5578 research outputs found
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『萬葉集』巻十六・三八一〇番歌考
No full text『萬葉集』巻十六の冒頭からの三十首は、題詞や左注が長く詳細で、物語性を有することがよく知られている。それら「由縁」をもつ歌の中で、特に三八一〇番歌を取り上げる。歌には、娘子が自分の深い思いをこめて作った待ち酒と夫の形ばかりの贈り物とを天秤にかける現実的な発想が見られ、奈良時代の下級官人層の生活感をよく表す。そして左注から明らかになる、夫の娘子を軽んじる態度と、歌から明らかになる、娘子の夫に対する強く深い思いと、その軽重の落差に面白みが見られ、表現には、単に夫に捨てられた女の悲嘆というにとどまらない娘子の機知がうかがわれる。なお、一首は、男女間の関係を公平なルールに基づく一種の価値交換と見なす。その点において、三八〇九から三八一五番歌までの四群七首は、婚姻をめぐって物語的な配列をとる巻十六冒頭歌群の中でも、さらに内容的な共通性によって類聚されたと考える。journal articl
仮想世界ゲーム電子版の「完全リモート化」について
No full text地球規模の環境問題や南北問題をシミュレートする教育・研究ゲームとして「仮想世界ゲーム」(SIMINSOC）が開発されている（広瀬1997）．そこでは40人ほどのゲーム参加者が4つの地域に分かれて地域内・地域間の競争や協働を経験しつつ，経済格差や貧困問題への対処，開発やそれに伴う環境問題への対処を迫られる．25年以上の歴史を持つ評価の高い教育・研究用ゲームである．このゲームを元とし，コンピュータ上で実施できるよう開発されたのが「仮想世界ゲーム電子版」(cSIMINSOC）である（柿本・細野2010）．そこでは，プレーヤーがサーバーを介したゲームインターフェイス上で「チャット」やメニュー操作を通してゲームに参加する．ファシリテーターも専用のインターフェイスを用いるため，ゲームそのものの「リモート実施」も可能である．本稿ではこの電子版の運用を「完全リモート化」する試みの詳細とともに，75人のプレーヤーが参加した4つの事例とその比較結果を紹介する．完全リモート化の長所・短所を議論した後に，コロナ禍によって盛んに行われるようになった多様なリモート活動に向けて，この試みから得られる示唆について考察する．SIMINSOC (Simulated International Society) was developed as an educational and research game to simulate global environmental issues and North-South problems (Hirose 1997). In the game, about 40 participants are divided into four areas while experiencing competition and cooperation within and between the areas, and are faced with economic inequality and poverty, development, and environmental problems. It is a highly regarded educational and research game with a history of more than 25 years. Based on this game, the cSIMINSOC (computer-based SIMINSOC) game was developed to allow participants to play the game from their connected computers (Kakimoto & Hosono 2010). In it, players participate in the game through “chat” and menu operations on a server-mediated game interface. As the facilitators also use a purpose-made interface, it is also possible for the game to be run from a remote location. This paper describes the details of the attempt to implement the “fully remote” operation of the computer-based version of the SIMINSOC game, as well as four case studies involving 75 players. After discussing the advantages and disadvantages of its “fully remote” operations, the implications of this attempt are discussed for the range of remote activities that have become popular as a result of the recent COVID-19 crisis.journal articl
Association Between Three Levels of Social Exclusion and Quality of Life in the Oldest Old Australians: An Analysis of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Data
No full textThis study examined associations between three levels of social exclusion and quality of life in the Australian oldest old. We performed cross-sectional analyses of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia data using 203 participants aged ≥85. Principal component analysis was used to construct social exclusion variables at an individual level (lack of supportive relationships), neighborhood level (disadvantaged neighborhood social climates), and community level (community disengagement). Quality of life was assessed using physical and mental component summary scores of SF-36. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed separately for men and women. Lack of supportive relationships was negatively associated with physical and mental quality of life in all participants. Among men, community disengagement was associated with low physical quality of life. Policies to reduce social exclusion in this age group should focus on improving supportive relationships to enhance quality of life, rather than neighborhood or community levels.journal articl
Validity of the Intake of Sugars, Amino Acids, and Fatty Acids Estimated Using a Self-administered Food Frequency Questionnaire in Middle-aged and Elderly Japanese: The Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study for the Next Generation (JPHC-NEXT) Protocol Area
No full textBackground: The Japanese database of food composition was revised in 2020, during which both the number of food items and the number of food items measured for sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids were increased. We evaluated the validity of estimated intakes of sugars, amino acids and fatty acids using a long food frequency questionnaire (long-FFQ) among middle-aged and elderly Japanese.
Methods: From 2012 to 2013, 240 men and women aged 40–74 years from five areas in the JPHC-NEXT protocol were asked to respond to the long-FFQ and provide a 12-day weighed food record (WFR) as reference. The long-FFQ, which included 172 food and beverage items and 11 seasonings, was compared with a 3-day WFR, completed during each distinct season, and validity was assessed using Spearman’s correlation coefficients.
Results: Percentage differences based on the long-FFQ with the 12-day WFR in men and women varied from −84.4% to 419.6%, and from −75.8% to 623.1% for sugars, −17.5% to 3.8% and −5.8% to 19.6% for amino acids, and −58.5% to 78.8% and −43.4% to 129.3% for fatty acids, respectively. Median values of correlation coefficients for the long-FFQ in men and women were 0.52 and 0.42 for sugars, 0.38 and 0.37 for amino acids, and 0.42 and 0.42 for fatty acids, respectively.
Conclusion: The long-FFQ provided reasonable validity in estimating the intakes of sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids in middle-aged and elderly Japanese. Although caution is warranted for some nutrients, these results may be used in future epidemiological studies.journal articl
Tuning the ionic and electronic paths in Li<sub>2</sub>S-based cathode for high-rate performance all-solid-state lithium‑sulfur batteries
No full textAll-solid-state lithium‑sulfur batteries (ASSLSBs) based on sulfur or lithium sulfide (Li2S) as cathodes are one of the most promising candidates for next-generation energy storage devices due to their high theoretical energy density and good safety features. However, despite the promising outlook, the practical application of ASSLSBs is impeded due to the electronically and ionically insulating nature of S and Li2S. Consequently, even with carbon and solid state electrolytes (SSEs) addition, the electron and lithium-ion cannot transport smoothly through the cathode. Therefore, it is imperative to establish and tune effective electron/ion transport paths in the composite cathode to achieve high performance. In the present study, electronically/ionically dual conductive active material Li2S-LiI-MoS2 and high ionically conductive Li6PS5Cl SSE were coupled and modified to control ionic and electronic paths in Li2S-based cathode composite. The optimized composite cathode possessed an overall gravimetric capacity of 423 mAh g−1 at 0.5C and 308 mAh g−1 at 2C with respect to the total mass of the cathode. The corresponding ASSLSBs achieved distinctively high energy with acceptable power density. The in-depth analysis by X-ray computed tomography revealed the three-dimensional conductive pathway in the composite cathode.journal articl
Tributary mitigates river discontinuity by dam depending on the distance from dam to the tributary confluence
No full textRiver ecosystems host a continuum of various discontinuities, such as dams and trib-utary inflows, which shape the habitats of aquatic organisms; this makes it importantto evaluate the interactions among discontinuities and effects of a single discontinu-ity point. Herein, we focused on tributaries in dammed rivers to elucidate a mannerto mediate discontinuities and hypothesized that the effects of the tributary inflowon the downstream river were mediated by the (1) distance between the dam andtributary inflow, (2) size ratio between the dam and tributary, and (3) ability of thetributary to transport fine sediments, such as sand and gravel. We conducted fieldinvestigations to measure 24 environmental factors, including the water column, riv-erbed, and river topography, along eight dammed rivers to test the three hypotheses.Only five factors differed significantly between the upstream and downstream sitesof the tributary confluence, whereas 12 factors differed significantly between thetributary and mainstem. We also classified the variation pattern using principal com-ponent analysis (PCA). The correlation between each PCA axis and environmentalfactors suggests that the modifications of the water quality factors by tributaryinflow were significantly correlated with the distance between the dam and the tribu-tary inflow, and that the flux of various riverbed factors, that is, was significantly cor-related with the ability to resupply of fine riverbed sediments by the tributary.Overall, tributary-inflow downstream of a dam has the potential to be applicable inenvironmental restoration, especially in terms of resupplying fine sediment.journal articl
Thixotropic Composite Hydrogel Electrode Composed of a Polymer Hydrogelator and Water‐Dispersive Tungsten Oxide Flat Microparticles
No full textHere, we introduce an organic/inorganic composite hydrogel as a versatile gel electrode material. This composite hydrogel was formed by simply mixing an aqueous solution of flat microparticles of tungsten oxide, exhibiting superior water dispersibility, with a hydrogel composed of a water-soluble polyaramide-based polymer hydrogelator. The resulting composite hydrogel exhibited uniform dispersion of tungsten oxide flat particles throughout the hydrogel matrix, supplementing the structure formed by the polymer hydrogelator. It maintained the gel-forming capability and thixotropic behavior inherent to the polymer hydrogelator while showcasing the electrochemical characteristics of tungsten oxide. With its spreadability and applicability to various electrode shapes, a composite hydrogel is presented as a potential spreadable gel electrode material.This research was partly funded by JSPS KAKENHI, grant number
19K056journal articl
Prefix Alignment for Training Simultaneous Machine Translation
No full textSimultaneous translation is a task that starts translation even before the speaker has finished speaking. This study focuses on prefix-to-prefix translation and proposes a method to align prefixes in a bilingual sentence pair iteratively to train a machine translation model to work with prefix-to-prefix. In the experiments, the proposed method demonstrated higher BLEU than those of the baseline methods in low latency ranges on the IWSLT simultaneous translation benchmark. However, the proposed method degraded the performance in high latency ranges in the English-to-Japanese experiments; thus, we analyzed it in length ratios and prefix boundary prediction accuracies. The obtained results suggested that the degraded performance was due to the large word order difference between English and Japanese.journal articl
The XRISM/Resolve View of the Fe K Region of Cyg X-3
No full textThe X-ray binary system Cygnus X-3 (4U 2030+40, V1521 Cyg) is luminous but enigmatic owing to the high intervening absorption. High-resolution X-ray spectroscopy uniquely probes the dynamics of the photoionized gas in the system. In this Letter, we report on an observation of Cyg X-3 with the XRISM/Resolve spectrometer, which provides unprecedented spectral resolution and sensitivity in the 2–10 keV band. We detect multiple kinematic and ionization components in absorption and emission whose superposition leads to complex line profiles, including strong P Cygni profiles on resonance lines. The prominent Fe xxv Heα and Fe xxvi Lyα emission complexes are clearly resolved into their characteristic fine-structure transitions. Self-consistent photoionization modeling allows us to disentangle the absorption and emission components and measure the Doppler velocity of these components as a function of binary orbital phase. We find a significantly higher velocity amplitude for the emission lines than for the absorption lines. The absorption lines generally appear blueshifted by ∼−500–600 km s−1. We show that the wind decomposes naturally into a relatively smooth and large-scale component, perhaps associated with the background wind itself, plus a turbulent, denser structure located close to the compact object in its orbit.journal articl
Characterization of Escherichia coli Persisters from Biofilm Culture: Multiple Dormancy Levels and Multigenerational Memory in Formation
No full textPersister cells (PCs), a subpopulation occurring within normal cells, exhibit a transient
tolerance to antibiotics because of their dormant state. PCs are categorized into two types: type I PCs,
which emerge during the stationary phase, and type II PCs, which emerge during the logarithmic
phase. Using the conventional colony-forming method, we previously demonstrated that type I
PCs of Escherichia coli form more frequently in air–solid biofilm culture than in liquid culture. In the
current study, we modified a cell filamentation method as a more efficient and rapid alternative for
quantifying PCs. This modified method yielded results consistent with those of the conventional
method with 103–104 times higher sensitivity and less detection time, within several hours, and
further revealed the existence of multiple levels of type I PCs, including a substantial number
of deeply dormant cells. This study also discovered a potential epigenetic memory mechanism,
spanning several generations (four or six cell divisions), which influences type II PC formation based
on prior biofilm experience in E. coli.journal articl