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Selected problems connected with special status of the State Treasury in commercial companies
No full textPotrzeby współczesnego społeczeństwa wymagają od państwa aktywnego uczestnictwa w obrocie gospodarczym w celu realizacji zadań publicznych. Jedną z form aktywności państwa w gospodarce są spółki handlowe z udziałem Skarbu Państwa. Autor przeanalizował wybrane problemy związane z uczestnictwem Skarbu Państwa w spółkach handlowych. Przedstawione problemy wynikają z możliwości kolizji interesu państwa realizowanego przez Skarb Państwa oraz interesu spółki, który powinny realizować jej organy.
W opracowaniu przybliżono pojęcie interesu państwa oraz przedstawiono sposoby jego realizacji w ramach spółek handlowych z udziałem Skarbu Państwa. Nadto w artykule poruszono problem instrumentów, jakie prawo prywatne oraz prawo publiczne daje stationes fisci Skarbowi Państwa w celu zapewnienia realizacji interesu publicznego przez spółki z udziałem Skarbu Państwa. Istotnym zagadnieniem jest odpowiedzialność członków zarządu, którzy działając zgodnie z interesem państwa, naruszają jednocześnie interes spółki. Na tle powyższych rozważań przedstawiona została kwestia zgodności z prawem Unii Europejskiej regulacji, przewidujących szczególne narzędzia Skarbu Państwa służące do zapewnienia realizacji zadań publicznych, które mogą prowadzić do zniechęcania nowych inwestorów do uczestnictwa w spółce.The needs of the modern society require the state to actively participate in the economic turnover to execute public tasks. One of the forms of state economic activity are commercial companies with the state shareholding. The author analysed selected problems connected with the state shareholding in commercial companies. The presented problems arise from the possibility of conflict of the interest of the state pursued by the State Treasury and the interest of company, which should be pursued by its bodies.
The author introduced the concept of the state interest and presented ways of its pursuit in companies with the state shareholding. Moreover the article addresses the problem of instruments, that private law and public law provide stationes fisci of the State Treasury to ensure the pursuit of public interest by companies with the state shareholding. An important issue explained by the author is the liability of management board members, who violated the company‘s interest acting in accordance with the state interest. Against the background of the above considerations, there is a question of compliance of regulations providing for special instruments of the State Treasury to ensure execution public tasks with the European Union law, which can lead to discouraging new investors from participating in the company.11167184Zeszyt Prawniczy UA
Dyrektywa o godzeniu ról zawodowych i rodzinnych – czy okaże się punktem zwrotnym dla polityki rodzinnej w Polsce?
Get PDFIntroduction. Family is one of the most important values in human life, which is proved by the findings of various polls, reports, and research. However, its structure and models are subject to constant changes which are connected with demographic, economic, and social developments of the society. One of the most important factors in the transformation of family life models is the emancipation of women and men from their traditional gender roles. Women have crossed boundaries of gender stereotypes through their long-standing presence in the labour market, building their economic independence and performing gender-non-stereotyped jobs, which has been addressed in law at the European and national levels. The emancipation of men from their stereotypical gender roles started later and is connected with men entering into family life and their stronger engagement in domestic and parental obligations and tasks. The symmetry between women’s and men’s emancipation is crucial for a better work-life balance in family life, and work-life balance is indicated as one of the most important factors of stability and good condition of the family. As such, work-life balance, and gender equity should be supported at the national level through legislation and other instruments of family policy, e.g., through education. Aim. The main aim of the article is to analyse how the new legislative tool of gender equality in the labour market – The EU directive on work-life balance from 2019 - may influence changes in family policy in Poland and educational policy in this field. The analysis
is focused mainly on family life models (the models of gender roles and domestic labour division) as a key factor directly connected with the possibility of gaining work-life balance in the family. Material and methods. The material used in the study were legislative documents on pa rental leave at the levels of the European Union and Poland: the EU work-life balance di directives dating from 2010 (2010/18/EU) and 2019 (DIRECTIVE (EU) 2019/1158) as well as the EC proposal of the last one from 2017- COM (2017) 253 final, COD: 2017/0085, and the consolidated version of Kodeks pracy [the Labour Code], Dz. U. 1974 Nr 24 poz. 141, which was a source of respective provisions for Poland. The method used in the study was document analysis. Key provisions were extracted from chosen legislative acts and then analysed from a gender perspective, using as a reference gender equity theory. Individual vs. family character of the right to leave, its non-transferability vs. the possibility of flexible transfer of leave between parents, high vs. low levels of payment and access to flexible working arrangements vs. fully engaging work, were used as reference characteristics of the analysis. Results. Document analysis used in the study showed that both the European Commission proposal of the work-life balance directive dated 2017 as well as its final version from 2019 – have had provisions which may effectively support gender equity and enhance the engagement of men in their role as fathers. All the traits of parental leave used in the key to analysis – individual right to leave, non-transferability, high level of payment, and flexible working arrangements - were present there. The previous version of the directive, dating from 2010, did not have appropriate solutions or they were not obligatory. The Polish legislative act, from which parental leave provisions were extracted – Kodeks pracy [the Labour Code] – proved to be even less gender equal. Leave in Poland turned out to be legally based on the mothers’ entitlement to leave; it is also paid less than in the original European Commission’s proposal and is fully transferable between parents. Conclusion. Provisions of the EU work-life balance directive from 2019 are legislative instruments, which may enhance the process of emancipation of women in the labour market and the emancipation of men in family life. Implementation of the directive into national law in Poland is crucial for gender justice and the stability of the family, as other studies show that work-life balance and the engagement of men in domestic and parental obligations increase the probability of having a second child. Low TFR (Total Fertility Rate) and a decreasing number of marriages in Poland may be connected with wrongly addressed family policy, focused on supporting the traditional model of the family which is exercised by a decreasing percentage of families. The inadequacy of family policy is in line with a lack of education on connections between gender equality or gender equity and the stability of the family. In this respect, changing the national curriculum framework for Poland is an important challenge for the educational policy in the country. Complementing the content of the national curriculum framework and then school curriculum and handbooks, with gender perspective, may help to eradicate gender stereotypes which seem to be a major obstacle in both women’s and men’s emancipation. Family needs gender equity for their stability and a higher number of children. This fact should be noted by policymakers to better address social policy towards family
Improving methods to calculate the loss of ecosystem services provided by urban trees using LiDAR and aerial orthophotos
No full textIn this paper we propose a methodology for combining remotely sensed data with field measurements to assess selected tree parameters (diameter at breast height (DBH) and tree species) required by the i-Tree Eco model to estimate ecosystem services (ES) provided by urban trees. We determined values of ES provided by trees in 2017 in Racibórz (a city in South Poland) and estimated the loss of ES from January 1, 2017 to March 5, 2017, a period of changing legislation that temporarily allowed removal of trees on private property without any permission from city authorities. We applied Canopy Height Models (CHM; GSD 1.0 m) generated from two sets of ALS LiDAR point clouds (acquisitions on June 11, 2011 and March 5, 2017) and performed tree crown segmentations using the GEOBIA approach. Physical attributes were estimated for each tree using predictive models, developed based on field tree inventory . The reference areas for parameterizing the segmentation algorithm and assessing tree species composition were established in Racibórz, while reference data required for assessment of DBH were obtained from the MONIT-AIR project (from Municipality of Kraków). We found that in 2017, 988.79 ha of Racibórz (13.2 % of city area) was covered by the crowns of 264 471 trees, providing ES structural values worth over 384 mil €. The structural value of ES lost in the first months of 2017 (during which 5 075 trees were removed) was about 3.5 mil €. We concluded that in the face of information on tree crown cover that is often missing from city databases, tree inventories require application of a combination of multi-source and multi-resolution spatial analyses, including: administrative decisions for tree removal with exact location, predictive modelling of selected biometrical tree information, automatic crown segmentation on CHM and interpretation of regularly updated color infrared (CIR) aerial orthophotos.This research was funded by National Science Centre, Poland, grant number 2017/25/B/HS6/00954: “iTre-es – The impact of institutional framework change on ecosystem services provided by trees/shrubs to local communities.” Krzysztof Maczka was supported by Foundation for Polish Science (FNP) - scholarship START edition 2020
The Third International Workshop on Dynamic Scheduling Problems: Extended Abstracts
Get PDFThis book contains extended abstracts of a plenary lecture and papers presented at the Third International Workshop on Dynamic Scheduling Problems, July 5th–6th, 2021, Poznań, Poland
Climate change education in Polish and British national curriculum frameworks
No full textIntroduction: The presence and the content of climate education in national curriculum frameworks gain the growing attention of researchers all over the world. Climate education addresses the challenges of the climate crisis and is an important part of ecological transformation in advanced economies. Research Aim: The study aimed to compare the Polish core curriculum and the English national curriculum, in terms of the presence of climate change education in the curricula’s content. Method: The material of the study was 2 documents: the Polish core curriculum and the English national curriculum. The study was limited to key stages 1–3 in the National Curriculum which corresponds with kindergarten and primary school level in the Polish core curriculum. Content analysis was conducted using a categorisation key, with a set of words characteristic of a climate change concept. Results: Climate change is absent in studied curriculum standards. Only 3 out of 19 keywords were present in the Polish core curriculum, whereas in the English national curriculum – 5 of them. In both cases, keywords did not demonstrate direct reference to climate change. Conclusion: Both studied documents are devoid of climate change education. The National Curriculum seems to be better at meeting the challenge of climate education, but differences are minor. The result may be caused by centralisation and politicization of the procedure of constructing both the studied documents, which may be an obstacle to introducing new aspects of knowledge and attitudes. The political context of the omission of climate change education in the national curriculum needs further studies under the concept of the null curriculum of Elliot Eisner
A decade of crisis in Libya as a challenge for the European Union (2011–2021)
Get PDFArabska wiosna, która nastąpiła w 2011 r., szczególnie boleśnie doświadczyła Libię, która popadła w otchłań wojny domowej po śmierci wieloletniego dyktatora Muammara Kaddafiego. Chaos, jaki zapanował w Libii spowodował, że upodobniła się ona do państw upadłych i stała się poważnym problemem dla bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego. Ostatecznie ukształtowały się tam dwa główne ośrodki władzy, popierane przez różnych aktorów stosunków międzynarodowych. Obawa przed terroryzmem oraz niekontrolowanymi migracjami z tego państwa spowodowały, że normalizacja sytuacji w Libii stała się jednym z żywotnych interesów Unii Europejskiej. Celem artykułu jest omówienie kryzysu w Libii w latach 2011–2021 oraz działań Unii Europejskiej na rzecz łagodzenia jego skutków, w tym uruchomienia misji EUBAM Libya, Sophia, czy Irini. Do przygotowania tekstu posłużono się przede wszystkim analizą dokumentów ONZ, UE jak również opracowań na ten temat.The Arab Spring of 2011 hit Libya particularly hard. The state fell into tehe abyss of the civil war following the death of a long-time dictator Muammar Gaddafi. The chaos in Libya made it resemble failed states and turned i tinto a serious problem for international security. Ultimately, two main centres of power were formed there, supported by various actors in international relations. The fear of terrorism and uncontrolled migrations from this country made the normalization of the situation in Libya one of the vital interests of the European Union. The aim of the article is to discuss the 2011–2021 crisis in Libya and the activity of the EU to mitigate its effects, including of the launch of the EUBAM Libya, Sophia and Irini missions. For the preparation of the paper, first of all, the analysis of UN and EU documents and studies on this subject was used
About the ‘interim’ or discovering the depths of the pre-Roman Iron Age
Get PDFThe pre-Roman Iron Age, i.e. the last five last centuries BC, is one of the most
mysterious periods in Polish prehistory and constitutes an extremely interesting research
issue, which help concentrate the studies on it, into a compact group of research problems.
The studies on the pre-Roman Iron Age carried out by the group of researchers at the
Faculty of Archaeology of the Adam Mickiewicz University are based on the research traditions
of Poznań archaeology. The focal point of work in recent years has been settlement pottery,
which is a mass source acquired during excavations whose potential has not yet been fully
exploited. One way to better understand the possibilities that this type of mass material can
bring has been exploitation of the potential of archaeometry. The ongoing studies on the
problems of the pre-Roman Iron Age strive to detail and explain the processes and changes
occurring at the time. They fit into the Poznań tradition of studies on this period, being a
continuation of previous work undertaken on its intricate issues – empowering it and leading it
out of the titular ‘interim’, placing it in the fully deserved centre of research interests.312325Treasures of Time: Research of the Faculty of Archaeology of Adam Mickiewicz University in Pozna
Parlament–rząd–obywatele. Miejsce instytucji demokracji bezpośredniej w dyskusji nad kształtem stosunków San Marino–Unia Europejska w kontekście referendum z 2013 roku
Get PDFThe subject of the article is the issue of using the institutions of direct democracy in the process of shaping the directions of a very specific element of foreign policy – relations with the European Union, of which San Marino is not a member. While most of the referenda related to the European Union concern the accession of countries to this organization, the vote in 2013 was of a slightly different nature. Therefore, the author attempts to indicate how the use of the instruments of direct democracy by citizens, in a way in opposition to the institution of indirect democracy (parliament and its dependent government), can contribute to the decision-makers making political decisions desired by citizens, even in seemingly rather unusual (apart from the aforementioned accession referenda) for direct democracy, spheres as the directions of foreign policy.Przedmiotem artykułu jest kwestia wykorzystania instytucji demokracji bezpośredniej w procesie kształtowania kierunków bardzo konkretnego elementu polityki zagranicznej – relacji z Unią Europejską, którego San Marino nie jest członkiem. O ile większość referendów związanych z Unią Europejską dotyczy akcesji państw do tej organizacji, to głosowanie z 2013 roku miało nieco inny charakter. Dlatego autor podejmuje się próby wskazania w jaki sposób wykorzystanie przez obywateli instrumentów demokracji bezpośredniej stojących niejako w kontrze do instytucji demokracji pośredniej (parlamentu i zależnego od niego rządu) może przyczynić się do podejmowania przez decydentów pożądanych przez obywateli decyzji politycznych nawet w tak z pozoru raczej nietypowych (poza wspomnianymi referendami akcesyjnymi) dla demokracji bezpośredniej sferach jak kierunki polityki zagranicznej
Anerkennungssurrogate. Zur Rekonstruktion eines möglichen kritischen Hegelschen Beitrags zu heutigen Diskussionen über ‚Identität‘
Get PDFThe article discusses a central topic of contemporary understandings of society that seems to have no place in Hegel’s theory: the topic of “identity”, which seems to fall between the process of a “struggle for recognition” on the one hand, and, on the other, a consolidated recognition of subjects and their rights within the established social order. The article would like to propose a further reconstruction here. It discusses which considerations should be included so that the discourse on “identity” does not end in any
substantialist or ethno-national, egocentric understandings, but, instead, could become possibly a part of Hegel’s theory. In today’s dynamics and unsettling changes, there are undeniable needs for “identity” (which are also easily addressed, even fuelled, by corresponding offers). These are, as one could learn from Hegel, surrogates of a still not or no longer successful sufficient recognition. In this, “identity” is to be understood as critical work on oneself as a product of becoming, on inheritances, achievements, challenges, divisions, discrepancies, guilt and failures