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Supports pratiques pour le conseil de coopération dans les écoles secondaires
Get PDFDans les écoles secondaires, le conseil de coopération offre aussi aux élèves un espace pour exprimer leurs demandes et explorer, dans un processus démocratique, les potentiels d’amélioration pour la classe et l’école. Les supports ci-dessous vous aideront à préparer et à mener les réunions de manière autonome
Bilder in Martin Luthers Tischreden. Argumente und Beispiele gegen die Laster Hochmut, Abgötterei und Betrug
Get PDFDie Aufgabe der vorliegenden Arbeit lag darin, anhand der Quelle von Luthers Tischreden zu zeigen, welche Art von Kunstwerken Martin Luther erwähnt und welche Funktion diese in den Colloquia hatten. Sie untersucht das Corpus der über 7000 Tischreden systematisch auf Äußerungen, die im Zusammenhang mit Kunstwerken im weitesten Sinne stehen. Es erfolgte eine textkritische Bearbeitung der Tischreden. Der Anspruch der Arbeit war, diese Bildwerke zu identifizieren und in ihren historischen bzw. kunsthistorischen Kontext zu stellen. Da viele Parallelstellen gefunden und herangezogen werden konnten, ließen sich zahlreiche Irrtümer aufdecken und Fehldeutungen korrigieren. Der Fokus lag dabei nach der Auswertung und der anschließenden Beschäftigung mit den Stellen auf Luthers geradezu leitmotivisch auftretendem Thema der Superbia. Diesem Themenbereich der Todsünden wurde in der Lutherforschung bisher nur wenig Beachtung geschenkt, denn die sie galt für die Reformation als unwesentlich. Es konnte aber in dieser Arbeit dargelegt werden, wie wichtig die Todsünden und vor allem die Superbia in Luthers Tischreden und in seinem Gesamtwerk sind. Darüber hinaus hat sich die Arbeit mit der Performanz der Bilder in Luthers Werk beschäftigt. Sie leistet zudem einen Beitrag zu der Fragestellung, mit welcher Intention Luther seine eigenen Porträts in Auftrag gegeben hat. So wird dargelegt, wie Luther seine Bildstrategien verfolgt. Die Arbeit hat ferner gezeigt, wie wichtig für die effektive, interdisziplinär nutzbare Auswertung der Tischreden als Quelle eine digitale Ausgabe wäre, die mit Metadaten versehen ist und dadurch nach semantischen Kriterien durchsucht werden kann.The objective of the present work was to use the source of Luther's table talks to show what kind of works of art Martin Luther mentioned and what function they had in the Colloquia. It systematically examines the corpus of over 7000 text passages for statements related to works of art in the broadest sense. The table talks were then critically examined. The aim of the work was to identify the pictorial works and to place them in their historical or art-historical context. Since many parallel passages could be found and used, numerous errors could be uncovered and misinterpretations corrected. After the evaluation and the subsequent engagement with the passages, the focus was on Luther's theme of the Superbia, which appears to be a guiding principle. The topic of mortal sins has received little attention in Luther's research so far, because it was considered insignificant for the Reformation. But in this work it can be shown how important the mortal sins and especially the Superbia are in Luther's table talks and in his complete works. In addition, the work dealt with the performance of the pictures in Luther's work. It also contributes to the question with which intention Luther commissioned his own portraits. In this way it is explained how Luther pursues his pictorial strategies. The work has also shown how important a digital edition with metadata is (or can be) which can be searched according to semantic criteria for the effective, interdisciplinary evaluation of table speeches as a source
Les pratiques du quotidien transfrontalières dans la Grande Région SaarLorLux
Get PDFCet article analyse les pratiques quotidiennes des habitants de Sarre, de Lorraine, du Luxembourg, de Rhénanie-Palatinat et de Wallonie effectuées dans les régions voisines. L’hypothèse est l’existence d’une réalité de vie transfrontalière dans la Grande Région à partir des pratiques transfrontalières de ses habitants. Dans une telle perspective socio-constructiviste, on ne demande pas ce qu'est la Grande Région SaarLorLux, mais comment elle est constituée ou comment elle se manifeste dans la vie quotidienne de ses habitants. Pour donner des éléments de réponse, seront analysées les pratiques transfrontalières les plus courantes, notamment le fait de faire des achats et du shopping, se détendre dans la nature/faire du tourisme, fréquenter des manifestations culturelles et rendre visite à des amis et à la famille. Les considérations se basent sur trois études empiriques récentes dans l’espace d'analyse, qui sont mises en rapport et contextualisées socio-culturellement et socio-économiquement dans le but de relever l'organisation spatiale, les motivations ainsi que d'autres facteurs contextuels des pratiques transfrontalières dans la Grande Région SaarLorLux. Dans cette approche, les flux de mobilité et les préférences spatiales sont reconstruits à partir des pratiques quotidiennes qui donnent un aperçu des réalités de vie transfrontalière dans la Grande Région SaarLorLux.In diesem Beitrag werden Alltagspraktiken untersucht, die von den Einwohnern des Saarlandes, Lothringens, Luxemburgs, von Rheinland-Pfalz und Wallonien in angrenzenden Regionen im Ausland ausgeführt werden. Dafür leitend ist die Überlegung, dass sich die Großregion SaarLorLux anhand der grenzüberschreitenden Ausführungen von Alltagspraktiken ihrer Bewohner als grenzüberschreitende Lebenswirklichkeit bestimmen lässt. In einer solchen sozialkonstruktivistischen Perspektive wird nicht danach gefragt, was die Großregion SaarLorLux ist, sondern auf welche Weisen sie konstituiert wird bzw. wie sie sich im Alltag ihrer Bewohner manifestiert. Dafür werden die am häufigsten grenzüberschreitend ausgeführten Alltagspraktiken näher betrachtet, zu denen das Einkaufen für den täglichen Bedarf, das freizeitorientierte Shoppen, das Erholen im Grünen/Tourismus, das Besuchen von kulturellen Veranstaltungen sowie das Besuchen von Freunden und Familienmitgliedern zählen. Die Betrachtungen basieren auf drei rezenten empirischen Studien im Untersuchungsraum und daraus ausgewählten Befunden, die zueinander in Beziehung gesetzt sowie soziokulturell und sozio-ökonomisch eingeordnet werden mit dem Ziel, die räumliche Organisation, die Motive und andere Kontextfaktoren von grenzüberschreitenden Alltagspraktiken in der Großregion SaarLorLux herauszuarbeiten. Über dieses Vorgehen werden Mobilitätsströme und räumliche Schwerpunkte im Kontext von Alltagspraktiken rekonstruiert und Einblicke gegeben in die Beschaffenheit von grenzüberschreitenden Lebenswirklichkeiten in der Großregion SaarLorLux.This paper analyses everyday practices carried out by the residents of the Saarland, Lorraine, Luxembourg, Rhineland-Palatinate and Wallonia in the neighbouring regions abroad. The key assumption is the consideration that the inhabitants of the Greater Region SaarLorLux define the transborder reality of life of this region through their cross-border performance of everyday practices. Such a socio-constructivist perspective is not interested in what the Greater Region SaarLorLux actually is, but in what ways it is constituted or how it manifests itself in the daily lives of its inhabitants. Therefor the most common cross-border everyday practices, such as shopping for everyday needs, leisure-time shopping, outdoor recreation/tourism, cultural events, as well as visiting friends and family are looked at in greater detail. These observations are based on selected findings from three recent empirical studies of the study region, which have been linked to each other as well as socio-culturally and socioeconomically mapped in order to carve out the spatial organization, the motives and other contextual factors of cross-border everyday practices in the Greater Region SaarLorLux. This approach allows reconstructing mobility flows and spatial emphases in the context of everyday practices and gives insights into the nature of cross-border living realities in the Greater Region SaarLorLux
Bioenergy from PeriodicallyWaterlogged Cropland in Europe: A First Assessment of the Potential of Five Perennial Energy Crops to Provide Biomass and Their Interactions with Soil
Get PDFHarvesting of silage maize in late autumn on waterlogged soils may result in several ecological problems such as soil compaction and may subsequently be a major threat to soil fertility in Europe. It was hypothesized that perennial energy crops might reduce the vulnerability for soil compaction through earlier harvest dates and improved soil stability. However, the performance of such crops to be grown on soil that are periodically waterlogged and implications for soil chemical and microbial properties are currently an open issue. Within the framework of a two-year pot experiment we investigated the potential of the cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.), Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus), giant knotweed (Fallopia japonicum X bohemica), tall wheatgrass (Agropyron elongatum), and reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) for cultivation under periodically waterlogged soil conditions during the winter half year and implications for soil chemical and biological properties. Examined perennial energy crops coped with periodical waterlogging and showed yields 50% to 150% higher than in the control which was never faced with waterlogging. Root formation was similar in waterlogged and non-waterlogged soil layers. Soil chemical and microbial properties clearly responded to different soil moisture treatments. For example, dehydrogenase activity was two to four times higher in the periodically waterlogged treatment compared to the control. Despite waterlogging, aerobic microbial activity was significantly elevated indicating morphological and metabolic adaptation of the perennial crops to withstand waterlogged conditions. Thus, our results reveal first evidence of a site-adapted biomass production on periodical waterlogged soils through the cultivation of perennial energy crops and for intense plant microbe interactions
Leistungsbewertung partizipativ gestalten
Get PDFBewertungsprozesse in der Schule als Möglichkeit nutzen, um Schüler*innen bei der realistischen Einschätzung und Weiterentwicklung ihrer Lernprozesse und ihres Lernverhaltens zu unterstützen: Die partizipative Leistungsbewertung bietet verschiedene praxisnahe Ansätze zur Förderung von Lernmotivation, Selbstreflexion und demokratischem Verständnis
Das deutsche Selbstbildnis im 17. Jahrhundert. Katalog und Einführung
Get PDFThema dieser Dissertation ist das deutsche Selbstbildnis im 17. Jahrhundert. Ziel der Arbeit war es, das deutsche Selbstbildnis als eigene Gattung zu etablieren. Hierzu wurden die Selbstbildnisse deutscher Maler des 17. Jahrhunderts ausgewählt, gilt doch diese Zeit noch immer als ‚totes Jahrhundert‘. Grundlage der Untersuchung war eine Sammlung von 148 Objekten, die einer grundlegenden Analyse unterzogen wurden. Das früheste Selbstbildnis in dieser Sammlung stammt von 1600, das späteste wurde um 1700 angefertigt. Künstler aus dem gesamten Alten Reich, ob aus Schlesien und Böhmen, Nord-oder Süddeutschland oder aus den österreichischen wie schweizerischen Landen sind hier vertreten. Die Selbstbildnisse stammen von Malern in der gesamten breite ihrer Karriere. So sind gleichermaßen Selbstbildnisse von Gesellen wie Meistern, von Hofmalern bis hin zu Freimeistern vertreten. Besonders wichtig war es, nicht nur Selbstbildnisse im Gemälde oder Kupferstich in die Untersuchung aufzunehmen, sondern auch Stammbucheinträge.
Die ausführliche Betrachtung und Gegenüberstellung der deutschen Selbstbildnisse mit denen ihrer europäischen Kollegen hat gezeigt, dass auch deutsche Maler den gängigen Darstellungstypen wie etwa dem virtuoso folgten. Aber die deutschen Maler imitierten nicht nur, sondern experimentierten und gingen mit ihren Vorbildern spielerisch um. Daneben folgten sie natürlich auch den Trends der Selbstinszenierung. Sie drückten in ihren Selbstbildnissen ihren Wunsch nach sozialer und gesellschaftlicher Emanzipation des gesamten Berufsstandes aus. So war das deutsche Selbstbildnis eigenständiger Ausdruck des Aufbruches deutscher Künstler in eine neue Zeit.The subject of this dissertation is the German self-portrait in the 17th century. The objective of the present study has been to establish the German self-portrait as an independent genre. For this purpose self-portraits of German painters of the 17th century were chosen, since this period is still regarded as a 'dead century'. The research was based on a collection of 148 objects that were submitted to a fundamental analysis. The earliest self-portrait in this collection dates from 1600, the latest from around 1700. Artists from the entire Old Kingdom, whether from Silesia and Bohemia, Northern or Southern Germany or from Austria and Switzerland are represented here The self-portraits originate from different periods during the careers of the painters, thus the study assess self-portraits of journeymen as well as masters and includes self-portraits from court painters as well as free masters. Thus self-portraits of journeymen as well as masters, court painters and free masters are equally represented. It was particularly important for this work not only to include self-portraits in paintings or engravings in the collection for this analysis, but also entries in family registries.
The detailed examination and comparison of the German self-portraits with those of their European colleagues has shown that German painters also followed the common types of representation such as for example the virtuoso. But German painters not only imitated their role models, but experimented and engaged in a playful manner with them. Of course, they also followed the trends of self-dramatization. It was in their self-portraits, where they expressed their desire for the social emancipation of their entire profession. Thus the German self-portrait was an independent expression of the emergence of German artists into a new era
Remote sensing based binary classification of Maize. Dealing with residual autocorrelation in sparse sample situations
Get PDFIn order to discuss potential sustainability issues of expanding silage maize cultivation in Rhineland-Palatinate, spatially explicit monitoring is necessary. Publicly available statistical records are often not a sufficient basis for extensive research, especially on soil health, where risk factors like erosion and compaction depend on variables that are specific to every site, and hard to generalize for larger administrative aggregates. The focus of this study is to apply established classification algorithms to estimate maize abundance for each independent pixel, while at the same time accounting for their spatial relationship. Therefore, two ways to incorporate spatial autocorrelation of neighboring pixels are combined with three different classification models. The performance of each of these modeling approaches is analyzed and discussed. Finally, one prediction approach is applied to the imagery, and the overall predicted acreage is compared to publicly available data. We were able to show that Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification and Random Forests (RF) were able to distinguish maize pixels reliably, with kappa values well above 0.9 in most cases. The Generalized Linear Model (GLM) performed substantially worse. Furthermore, Regression Kriging (RK) as an approach to integrate spatial autocorrelation into the prediction model is not suitable in use cases with millions of sparsely clustered training pixels. Gaussian Blur is able to improve predictions slightly in these cases, but it is possible that this is only because it smoothes out impurities of the reference data. The overall prediction with RF classification combined with Gaussian Blur performed well, with out of bag error rates of 0.5% in 2009 and 1.3% in 2016. Despite the low error rates, there is a discrepancy between the predicted acreage and the official records, which is 20% in 2009 and 27% in 2016
Thermal Infrared Imaging Spectroscopy
Get PDFGlobal food security poses large challenges to a fast changing human society and has been a key topic for scientists, agriculturist, and policy makers in the 21st century. The United Nation predicts a total world population of 9.15 billion in 2050 and defines the provision of food security as the second major point in the UN Sustainable Development Goals. As the capacities of both, land and water resources, are finite and locally heavily overused, reducing agriculture’s environmental impact while meeting an increasing demand for food of a constantly growing population is one of the greatest challenges of our century. Therefore, a multifaceted solution is required, including approaches using geospatial data to optimize agricultural food production.
The availability of precise and up-to-date information on vegetation parameters is mandatory to fulfill the requirements of agricultural applications. Direct field measurements of such vegetation parameters are expensive and time-consuming. On the contrary, remote sensing offers a variety of techniques for a cost-effective and non-destructive retrieval of vegetation parameters. Although not widely used, hyperspectral thermal infrared (TIR) remote sensing has demonstrated being a valuable addition to existing remote sensing techniques for the retrieval of vegetation parameters.
This thesis examined the potential of TIR imaging spectroscopy as an important contribution to the growing need of food security. The main scientific question dealt with the extraction of vegetation parameters from imaging TIR spectroscopy. To this end, two studies impressively demonstrated the ability of extracting vegetation related parameters from leaf emissivity spectra: (i) the discrimination of eight plant species based on their emissivity spectra and (ii) the detection of drought stress in potato plants using temperature measures and emissivity spectra.
The datasets used in these studies were collected using the Telops Hyper-Cam LW, a novel imaging spectrometer. Since this FTIR spectrometer presents some particularities, special attention was paid on the development of dedicated experimental data acquisition setups and on data processing chains. The latter include data preprocessing and the development of algorithms for extracting precise surface temperatures, reproducible emissivity spectra and, in the end, vegetation parameters.
The spectrometer’s versatility allows the collection of airborne imaging spectroscopy datasets. Since the general availability of airborne TIR spectrometers is limited, the preprocessing and
data extraction methods are underexplored compared to reflective remote sensing. This counts especially for atmospheric correction (AC) and temperature and emissivity separation (TES) algorithms. Therefore, we implemented a powerful simulation environment for the development of preprocessing algorithms for airborne hyperspectral TIR image data. This simulation tool is designed in a modular way and includes the image data acquisition and processing chain from surface temperature and emissivity to the final at-sensor radiance data. It includes a series of available algorithms for TES, AC as well as combined AC and TES approaches. Using this simulator, one of the most promising algorithms for the preprocessing of airborne TIR data – ARTEMISS – was significantly optimized. The retrieval error of the atmospheric water vapor during the atmospheric characterization was reduced. As a result, this improvement in atmospheric characterization accuracy enhanced the subsequent retrieval of surface temperatures and surface emissivities intensely.
Although, the potential of hyperspectral TIR applications in ecology, agriculture, and biodiversity has been impressively demonstrated, a serious contribution to a global provision of food security requires the retrieval of vegetation related parameters with global coverage, high spatial resolution and at high revisit frequencies.
Emerging from the findings in this thesis, the spectral configuration of a spaceborne TIR spectrometer concept was developed. The sensors spectral configuration aims at the retrieval of precise land surface temperatures and land surface emissivity spectra. Complemented with additional characteristics, i.e. short revisit times and a high spatial resolution, this sensor potentially allows the retrieval of valuable vegetation parameters needed for agricultural optimizations. The technical feasibility of such a sensor concept underlines the potential contribution to the multifaceted solution required for achieving the challenging goal of guaranteeing global food security in a world of increasing population.
In conclusion, thermal remote sensing and more precisely hyperspectral thermal remote sensing has been presented as a valuable technique for a variety of applications contributing to the final goal of a global food security
Ordinary judges as constitutional judges: Norway
Get PDFThe World's second oldest system of judicial review of national legislation emerged through court practice from the very first years after the adoption of the Constitution of Norway in 1814. The review is exercised by the ordinary courts at all levels with the single Supreme Court as the last instance. No specialized constitutional court has been established. The independence of the judiciary is generally recognized as high. But what degree of legitimacy should judges appointed in order to ensure ordinary judicial business enjoy when exercising a basically political function like reviewing and possibly setting aside acts of Parliament