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Knocking down TcNTPDase-1 gene reduces in vitro infectivity of Trypanosoma cruzi
No full textEcto-Nucleoside Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolases are enzymes that hydrolyze tri- and/or diphosphate nucleosides. Evidences pointed out to their participation in Trypanosoma cruzi virulence, infectivity, and purine acquisition. In this study, recombinant T. cruzi knocking out or overexpressing the TcNTPDase-1 gene were built, and the role of TcNTPDase-1 in the in vitro interaction with VERO cells was investigated. Results show that epimastigote forms of hemi-knockout parasites showed about 50% lower level of TcNTPDase-1 gene expression when compared to the wild type, while the T. cruzi overexpressing this gene reach 20 times higher gene expression. In trypomastigote forms, the same decreasing in TcNTPDase-1 gene expression was observed to the hemi-knockout parasites. The in vitro infection assays showed a reduction to 51.6 and 59.9% at the adhesion and to 25.2 and 26.4% at the endocytic indexes to the parasites knockout to one or other allele (Hygro and Neo hemi-knockouts), respectively. In contrast, the infection assays with T. cruzi overexpressing TcNTPDase-1 from the WT or Neo hemi-knockout parasites showed an opposite result, with the increasing to 287.7 and 271.1% at the adhesion and to 220.4 and 186.7% at the endocytic indexes, respectively. The parasitic load estimated in infected VERO cells by quantitative real time PCR corroborated these findings. Taken together, the partial silencing and overexpression of the TcNTPDase-1 gene generated viable parasites with low and high infectivity rates, respectively, corroborating that the enzyme encoded for this gene plays an important role to the T. cruzi infectivity
Por que o Brasil levou tanto tempo para apresentar queda no número diário de mortes por Covid-19?
No full textGrande parte dos países que vivenciaram a pandemia de Covid-19 reduziram o número diário de mortes registradas até um mês e meio depois do primeiro óbito pela doença. Já o Brasil começou a reduzir esse número somente 79 dias após o registro da primeira morte. Mas a que se deve esse fator? O pesquisador da ENSP Paulo Nadanovsky explica, no artigo publicado em seu blog, o porquê de o Brasil ter continuado a apresentar números mais altos de infecções e mortes diárias
The gender patenting gap: a study on the Iberoamerican countries
No full textPurpose: This work presents a study on the female involvement in patent applications in all 23 Ibero-American countries that are WIPO members, in order to measure gender inequalities in institutional collaborations and technological fields, across time. Design/methodology/approach: The data used in this paper come from EPO Worldwide Patent Statistical Database (PATSTAT). PATSTAT contains bibliographical data relating to more than 100 million patent documents from leading industrialized and developing countries, as well as legal event data from more than 40 patent authorities contained in the EPO worldwide legal event data (INPADOC). The extracted subset is composed of 150,863 patent applications with priority years between 2007 and 2016. Findings: Our observations indicate that even in more dynamic economies such as Portugal and Spain, the participation of women per patent applications does not exceed 30%. Additionally, the distribution of female participation among institutional sectors and technological fields is consistent with previous studies in other regions and indicate a socio-cultural divide. Research limitations: Unisex names were not considered and were counted as gender unknown, and patent applications for which no inventor information was available were discarded, but further effort of data analysis may provide more information about gender inequalities. Practical implications: While patents are imperfect variables of inventive step and therefore should be considered as a variable proxy of innovation, our findings may help to guide the implementation of policies for balancing gender participation in innovative activities, as well as instigating research into the issues causing divisive participation along gender lines. Originality/value: While there is a widespread effort into evaluating and improving the participation of groups recognized as minorities within state-of-the-art activities, research about women participation in the innovation sector is fragmented due to differing regional characteristics: industrial and academic segmentation, socio-economic disparities, and cultural factors. Thus, localized studies present an opportunity of filling the gaps of knowledge on societal participation in innovation activities
Zoonotic sporotrichosis with greater severity in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: 118 hospitalizations and 11 deaths in the last 2 decades in a reference institution
No full textSince 1998, there has been an increase in the number of cat-transmitted cases of human sporotrichosis in Rio de Janeiro state, and severe forms are observed especially when associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A retrospective search of the INI/ Fiocruz database was conducted to identify sporotrichosis cases, hospitalized and deceased patients, between 1999 and 2015. There were 3917 adult patients diagnosed, 75 of them hospitalized, and 11 died. We conclude there is still a progression toward hyperendemic levels and greater severity has been demonstrated mainly in a socially excluded population.2050-01-0
COVID-19 faecal-oral transmission: Are we asking the right questions?
No full textDocumento disponível em acesso aberto pela Editora, devido a pandemia da COVID-19.Detection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in stools and sewage has recently been reported, raising the hypothesis of
faecal-oral transmission. If confirmed, this could have far-reaching consequences for public health and for pandemic control strategies. In this paper, we argue that a comprehensive and more nuanced analysis is required to test this hypothesis, taking into consideration both environmental dynamics and the persistence of viral infectivity. First, we examine the evidence regarding the presence of the virus in stools and sewage. Then we discuss the current framework of disease transmission through water and excreta and how the transmission of a respiratory disease fits into it. Against this background, we propose a framework to test the faecal-oral hypothesis, unpacking the different environmental routes from faeces to the mouth of a susceptible person. This framework should not be seen as a confirmation of the hypothesis but rather as an expanded view of its complexities, which could help shaping an agenda for research into a number of unanswered questions. Finally, the paper briefly discusses practical implications, based on current knowledge, for containment of the pandemic
Análise crítica do sistema de vigilância do sarampo no Brasil, 2001 a 2018
No full textO sarampo é uma doença exantemática febril viral, com alto potencial de infectividade, causada por um vírus da família Paramyxoviridae, gênero Morbillivirus. Trata-se de uma doença imunoprevenível a partir de vacina segura e eficaz contra a doença. Apesar de o sarampo ser uma doença imunoprevenível, ainda representa uma importante causa de morbimortalidade infantil em muitos países, principalmente naqueles em desenvolvimento. O Brasil eliminou a transmissão autóctone do vírus do sarampo a partir do ano 2000; desde então, foram confirmados vários casos de sarampo importados ou relacionados a importações. Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o desempenho do sistema de vigilância epidemiológica na interrupção da circulação do vírus autóctone do sarampo, no Brasil de 2001 a 2018. Durante o período avaliado, foram confirmados 11.836 (onze mil, oitocentos e trinta e seis) casos de sarampo no Brasil. O ano de 2001 apresentou o menor número de casos seguido de 2002; o ano de 2018 apresentou o maior número de casos. Os anos de 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2016 e 2017 não registraram casos de sarampo no Brasil. Somente os estados de Alagoas, Amapá, Acre, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Paraná, Rio Grande do Norte e Tocantins não apresentaram surtos de sarampo de 2001 a 2018. Cinco genótipos foram encontrados durante o período G3, D8, D5, D4 e B3. Quanto aos dados dos nove indicadores de qualidade da vigilância epidemiológica, taxa de notificação (TN), cobertura vacinal (CV) e investigação oportuna (IO) tiveram classificação excelente (30%); coleta oportuna (CO), casos encerrados por laboratório (CEL) e notificação negativa (NN) foram satisfatórios (30%); homogeneidade da cobertura vacinal (HCV), resultado oportuno (RO) e investigação adequada (IA) foram regulares (30%); envio oportuno (EO) foi insatisfatório (10%). Todos os indicadores de qualidade da vigilância epidemiológica de forma integrada se complementam e são fundamentais para a eliminação do sarampo no Brasil. Falhas que impedem o alcance dos indicadores de vigilância devem ser corrigidos para que o Brasil volte novamente a ser um país livre da doença, como ocorrido no ano de 2016.Measles is a viral febrile rash disease with a high potential for infectivity, caused by a virus of the Paramyxoviridae family, genus Morbillivirus. It is a vaccine-preventable disease, with characteristics of being safe and effective against the disease. Although measles is an immunopreventable disease, it still represents an important cause of infant morbidity and mortality in many countries, especially in developing countries. Brazil eliminated the indigenous transmission of the measles virus from the year 2000. Since then, several cases of imported or import-related measles have been confirmed. This work aims to analyze the performance of the epidemiological surveillance system in interrupting the circulation of the indigenous measles virus in Brazil from 2001 to 2018. During the evaluated period, 11,836 (eleven thousand, eight hundred and thirtysix) cases of measles were confirmed in Brazil. 2001 was the year with the lowest number of cases, followed by 2002, 2018 was the year with the highest number of cases. The years 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2016 and 2017 did not record measles cases in Brazil. Only the states of Alagoas, Amapá, Acre, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Paraná, Rio Grande do Norte and Tocantins did not show measles outbreaks from 2001 to 2018. Five genotypes were found during the period G3, D8, D5, D4 and B3. As for the data of the nine indicators of quality of epidemiological surveillance, notification rate (NR), vaccination coverage (VC) and timely investigation (TI) had an excellent classification (30%); timely collection (TC), cases closed by the laboratory (CCL) and negative notification (NN) were satisfactory (30%); homogeneity of vaccination coverage (HVC), timely result (TR) and adequate investigation (AI) were regular (30%); timely delivery (TD) was unsatisfactory (10%). All quality indicators of epidemiological surveillance in an integrated manner complement each other and are fundamental for the measles elimination in Brazil. Flaws that prevent the reach of the surveillance indicators must be corrected in order for Brazil to once again be free of such disease, as occurred in the year of 2016.2021-07-1
Hora de distância física e solidariedade total (Editorial)
No full textDevido a pandemia mundial do COVID-19, o artigo da revista foi liberado em acesso aberto durante o ano de 2020, visando divulgação e disseminação.A pandemia de Covid-19 atingiu simultaneamente 156
países, em março, com a maior concentração de novos
casos na Europa. No Brasil, mesmo com a vantagem de um
sistema de saúde público e gratuito, as recomendações de
distanciamento social e trabalho remoto esbarram numa
realidade desigual de condições de moradia, trabalho e
renda. Pesa também o contexto mundial, mais agudo aqui,
de desvalorização do conhecimento científico e desrespeito
a direitos humanos e sociais, resultando em ignorância,
oportunismo e mais exclusão. Felizmente, ainda há solidariedade, como a dos profissionais da saúde, que se arriscam
na linha de frente dos atendimentos e têm sido aplaudidos
pela população. Desinformação intencional virou problema de saúde
pública. Desfazer o estrago que causam as fake news
consome tempo e energia que deveriam ser direcionados
à aproximação da população com especialistas da saúde,
para que a realidade e as necessidades sociais interajam
com o conhecimento, as orientações e as regulações
sanitárias. Em três meses, a Fiocruz recebeu mais de 500
solicitações da imprensa para entrevistas. Em março, 40
por dia. Desde janeiro, 450 mil exemplares da Revista Radis
chegaram às mãos dos leitores e o Portal Fiocruz, com
bastante conteúdo sobre coronavírus, teve 3,3 milhões
de acessos
Genomic Surveillance of Yellow Fever Virus Epizootic in São Paulo, Brazil, 2016 – 2018
No full textSão Paulo, a densely inhabited state in southeast Brazil that contains the fourth most populated
city in the world, recently experienced its largest yellow fever virus (YFV) outbreak in
decades. YFV does not normally circulate extensively in São Paulo, so most people were
unvaccinated when the outbreak began. Surveillance in non-human primates (NHPs) is
important for determining the magnitude and geographic extent of an epizootic, thereby
helping to evaluate the risk of YFV spillover to humans. Data from infected NHPs can give
more accurate insights into YFV spread than when using data from human cases alone. To
contextualise human cases, identify epizootic foci and uncover the rate and direction of YFV
spread in São Paulo, we generated and analysed virus genomic data and epizootic case
data from NHPs in São Paulo. We report the occurrence of three spatiotemporally distinct
phases of the outbreak in São Paulo prior to February 2018. We generated 51 new virus
genomes from YFV positive cases identified in 23 different municipalities in São Paulo,
mostly sampled from NHPs between October 2016 and January 2018. Although we observe
substantial heterogeneity in lineage dispersal velocities between phylogenetic branches,
continuous phylogeographic analyses of generated YFV genomes suggest that YFV lineages spread in São Paulo at a mean rate of approximately 1km per day during all phases
of the outbreak. Viral lineages from the first epizootic phase in northern São Paulo subsequently
dispersed towards the south of the state to cause the second and third epizootic
phases there. This alters our understanding of how YFV was introduced into the densely
populated south of São Paulo state. Our results shed light on the sylvatic transmission of
YFV in highly fragmented forested regions in São Paulo state and highlight the importance
of continued surveillance of zoonotic pathogens in sentinel species
The relation between mediation and use in the research field of information and communication in France
No full textO estudo analisou as epidemias de dengue e de influenza A (H1N1) na mídia impressa do Espírito Santo (ES). Foram coletadas todas as matérias que abordavam essas epidemias, no período de novembro de 2007 a dezembro de 2010, no periódico A Tribuna. Foram analisadas as matérias em relação às suas características editoriais, à distribuição temporal e à relação com o número de casos notificados e mortes pelas respectivas patologias, coletado nos Sistemas de Informação em Saúde. A dengue registrou 1.870 matérias, 133.641 notificações e 94 mortes no período. Já a H1N1 registrou 411 notícias, 519 casos e 15 mortes. Houve diferença estatisticamente significante nas representações de dengue e de influenza A (H1N1) no que diz respeito à chamada na capa, aos editorias, ao espaço editorial e ao tipo de matéria opinativa. Houve correlação estatística mais forte entre o número de mortes, notificações e notícias de dengue, quando comparadas às mesmas correlações para influenza A (H1N1). A quantidade de casos notificados influencia diretamente na midiatização das doenças estudadas. As epidemias contemporâneas constituem eventos complexos dos quais as construções midiáticas participam ativamente, colocando em cena percepções de risco que podem elevar exponencialmente as tensões e interferir nas políticas de saúde.This study analyzedthe dengue and influenza A (H1N1) epidemics in the printed media of Espírito Santo state (ES). All reports from November 2007 to December 2010were collected from the newspaper A Tribuna. The data collected from the Health Information Systems were quantitatively analyzed as per their editorial characteristics, theirdate of distribution and the number of reported cases and deaths due to the respective pathologies. Dengue was pinpointedin 1.870 articles, 133.641 notifications and 94 deaths in the period. H1N1 was pinpointedin 411 news stories, 519 cases and 15 deaths. There was a significant statistic difference in the representations of dengue and influenza A (H1N1) concerning the cover, the editorials, the editorial space and type of opinionated report. There was a stronger statistical correlation between the number of deaths, notifications and news reports of dengue, when compared to the same correlations for influenza A (H1N1). The number of reported cases directly influences the spread of the news of the diseases studied. Contemporary epidemics are complex events, in which media constructions participate actively, bringing risk perceptions intofocusthat may exponentially raise tensions and meddle in health policies.El estudio analizó las epidemias de dengue y influenza A (H1N1) en los medios impresos de Espírito Santo (ES). Recolectamos todos los artículos que abordaron estas epidemias, desde noviembre de 2007 hasta diciembre de 2010, en la revista A Tribuna. Los artículos fueron analizados en relación con sus características editoriales, distribución temporal y relación con el número de casos reportados y muertes de las respectivas patologías recogidas en los Sistemas de Información de Salud. Dengue registró 1.870 artículos, 133.641 informes y 94 muertes en el período. El H1N1 ya registró 411 noticias, 519 casos y 15 muertes. Hubo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en las representaciones de dengue y influenza A (H1N1) con respecto a la portada, editoriales, espacio editorial y tipo de artículo de opinión. Hubo una correlación estadística más fuerte entre el número de muertes por dengue, notificaciones y noticias, cuando se compararon las mismas correlaciones para la gripe A (H1N1). El número de casos reportados influye directamente en la mediatización de las enfermedades estudiadas. Las epidemias contemporáneas son eventos complejos, en los que participan activamente las construcciones de los medios, poniendo en escena percepciones de riesgo que pueden aumentar exponencialmente las tensiones e interferir con las políticas de salud