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Determining the who and when of leading and following: A micro-temporal analysis of reciprocated leadership claiming and granting patterns in dyads
Get PDFAdaptive leadership theory decouples leadership identities and behaviors from formal leadership roles, proposing that individuals negotiate who leads and who follows through reciprocated leaderโfollower actions. The present research tests the core tenets of this theory in the context of formal leaderโfollower dyads. We examine how formal leadersโ and followersโ claiming and granting behaviors are shaped by factors at the individual level (i.e., formal roles, leadership structure schemas (LSSs)), and relational level (i.e., convergence of LSSs, interaction history). We also assess whether reciprocated leadership claims enhance leader identity salience, independent of formal role. Applying a multi-method approach, combining survey-based measures and behavioral interaction coding data from 86 individuals in 43 dyads (4,262 behavioral units), we found that individuals in formal leader roles claimed leadership significantly more frequently than formal followers, yet LSS did not moderate these behaviors. Reciprocated claims and grants were not significantly linked to leader identity salience. However, early interaction patterns were linked to similar behavioral patterns later, underscoring the role of relational history in shaping leadership dynamics. These findings inform our understanding of leader identity construction in formal dyads, clarify the boundary conditions under which adaptive leadership theory applies, and offer practical guidance for fostering co-constructed leadership processes
Loneliness and preferences for objects in light versus dark background lighting
Get PDFIntroduction: When presented with temperature related options that metaphorically reflect loneliness or non-loneliness, lonely people choose the non-lonely option. Less is known about the reasons for this preference, or whether it also extends to the visual domain. Across six experiments (Total N = 1,725) we investigate whether background lighting that evokes a conceptual metaphor of loneliness activates undesired self-schemas and motivates preferences for objects presented with bright versus dark background lighting.Methods and results: Studies 1-2 found that chronic and state loneliness were associated with preferences for objects in brightness rather than darkness. Study 3 replicated results from Study 2 and provided evidence for the idea that lonely people do not prefer objects in darkness because they evoke a negative self-congruity with the object. Study 4 demonstrated that engaging in conscious information processing of dark background lighting eliminated the effects of loneliness on object preference and the associated negative emotions. Studies 5 and 6 provided evidence that the effects of loneliness were only for objects that had self-referent salience, supporting an ideal self-object congruity hypothesis.Conclusion: This research reveals a novel link between loneliness and lighting preferences, and as such advances understanding of the metaphorical mapping of loneliness, and the implications of individual differences in loneliness for decision-making and consumer behavior
Precision cosmology with the lightest elements
Get PDFIn this brief review, we describe the key role played by Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) in todayโs โPrecision Cosmologyโ, focusing in particular on the precise determination of the primordial abundance of deuterium. We describe the development of the ideas and methods of BBN research from their beginnings more than 75 years ago to the latest developments, and conclude with a forward look to likely advances expected towards the end of the current decade
A tropical approach to rigidity: Counting realisations of frameworks
Get PDFA realisation of a graph in the plane as a barโjoint framework is rigid if there are finitely many other realisations, up to isometries, with the same edge lengths. Each of these finitely many realisations can be seen as a solution to a system of quadratic equations prescribing the distances between pairs of points. For generic realisations, the size of the solution set depends only on the underlying graph so long as we allow for complex solutions. We provide a characterisation of the realisation number โ that is the cardinality of this complex solution set โ of a minimally rigid graph. Our characterisation uses tropical geometry to express the realisation number as an intersection of Bergman fans of the graphic matroid. As a consequence, we derive a combinatorial upper bound on the realisation number involving the Tutte polynomial. Moreover, we provide computational evidence that our upper bound is usually an improvement on the mixed volume bound
Towards Neurodiversity-Affirmative Provision Within Domestic Abuse Perpetrator Programs: Exploring the Experiences and Perspectives of Domestic Abuse Practitioners From Australia, The Netherlands, The United Kingdom and The United States
Get PDFWhile minimum standards for Domestic Abuse Perpetrator Programs (DAPP) are beginning to reflect the need for neurodiversity-affirmative provision, the intersection of neurodivergence and domestic abuse remains poorly understood, as are the implications for DAPP provision. This paper draws on semi-structured interviews with neurodivergent and neurotypical domestic abuse perpetrator program practitioners from Australia, the Netherlands, the United States and the United Kingdom who had adapted how they worked to be more inclusive of Autistic men and those with lived experience of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The aims of this study are two-fold. Firstly, it explores DAPP practitionersโ understandings of neurodivergent (Autistic and ADHD) menโs violence, coercion and control towards their partners. Secondly, it details how DAPP practitioners had adapted their practice to make it more inclusive of neurodivergent men. Although a small sample, new insights were revealed about how practitioners understood the intersection of neurodivergence and domestic abuse, and how their views shaped how they work with neurodivergent men within DAPP provision. While practitioners stressed that Autism and ADHD do not cause domestic abuse, a major finding was that Autistic and/or ADHD men may exert control not only as a form of abuse, but also as a coping strategy to manage anxiety, (dys)regulation, and to provide structure in a disabling and unpredictable, neurotypical world. Other insights included the need to suspend (neurotypical) assumptions about how their neurodivergent men experience, perceive and relate to the world and the relationships they encounter within it so that they can engage them on a more meaningful level. Practitioners also offered up reflections and concerns when working with victim-survivors within integrated partner support services. Practice implications and future research are discussed
Fabrication and functionalisation of poly(ฮต-caprolactone)-based materials for water treatment: A comprehensive review
Get PDFPoly(ฮต-caprolactone) (PCL)-based materials have emerged as promising materials for water treatment due to their biodegradability, structural tunability, and compatibility with functional modifications. Beyond previous general PCL reviews, this work offers a focused assessment of PCL-based materials for water treatment, integrating fabrication routes, hierarchical structures, and treatment mechanisms into a coherent framework. A critical summary of recent progress in the design and application of PCL-based composites across four major treatment mechanisms (adsorption, membrane separation, photocatalytic degradation, and biodegradation) was provided, with an emphasis on underlying structureโpropertyโperformance relationships. The effects of fabrication strategies, including electrospinning, phase separation, freeze-drying, and 3D printing, on membrane morphology, surface functionality, and pollutant removal performance are systematically analysed. Strategies for performance enhancement are discussed in terms of polymer blending, nanofiller incorporation, and hierarchical structural design, highlighting how these approaches tune wettability, porosity, and interfacial interactions to enhance adsorption and separation efficiency. This review also examines multifunctional hybrid systems that couple photocatalysis with filtration or adsorption, along with the emerging use of PCL as a biodegradable carbon source and microbial carrier for denitrification. In addition, the review provides a comparative perspective that synthesises recent fabrication strategies and treatment pathways, clarifying their respective structural advantages and practical limitations. Despite notable advances, challenges remain in achieving long-term mechanical stability, recyclability, scalable fabrication, and consistent performance under real wastewater conditions. The review concludes with an outlook on integrating green fabrication, quantitative structureโperformance correlations, and digital optimisation tools to accelerate the translation of PCL-based materials into practical, sustainable water treatment technologies
Are sovereign debts sustainable under energy transition?
Get PDFWe document the effects of transitioning the economyโs energy sectors towards low-carbon sources on sovereign debt sustainability by integrating climate change assessment models into stochastic debt sustainability analysis. Using projections from the Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS), we evaluate orderly and disorderly transition pathways aligned with the Paris Agreement. The model accounts for both the transition risk premium affecting debt financing costs and the transition impacts on economic growth affecting the debt-to-GDP ratio. We find significant increases in sovereign debt across 16 countries worldwide, beginning in the late 2030s. To offset these debt increases, annual fiscal adjustments up to 0.9% of GDP would be necessary, with substantial cross-country differences. Stabilizing the elevated debt levels resulting from energy transition would require total fiscal adjustments averaging 1.5%โ1.7% of GDP, depending on climate projections. Transitions with stringency set at about two-thirds of the NGFSโs can be financed sustainably. We further show that transition risks incentivize debt management toward longer maturities and that green growth, spurred by the transition, of about 0.6% could offset the debt impact. Using a model variant that accounts for debt fundamentals across the full economy, we corroborate the findings for the energy sector and show that recycling carbon tax revenues toward debt repayment could improve debt sustainability under certain conditions
Through Thick and Thin: The Cosmic Evolution of Disk Scale Height
Get PDFTo investigate the formation and evolution of vertical structures in disk galaxies, we measure global sech2 scale heights, averaging thin and thick components when present, for 2631 edge-on disk galaxies with M* > 1010Mโ at 0 1.5 but rises to 4.0 ยฑ 0.4 at z = 0.25. These results imply that the high-redshift progenitors of present-day thick disks were of intermediate thickness, neither thin nor thick, yet dynamically hot and dense. The observed radial variation of scale height is consistent with the artificial flaring expected from observational effects, disfavoring minor mergers as the primary mechanism of disk thickening. Instead, we suggest that the high-redshift intermediate-thickness disks were single-component systems that increased their vertical scale height through decreasing surface mass density and/or violent gravitational instabilities, eventually producing thick disks. Thin-disk growth begins at z โ 2 and dominates at z โฒ 1, yielding a vertically more compact system with decreasing scale heights from z โ 1 to 0. The inferred thin-disk mass fraction increases from 0.1 ยฑ 0.03 at z = 1 to 0.6 ยฑ 0.1 at z = 0. Together, these findings reveal a continuous evolutionary link between high-redshift single-component disks and present-day disks comprising thick and thin components
A novel numerical method for solving time-fractional models in cardiac electrophysiology
Get PDFTime-fractional models in cardiac electrophysiology are well known for capturing cardiac memory, which is a key factor of cardiac electrical activity in both normal and pathological tissues such as alternans. Numerical simulation of these models is computationally demanding and requires accurate time discretization schemes and fine spatial meshes to resolve stiff depolarization and repolarization wave fronts. In the present study, we propose a novel fractional numerical differentiation formula for solving the time-fractional Aliev-Panfilov monodomain model. This method is based on a quadratic spline approximation and it offers high accuracy and efficiency compared to existing classical numerical schemes for time-fractional models. For the space discretization, we employ a second-order finite element method on unstructured meshes. Numerical results demonstrate the convergence and computational efficiency of the proposed method and confirm its effectiveness for modeling cardiac electrical dynamics. Moreover, we present the impact of fractional orders on the transmembrane potential and the action potential duration in a two-dimensional cut of a segmented realistic heart geometry
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