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Koncepcja pokojowego wzrostu Chin według paradygmatu realistycznego
No full textThis article aims at adressing several research issues. Firstly, to present offensive realism as a proper research tool to analyse US-China rivalry. Secondly, the author discusses the theory of “China’s peaceful rise” and I argues that it smoothly overlapped with the US strategy of liberal hegemony. Thirdly, He presents and defends the argument that China does not rise peacefully. Fourthly, the author claims that China wants to became a regional hegemon in South-East Asia and the USA according to offensive realism cannot let it happen. Last but not least the author considers the arguments that are frequently used to support the theory of “China’s peaceful rise” and explains why they fail to depict the current and predict the future nature of US-China relations. In this article the author employed the following research methods: historical, descriptive and decision making methods.Ten artykuł ma na celu odniesienie się do kilku zagadnień badawczych. Po pierwsze, przedstawić ofensywny realizm jako odpowiednie narzędzie badawcze do analizy rywalizacji USA-Chiny. Po drugie, autor omawia teorię „pokojowego wzrostu Chin” i argumentuje, iż była ona w zasadniczej mierze kompatybilna z amerykańską strategią liberalnej hegemonii. Po trzecie, autor przedstawia i broni argumentu, iż rozwój Chin nie odbywa się pokojowo. Po czwarte, autor twierdzi, że Chiny chcą zostać regionalnym hegemonem w Azji Południowo-Wschodniej, a USA zgodnie z ofensywnym realizmem nie mogą na to pozwolić. Wreszcie autor rozważa argumenty, które są często używane na poparcie teorii „pokojowego wzrostu Chin” i wyjaśnia, dlaczego nie oddają one aktualnego i nie przewidują przyszłego charakteru stosunków USA-Chiny. W artykule zastosowano następujące metody badawcze: historyczną, opisową i decyzyjną
Sowieckie dziedzictwo i wyimaginowana przeszłość skupione na polu bitwy Lewantu
No full textThe article analyzes main drivers of the revitalization of the Soviet ideological narratives in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. A key impetus for the study has been ever increasing number of the terrorist attacks claiming dozens of lives in Russia committed by Central Asian originated fighters as well as arrest of dozens of members of the various religious organizations banned in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. The hypothesis rests on the assumption that ideological cacophony stemming from deep controversies embodied in the refashioned Soviet ideological narratives to me major cause of the problem. While employing the path dependence approach, I mainly point to interaction between the surge in the religious extremism and ideological disorientation caused by ideological disorientation in the region continuing since the breakdown of the Soviet Union in 1991 to address main research question “what are external implications of post-Soviet ideological narratives in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan?.” The paper finds out that the post-independent identity policies are not designed to build a new idea but to moot or keep at arms-length identities marginalized during the Soviet period. The Soviet legacy constitutes the core of the neo-ethnic identities introduced by former communist leaders just slightly refashioned with highly selective and politically motivated supplements. Sharp contradictions embodied in these narratives designed to ensure policy goals is among drivers of the ideological disorientation which in its turn acts as a breeding ground for the recruitment of Uzbek and Tajik youth to the global terrorist networks.Artykuł analizuje główne siły napędowe rewitalizacji sowieckich narracji ideologicznych w Uzbekistanie i Tadżykistanie. Kluczowym bodźcem do podjęcia badań jest stale rosnąca liczba ataków terrorystycznych, w których zginęły dziesiątki ofiar śmiertelnych w Rosji, popełnio nych przez bojowników pochodzących z Azji Środkowej, a także aresztowania kilkudziesięciu członków różnych organizacji religijnych zakazanych w Uzbekistanie i Tadżykistanie. Hipoteza opiera się na założeniu, że ideologiczna kakofonia wywodząca się z głębokich kontrowersji zawartych w przerobionych sowieckich narracjach ideologicznych jest główną przyczyną problemu. Stosując podejście „path dependence”, wskazuję przede wszystkim na interakcję między gwałtownym wzrostem ekstremizmu religijnego a dezorientacją ideologiczną spowodowaną dezorientacją ideologiczną w regionie trwającą od rozpadu Związku Radzieckiego w 1991 roku, aby odpowiedzieć na główne pytanie badawcze: „Jakie są zewnętrzne implikacje postsowieckich narracji ideologicznych w Uzbekistanie i Tadżykistanie?” Z artykułu wynika również, że post-niepodległościowa polityka tożsamości nie ma na celu budowania nowej idei, ale dyskutowania lub trzymania na dystans tożsamości marginalizowanych w okresie sowieckim. Sowiecka spuścizna stanowi rdzeń tożsamości neoetnicznych wprowadzonych przez byłych przywódców komunistycznych, tylko nieznacznie przerobionych z wysoce selektywnymi i politycznie umotywowanymi dodatkami. Ostre sprzeczności zawarte w tych narracjach, mające na celu zapewnienie celów politycznych, są jednym z czynników napędzających ideologiczną dezorientację, która z kolei działa jak wylęgarnia rekrutacji młodzieży uzbeckiej i tadżyckiej do globalnych sieci terrorystycznych
Translation of children's speech in Frank Schaeffer's "Portofino"
Get PDFThe theme of the article is a research into the issue of translation of children’s speech. The analysis will be conducted based on three excerpts from a novel – Portofino – written by a contemporary American writer Frank Schaeffer and translated into Polish by the author of the article, early in her career as a translator. First, the results of text typology investigation by Anna Trosborg (1997b), Paul Kussmaul (1995, 1997) and Christiane Nord (2018) regarding cognitive structuring, text structures, and general style conventions will be highlighted. Then the outcomes of the translation process research (TPR) on cohesive aspects and structuring by Michael Carl, Srinivas Bangalore & Moritz Schaeffer (2016) will be summarised. This will be followed by the discussion of findings of Paul Thompson & Alison Sealey (2007), Gillian Lathey (2011), and Anna Čermáková (2018) regarding the issue of repetition and the aspects of point of view. Subsequently, the notion of style in a work of fiction will be introduced and followed by the description of stylistic and linguistic means used to achieve it. This will include the discussion of speech and thought presentation (STP) scales proposed first by Geoffrey Leech & Mick Short (2007) and then developed by Mick Short in cooperation with Elena Semino (2004). Next, the stylistic features of children’s speech and its linguistic exponents will be outlined. The translation analysis will focus on stylistic and linguistic devices used by the author to imitate children’s speech in the source text and their rendering by the translator in the target text. The achieved effect and translation equivalence will be evaluated, possible reasons behind any loss in meaning will become identified and some final recommendations for translators will get defined
The manuscripts of the Middle English "Lay Folks’ Mass Book" in context
Get PDFThis paper, part of a long-term programme of research into the forms and functions of the vernacular in late medieval liturgical practice in England, offers a “cultural map” of the Middle English poem known as The Lay Folks’ Mass Book (LFMB). Comparatively little research has been undertaken on LFMB since Simmons’s edition of 1879. However, new developments in the study of manuscript-reception in particular regions of the Middle English-speaking areas of Britain, combined with greater understanding of the cultural dynamics of “manuscript miscellanies” and of medieval liturgical practice, allow us to reconstruct with greater certainty the contexts within which LFMB was copied and used. LFMB survives in nine late medieval copies, but each copy presented a distinct version of the text. This article brings together linguistic, codicological, liturgical, and textual information, showing in detail how the poem was repurposed for a range of different cultural functions. In geographical terms, it seems clear that the work circulated in Derbyshire/Nottinghamshire, in Yorkshire, and in Norfolk, and can thus be related to other texts circulating in those areas. Some versions are likely to have emerged in parochial settings, possibly owned by local priests. There is also evidence that the text could be deployed in monastic contexts, while other versions probably formed part of the reading of pious gentry. What emerges from a study of the codices in which copies of LFMB were transmitted is that a range of shaping sensibilities for these manuscripts may be distinguished; the authorial role in texts such as LFMB was balanced with that of their copyists and audiences. In the manuscripts containing LFMB creativity was negotiated within textually-transmitted communities of practice
A lesson for covidiots: About some contact induced borrowing of American English morphological processes into Dutch
Get PDFThis paper discusses morphological borrowing from American-English to Dutch. Three processes of non-morphemic word formation are studied: embellished clipping (Afro from African), libfixing (extracting segments from opaque wordforms such -topia from utopia and -(po)calypse from apocalypse) and blending (stagflation < stagnation + inflation). It will be shown that the borrowing of these processes started with borrowing of English lexical material followed by a process of reinterpretation, which subsequently led to the (re-)introduction of the processes in Dutch. Therefore, the traditional distinction between MAT and PAT borrowing turns out to be inadequate. Instead of a clear-cut difference between lexical and morphological borrowing a borrowing cline will be proposed. The respective ends of this cline are MAT and PAT
Polish LGBTQ+-related anglicisms in a language contact perspective
Get PDFResearch on anglicisms in Polish has nearly a century-long tradition, yet it was Jacek Fisiak’s 1960s–1980s studies on English loanwords that initiated continuous academic interest in anglicisms, coinciding with more intensive English-Polish language contact in post-war Poland. While English loans have been well-researched in the last four decades, the ongoing intensity of English lexical influence on Polish, yielding not only new loans but also new loan types, calls for further studies, especially in the area of quickly developing professional jargons and sociolects. The influx of English-sourced lexis is reflected in the diversity of semantic fields, whose number has grown from 18 (identified in Słownik warszawski 1900–1927) to 45 (Mańczak-Wohlfeld 1995). A semantic field that has been underresearched in studies on Polish anglicisms is the LGBTQ+-related lexis, which has drawn from American English gayspeak, shaped by the post-Stonewall gay rights movement initiated in the 1970s. The language data analysed in this study have been collected in a two-stage procedure, which included manual extraction of anglicisms sourced in a diversified corpus of LGBTQ+-related written texts, published in Polish between 2004 and 2020. The second stage involved oral interviews which served a verification function. The aim of this study is to contribute to the lexicographic attempts at researching English-sourced LGBTQ+-related vocabulary in Polish through its identification, excerption, and classification. Assuming an onomasiological approach to borrowing, we arrange LGBTQ+-related anglicisms on a decreasing foreignness scale to identify the borrowing techniques adopted by the recipient language speakers in the loan nativization process. We also address issues related to the identification and semantics of loans, and sketch areas of research on loan pragmatic functions that need further studies
Discourse markers in peer reviews of academic essays by future teachers of English as a foreign language
Get PDFThis article presents and discusses a quantitative investigation of discourse markers (further – DMs) in the corpus of peer reviews of academic essays in didactics written by a group of future teachers of English as a Foreign Language (EFL). In total, 12 future EFL teachers at an intermediate level of EFL proficiency (henceforth – participants) took part in the study. The participants were instructed to form dyads and write peer reviews of each other’s academic essays on a range of topics in EFL didactics. Two corpora were used in the study, the corpus of the participants’ academic essays in EFL didactics and the corpus of peer reviews thereof. The corpora were analysed using WordSmith (Scott 2008) in order to establish the frequencies of the use of DMs per 1000 words. The results of the quantitative analysis of the corpora indicated that the participants employed a repertoire of stylistically neutral DMs in their peer reviews that was quantitatively similar to that of the academic essays. These findings will be further discussed in the article
Experimental studies of particle-covered droplets in electric fields: Mechanical and rheological properties of droplets and interfacial particle organization
Get PDFWydział FizykiMoja rozprawa doktorska zawiera wyniki badań podstawowych w zakresie fizyki materii miękkiej i wnosi wkład w zrozumienie mechanicznych właściwości oraz kinetyki zachowania kropel pokrytych cząstkami stałymi. Do uzyskania takich kropel i badania ich mechanicznych i reologicznych właściwości wykorzystywałem pole elektryczne, które umożliwiło mi także obserwowanie różnych form organizacji cząstek na powierzchni międzyfazowej kropel. Mechanizm ich powstawania opierał się na zjawiskach elektrycznych, takich jak pływy elektrohydrodynamiczne, elektrokoalescencja, dielektroforeza czy elektroforeza. Większość moich badań dotyczyła pojedynczej kropli pokrytej cząstkami stałymi poddanej działaniu jednorodnego stałego bądź zmiennego pola elektrycznego, choć obserwowałem także zachowanie kropli w niejednorodnym polu elektrycznym. Wyniki moich badań dotyczą deformacji, relaksacji, elekrorotacji kropel, koalescencji oraz mechanizmu tworzenia się warstwy cząstek na powierzchni międzyfazowej. Wiedza zdobyta na podstawie doświadczeń przeprowadzanych na pojedynczych kroplach (podparta analizą teoretyczną) pozwala lepiej zrozumieć bardziej złożone układy, jak na przykład emulsje.This thesis contains fundamental experimental studies in soft matter physics, focusing on the understanding of mechanical properties and kinetics of particle-covered droplets. In my research, I utilized electric field methods for the formation of particle-laden droplets and investigation of their mechanical and rheological properties. I also used different electric field approaches to study organization of the particles adsorbed at the droplet interfaces. These electric phenomena include electrohydrodynamic circulation flows, electrocoalescence, and dielectrophoretic and electrophoretic interactions. My research concerns a single particle-covered droplet subjected to uniform DC and AC electric fields, though, I also investigated the behavior of droplets in a non-uniform field. The results included in this thesis cover studies on the droplet’s deformation and relaxation, electrorotation, and arrested coalescence, as well as the mechanics of a particle shell formed on the fluid–fluid interface. The knowledge gained from the experiments (supplemented by theoretical studies) on individual droplets will be useful in studying more complex systems, such as emulsions.I thank the Polish National Science Centre for financial support through the research project within the OPUS funding scheme (2015/19/B/ST3/03055: Mechanical properties, specific release and motility of patchy colloidosomes—an emerging class of structures), and PRELUDIUM funding scheme (2019/35/N/ST5/02821: Electric-field-induced deformation and crumpling of non-spherical particle shells formed on droplets)
Object-Verb in Early Modern English: Modelling markedness
Get PDFAlthough Verb-Object (VO) is the basic unmarked constituent order of predicates in Present-Day English, in earlier stages of the language Object-Verb (OV) is the preferred pattern in some syntactic contexts. OV predicates are significantly frequent in Old and Middle English, and are still attested up to 1550, when they “appear to dwindle away” (Moerenhout & van der Wurff 2005: 83). This study looks at OV in Early Modern English (EModE), using a corpus-based perspective and statistical modelling to explore a number of textual, syntactic, and semantic/processing variables which may account for what by that time had already become a marked, though not yet archaic, word-order pattern. The data for the study were retrieved from the Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Early Modern English (1500–1710) and the Parsed Corpus of Early English Correspondence (c.1410–1695), the largest electronic parsed collections of EModE texts. The findings reveal a preference for OV in speech-related text types, which are less constrained by the rules of grammar, in marked syntactic contexts, and in configurations not subject to the general linearisation principles of end-weight and given-new. Where these principles are complied with, the probability of VO increases.I would like to acknowledge and thank the Spanish State Research Agency and the European Regional Development Fund (grant no. PID2020-117541GB-I00), and the Regional Government of Galicia (grant no. ED431C 2021/52) for their generous financial support
Psychoterapeutki i psychoterapeuci w Polsce. Analiza cech populacji
Get PDFMarcin Hermanowski korzysta z czterech badań, raportów, przy czym dwóch jest współautorem. Opisując grupę psychoterapeutek i psychoterapeutów, skupia się na: wykształceniu; zróżnicowaniu ze względu na płeć, wiek, wielkość miejscowości, w której wykonywany jest zawód psychoterapeuty; nasyceniu możliwością skorzystania z usług psychoterapeutycznych w poszczególnych regionach Polski; miejscu wykonywania pracy terapeutycznej; formie realizowanej przez psychoterapeutki/psychoterapeutów pracy terapeutycznej; nurcie teoretycznym, systemie psychoterapeutycznym czy modalności psychoterapeutycznej, w której pracują psychoterapeutki i psychoterapeuci w Polsce, z uwzględnieniem wieku i płci osób pracujących w poszczególnych nurtach psychoterapii