetes was based on self-report. Logistic regression models were performed to test independent associations between HIV, dysglycemia status, and other baseline characteristics in both cohorts. Results: In the RePORT-Brazil cohort, the prevalence of DM and of PDM was 23.7 and 37.8%, respectively. Furthermore, the prevalence of HIV was 21.4% in the group of persons with TB-dysglycemia and 20.5% in that of patients with TBDM. In the SINAN cohort, the prevalence of DM was 9.2%, and among the TBDM group the prevalence of HIV was 4.1%. Logistic regressions demonstrated that aging was independently associated with PDM or DM in both the RePORT-Brazil and SINAN cohorts. In RePORTBrazil, illicit drug use was associated with PDM, whereas a higher body mass index (BMI) was associated with DM occurrence. Of note, HIV was not associated with an increased risk of PDM or DM in patients with pulmonary TB in both cohorts. Moreover, in both cohorts, the TBDM-HIV group presented with a lower proportion of positive sputum smear and a higher frequency of tobacco and alcohol users. Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of dysglycemia in patients with pulmonary TB in Brazil, regardless of the HIV status. This reinforces the idea that DM should be systematically screened in persons with TB. Presence of HIV does not substantially impact clinical presentation in persons with TBDM, although it is associated with more frequent use of recreational drugs and smear negative sputum samples during TB screening
Evaluation of heat inactivation of yellow fever vaccine residue in the filling bottle
No full textOs autores externos submeteram sua publicação para apresentação de trabalho no evento “International Symposium on Immunobiologicals”, que foi coordenado e organizado pelo Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos (Bio-Manguinhos), da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz
Computational design of neutralizing scfv for gastric cancer protein cldn6
No full textOs autores externos submeteram sua publicação para apresentação de trabalho no evento “International Symposium on Immunobiologicals”, que foi coordenado e organizado pelo Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos (Bio-Manguinhos), da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz
