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Apache Tomcat: Enabling Scripting Languages in JSPs
Full text linkThe Java Server Page (JSP) technology allows Java programmers to write webserver applications by injecting Java code into HTML or XML pages which then get translated into Java programs, compiled and executed each time a client request refers to that JSP. This presentation introduces a new taglib which makes it possible to use any Java scripting language (exploiting either the Java scripting framework or the Apache Bean Scripting framework) in JSPs in addition to or instead of Java thereby serving client requests in the client's request thread. The taglib allows among other things to fetch the script code from files and invoke such programs with the servlet's service method arguments (request and response)
The effect of industrialization and globalization on domestic land-use: A global resource footprint perspective
No full textLand-use activities are increasingly globalized and industrialized. While this contributes to a reduction of pressure on domestic ecosystems in some regions, spillover effects from these processes represent potential obstacles for global sustainable land-use. This contribution scrutinizes the complex global resource nexus of national land-use intensity, international trade of biomass goods, and resource footprints in land-use systems. Via a systematic account of the global human appropriation of net primary production (HANPP) and input–output modelling, we demonstrate that with growing income countries reduce their reliance on local renewable resources, while simultaneously consuming more biomass goods produced in other countries requiring higher energy and material inputs. The characteristic 'outsourcing' country appropriates 43% of its domestic net primary production, but net-imports a similar amount (64 gigajoules per capita and year) from other countries and requires energy (11 GJ/cap/yr) and material (~400 kg/cap/yr) inputs four to five times higher as the majority of the global population to sustain domestic land-use intensification. This growing societal disconnect from domestic ecological productivity enables a domestic conservation of ecosystems while satisfying growing demand. However, it does not imply a global decoupling of biomass consumption from resource and land requirements.Security: staffonl
Zukunftsperspektiven höherer kaufmännischer und wirtschaftsberuflicher Vollzeitschulen
Full text linkWie zu kaum einer Zeit führen Digitalisierung und Automatisierung zu drastischen Umwälzungen am
Arbeitsmarkt. Fast alle Berufsbilder quer über alle Branchen sind, wenn auch unterschiedlich stark, von
der Technologisierung betroffen (vgl. Frey/Osborne 2013; 2017; Dengler/Matthes 2018). Stark davon
betroffen sind vor allem jene Berufsbilder, die sich sehr stark durch automatisierbare Routinetätigkeiten
auszeichnen. Deren Relevanz erodiert entweder vollends oder sie sind von einer starken Dynamik im
Qualifikationsprofil gekennzeichnet. Das scheint insbesondere für Berufe in der Fertigung, den unter-
nehmensbezogenen Dienstleitungsberufen, Berufen in Unternehmensführung und -organisation oder
auch für Handelsberufe zu gelten (vgl. WEF 2018; Haiss/Mahlberg/Michlits 2021). Für diese und für
andere höhere Berufe im kaufmännischen und wirtschaftlichen Bereich qualifiziert die Handelsakade-
mie auf der Sekundarstufe II. Sie steht vor diesem Hintergrund ganz besonders vor der Herausforderung,
ihre curriculare Ausrichtung so anzupassen, dass sie auch in Zukunft ihren Absolvent/inn/en reale
Beschäftigungsmöglichkeiten in höheren Berufen ermöglicht. Mehrere Indikatoren lassen darauf schlie-
ßen, dass die Zeit hinsichtlich einer Profilschärfung drängt (vgl. Skala 2012; 2016; 2020). In diesem
Beitrag werden aktuelle Rahmenbedingungen thematisiert und mögliche Handlungsstrategien für die
künftige Positionierung der kaufmännischen höheren Schulen diskutiert
The impact of job satisfaction on valuers’ attitudes towards professional ethics
Full text linkProfessional ethics is one of the two pillars of the valuer’s business practice, alongside expert knowledge. Ethical principles are usually formulated within a code of professional ethics which valuers are obliged to follow. The approach to professional ethics is a complex problem and it is conditioned by several factors. In our study, we pose the question whether higher professional satisfaction of real estate valuers translates into more ethical attitudes regarding work-related dilemmas. We conducted research on property valuation services in two European markets: Austria and Poland. Data for the analysis was drawn from 176 surveys in which valuers were asked to respond to hypothetical work situations corresponding to the principles of the real estate valuer’s code. The results obtained using the ordinary least squares (OLS) and two-stage last squares (2SLS) regression methods allow us to conclude that higher job satisfaction positively impacts valuers’ ethical attitudes. The segment of the market served is also an important driver. Valuers who mainly work for property developers show a significantly lower level of ethical attitudes. The influence of the country on professional ethics is ambiguous
Connecting to place, people, and past: How products make us feel grounded
Full text linkConsumption can provide a feeling of groundedness or being emotionally rooted. This can occur when products connect consumers to their physical (place), social (people), and historic (past) environment. We introduce the concept of groundedness to the literature and show that it increases consumer choice, increases happiness, and increases feelings of safety, strength, and stability. Following these consequential outcomes, we demonstrate how marketers can provide consumers with a feeling of groundedness through product designs, distribution channels, and marketing communications. We also show how they might segment the market using observable proxies for consumers’ need for groundedness, such as high computer use, high socio-economic status, or life changes brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic. Taken together, we argue that groundedness is a powerful concept providing a comprehensive explanation for a variety of consumer trends, including the popularity of local, artisanal, and nostalgic products. It seems that in times of digitization, urbanization, and global challenges, the need to feel grounded has become particularly acute
The impacts of climate change mitigation on work for the Austrian economy
Full text linkClimate change mitigation – reducing emissions to zero and substituting fossil fuels through
renewable energy within a maximum of two decades – entails major consequences for modern
industrial societies and economies. Industrial societies are structurally centred and dependent on
work, however, the implications for work are insufficiently studied. We conduct an empirical
analysis of the impacts of climate mitigation on work across all sectors of the Austrian national
economy. Using a mixed methods approach, we investigate all NACE-classified branches of
economic activity, the respective number of persons employed, CO2 emissions, fossil fuel use,
renewable energy potential, and the societal importance of work. We find that the impacts of
climate mitigation on work are far more substantial than the literature usually suggests. Required
are significant reductions of work across all sectors, and its structural reorganisation based on an
altered energy basis. Yet, potential for deployment of renewable energy technologies is currently
not given for many fields of work that are dependent on fossil fuels. While the category of essential
work further indicates the kinds of work that may be prioritised in transformation processes,
particularly problematic are those deemed both essential for society and incompatible with climate
mitigation. The study provides an initial empirical basis for substantiated differentiation of kinds of
work regarding these key aspects of climate change mitigation and structural transformation. It also
points to the need for institutions to address these challenges and the problematic ways in which
work is organised and held sacrosanct in modern society.Series: SRE - Discussion Paper
Health determinants among refugees in Austria and Germany: A propensity-matched comparative study for Syrian, Afghan, and Iraqi refugees
Full text linkIn recent years, Germany and Austria have been among the leading European receiving countries for asylum seekers and refugees (AS&R). The two countries have cultural and economic similarities, but differ, for example, in their health care systems, with AS&R having unrestricted access to health services upon arrival in Austria, but not in Germany. This study investigates the determinants of health among refugees in Austria and Germany, and how these determinants differ between the two countries. We analyze comparable and harmonized survey data from both countries for Syrian, Afghan, and Iraqi nationals aged 18 to 59 years who had immigrated between 2013 and 2016 (Germany: n = 2,854; Austria: n = 374). The study adopts a cross-sectional design, and uses propensity score matching to examine comparable AS&R in the two receiving countries. The results reveal that the AS&R in Germany (72%) were significantly less likely to report being in (very) good health than their peers in Austria (89%). Age and education had large impacts on health, whereas the effects of length of stay and length of asylum process were smaller. Compositional differences in terms of age, sex, nationality, education, and partnership situation explained the country differences only in part. After applying propensity score matching to adjust for structural differences and to assess non-confounded country effects, the probability of reporting (very) good health was still 12 percentage points lower in Germany than in Austria. We conclude that many of the determinants of health among AS&R correspond to those in the non-migrant population, and thus call for the implementation of similar health policies. The health disadvantage found among the AS&R in Germany suggests that removing their initially restricted access to health care may improve their health
Social added value of inpatient nursing and care facilities in Lower Austria and Styria
Full text linkThe NPO & SE Competence Center was commissioned by the Federal Association of Nursing and Care Homes in Austria to analyse the social and economic impacts of inpatient nursing and care facilities in Lower Austria and Styria. The observation period refers to the year 2013. The evaluation was carried out by means of an SROI analysis, the aim of which is to record and evaluate the social added value created by the inpatient nursing and care facilities as comprehensively as possible.
In 2021, the study report was translated into English and slightly abbreviated in this process. While all findings of Lower Austria are presented in detail, the findings of Styria have been summarized
Bayesian Spatial Econometrics and the Need for Software
Full text linkBayesian approaches to spatial econometric models are relatively uncommon in applied work, but play an important role in the development of new methods. This is partly due to a lack of easily accessible, flexible software for the Bayesian estimation of spatial models. Established probabilistic software struggles with computational specifics of these models, while classical implementations cannot harness the flexibility of Bayesian modelling. In this paper, I present bsreg, an object-oriented R package, that bridges this gap. The package enables quick and easy estimation of spatial econometric models and is readily extensible. Using the package, I demonstrate the merits of the Bayesian approach by means of a well-known dataset on cigarette demand. Bayesian and frequentist point estimates coincide, but posterior inference affords better insights on uncertainty. I find that in previous works with distance-based connectivities the average spillover effects were overestimated considerably, highlighting the need for tried and tested software.Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Serie