28492 research outputs found
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Saúde mental dos trabalhadores de saúde em tempos de coronavírus
No full textDevido a pandemia mundial do COVID-19, o artigo da revista foi liberado em acesso aberto durante o ano de 2020, visando divulgação e disseminação.A epidemia pelo coronavírus traz um desafio extra para a saúde mental dos profissionais de saúde. A noção de carga de trabalho da ergonomia francesa pode nos ajudar a pensar num amplo leque de possibilidades de impactos do trabalho sobre a saúde mental dos trabalhadores de saúde. Assim podemos nos aproximar de possíveis formas de intervenção. A carga de trabalho para os ergonomistas diz respeito aos recursos que o trabalhador precisa mobilizar para fazer face às exigências do trabalho. No trabalho, como em qualquer atividade, a carga se apresenta nessas três dimensões sempre, podendo haver sobrecarga em um aspecto ou outro ou todos. Aqui, vamos utilizar esse conceito de carga para pensar o trabalho dos profissionais de saúde em meio à epidemia de coronavírus. Não sem antes acrescentarmos uma dimensão negligenciada da carga que é, em se tratando de profissionais de saúde essencial, a carga moral
Mosquito genomes are frequently invaded by transposable elements through horizontal transfer
No full textTransposable elements (TEs) are mobile genetic elements that parasitize basically all eukaryotic species genomes. Due to their complexity, an in-depth TE characterization is only available for a handful of model organisms. In the present study, we performed a de novo and homology-based characterization of TEs in the genomes of 24 mosquito species and investigated their mode of inheritance. More than 40% of the genome of Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, and Culex quinquefasciatus is composed of TEs, while it varied substantially among Anopheles species (0.13%-19.55%). Class I TEs are the most abundant among mosquitoes and at least 24 TE superfamilies were found. Interestingly, TEs have been extensively exchanged by horizontal transfer (172 TE families of 16 different superfamilies) among mosquitoes in the last 30 million years. Horizontally transferred TEs represents around 7% of the genome in Aedes species and a small fraction in Anopheles genomes. Most of these horizontally transferred TEs are from the three ubiquitous LTR superfamilies: Gypsy, Bel-Pao and Copia. Searching more than 32,000 genomes, we also uncovered transfers between mosquitoes and two different Phyla-Cnidaria and Nematoda-and two subphyla-Chelicerata and Crustacea, identifying a vector, the worm Wuchereria bancrofti, that enabled the horizontal spread of a Tc1-mariner element among various Anopheles species. These data also allowed us to reconstruct the horizontal transfer network of this TE involving more than 40 species. In summary, our results suggest that TEs are frequently exchanged by horizontal transfers among mosquitoes, influencing mosquito's genome size and variability
The induction of host cell autophagy triggers defense mechanisms against Trypanosoma cruzi infection in vitro
No full textAcesso aberto em 20/04/2020 - hhtp;?https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S017193351930144X?token=213749C9F9F6F455F65F32295E5545DA7946D0D5020A7B705D38BCBC1BBA38A627A33F1420BBF85ABEA98C394F096A45Trypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas disease, a neglected illness that affects millions of people worldwide, especially in Latin America. The balance between biochemical pathways triggered by the parasite and host cells response will ultimately define the progression of a life-threatening disease, justifying the efforts to understand cellular mechanisms for infection restrain. In this interaction, parasite and host cells are affected by different physiological responses as autophagy modulation, which could be under intense cellular stress, such as nutrient deprivation, hormone depletion, or infection. Autophagy is a constitutive pathway that leads to degradation of macromolecules and cellular structures and may induce cell death. In Trypanosoma cruzi infection, the relevance of host autophagy is controversial regarding in vitro parasite intracellular life cycle. In the present study, we evaluated host cell autophagy during T. cruzi infection in phagocytic and non-professional phagocytic cells. We described that the presence of the parasite increased the number of LC3 puncta, a marker for autophagy, in cardiac cells and peritoneal macrophages in vitro. The induction of host autophagy decreased infection in macrophages in early and late time-periods. We suggest that starved phagocytic cells reduced internalization, also confirmed by inert particles and dead trypomastigotes. Whereas, in cardiac cells, starvation-induced autophagy decreased lipid droplets and infection in later time-point, by reducing parasite differentiation/proliferation. In ATG5 knockout MEF cells, we confirmed our hypothesis of autophagy machinery activation during parasite internalization, increasing infection. Our data suggest that host autophagy downregulates T. cruzi infection through impairing parasite intracellular life cycle, reducing the infection in primary culture cells.2025-01-0
Biodiversity and the patent system: the Brazilian case
No full textAccording to Myers and others, 44 per cent of all vascular plants and 35 per cent of all species of the four vertebrate groups are confined to only 25 biodiversity hotspots, which comprise only 1.4 per cent of the Earth’s surface. Among the 25 hotspots surveyed, the vast majority is located in the territories of least developed or developing countries, where the biodiversity is not converted into economic richness. Biological resources have been used as models for the generation of solutions to various challenges faced by our society in the recent past and the acquired knowledge about natural products and processes has proven to be a generator of income. However, the countries and populations which are the real owners of those natural assets and knowledge often do not have their rights recognized and are not included in the value chains created around these natural resources. Consequently, the use of genetic resources (GRs) and associated traditional knowledge (TK) extracted from countries rich in biodiversity has been a source of dissatisfaction. The absence of appropriate authorization from the real custodians, low-income countries and their traditional populations, as well as the lack of recognition and retribution for the use of these resources by researchers around the world are common sources to the discontentment.2030-12-3
Robótica pela Vida
No full textCrianças e adolescentes com condições crônicas e complexas de saúde geralmente passam por longos períodos de internação, em que, por vezes, o afastamento de sua rede social e familiar pode ser um fator agravante para sua qualidade de vida e no seu conhecimento cognitivo. O objetivo deste aplicativo é promover o ensino de robótica para pacientes em atendimento ambulatorial e de unidade de internação pediátrica, situadas em instituto de referência nacional de média e alta complexidade.Fiocru
Talk show: novo Coronavírus SARS-CoV-2 COVID 19
No full textPalestra ministrada no dia 12 de março de 2020 no auditório externo da Fiocruz Brasília.Palestra ministrada pelo pesquisador da Fiocruz Brasília e médico sanitarista Cláudio Maierovitch sobre o Novo Coronavírus SARS-CoV-2 COVID 19 com uma introdução da pesquisadora e diretora da Fiocruz Brasília: Fabiana Damásio
Scanning electron microscopy and machine learning reveal heterogeneity in capsular morphotypes of the human pathogen Cryptococcus spp
No full textPhenotypic heterogeneity is an important trait for the development and survival of many microorganisms including the yeast Cryptococcus spp., a deadly pathogen spread worldwide. Here, we have applied scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to define four Cryptococcus spp. capsule morphotypes, namely Regular, Spiky, Bald, and Phantom. These morphotypes were persistently observed in varying proportions among yeast isolates. To assess the distribution of such morphotypes we implemented an automated pipeline capable of (1) identifying potentially cell-associated objects in the SEM-derived images; (2) computing object-level features; and (3) classifying these objects into their corresponding classes. The machine learning approach used a Random Forest (RF) classifier whose overall accuracy reached 85% on the test dataset, with per-class specificity above 90%, and sensitivity between 66 and 94%. Additionally, the RF model indicates that structural and texture features, e.g., object area, eccentricity, and contrast, are most relevant for classification. The RF results agree with the observed variation in these features, consistently also with visual inspection of SEM images. Finally, our work introduces morphological variants of Cryptococcus spp. capsule. These can be promptly identified and characterized using computational models so that future work may unveil morphological associations with yeast virulence
Association of past dengue fever epidemics with the risk of Zika microcephaly at the population level in Brazil
No full textDespite all the research done on the first Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemics, it was only after the Brazilian epidemic that the Congenital Zika Syndrome was described. This was made possible due to the large number of babies born with microcephaly in the Northeast region (NE) in a narrow time. We hypothesize that the fivefold difference in the rate of microcephalic neonates between the NE and other regions is partially an effect of the population prior immunity against Dengue viruses (DENV), that cross-react with ZIKV. In this ecological study, we analysed the interaction between dengue fever epidemics from 2001 to 2014 and the 2015/2016 microcephaly epidemic in 400 microregions in Brazil using random-effects models under a Bayesian approach. The estimated effect of the time lag between the most recent large dengue epidemic (>400/100,000 inhabitants) and the microcephaly epidemic ranged from protection (up to 6 years prior) to an increased risk (from 7 to 12 years). This sustained window of protection, larger than described in previous longitudinal studies, is possibly an effect of herd immunity and of multiple exposures to DENV that could boost immunity
Informativo Obha: intervenções nutricionais para tratamento de indivíduos diagnosticado com o COVID-19
No full textInformativo elaborado pelo Observatório Brasileiro de Hábitos Alimentares (OBHA) com o propósito de compartilhar reflexões sobre este momento com o propósito de afirmar, construir e reconstruir ações de promoção a alimentação adequada e saudável para durante e após a pandemia do COVID-19
Leishmania Presence in bats in areas endemic for Leishmaniasis in Central-West Brasil
No full textLeishmaniasis involves the participation of several species of both wild and domestic mammal hosts and sandfly vectors, which demonstrates the eco-epidemiological complexity observed in this disease. Bats are among the most abundant types of mammals and the scarcity of research on Leishmania infection in these animals gives evidence of the importance of new studies that aim to clarify this relationship. This study aimed to detect the Leishmania spp. in bats. 146 bats, representing 16 different species belonging to the Molossidae, Vespertilionidae, and Phyllostomidae families, were received and processed for collection of tissues. Skin samples were collected from 100% of the bats, and liver samples were collected from 87% (n=127). After evaluating the quality of the DNA extracted by means of PCR directed to the IRBP gene, the samples considered suitable for the Leishmania detection test were submitted for PCR directed to Leishmania kDNA, and to confirm positivity, were tested to the SSUrRNA gene-directed Nested-PCR. The Leishmania presence in the species Molossus pretiosus, Nyctinomops macrotis, and Lasiurus cinereus are the first reports this encounter in these species of bats in Brazil. Furthermore, new species of bats as possible hosts for L. infantum are reported, such as Molossus pretiosus, Myotis nigricans, Nyctinomops laticaudatus, Nyctinomops macrotis, and, for L. braziliensis, Lasiurus cinereus and Cynomops planirostris. These findings in bats in an area endemic for leishmaniasis indicate that these animals may be involved in sustaining the disease cycle in this location