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Universal properties of variations of the little cubes operads
No full textGiven a map B → B Top(n) of spaces, one can define a version EB of the little cubes operad, whose construction is due to Lurie. We show that EB enjoys the universal property that, for every ∞-operad O, an operad map EB → O is equivalent to a Top(n)- equivariant map B ×B Top(n) E Top(n) → Map(En,O). This gives us an explicit diagram exhibiting EB as a colimit of En parametrized by B. It also shows that locally constant factorization algebras satisfy descent, reproving a recent theorem of Matsuoka
Wege zur Steigerung von Interesse und Leistung im Bereich Forschungsmethoden bei Studierenden der Erziehungswissenschaft. Vom (Nicht-)Wirken einer Nutzwertintervention
No full textDer Erwerb forschungsmethodischer Kompetenzen ist zentral im erziehungswissenschaftlichen Studium, stößt jedoch häufig auf geringes Interesse. Nutzwertinterventionen sollen dieses Interesse durch Steigerung der wahrgenommenen Relevanz fördern, zeigen aber uneinheitliche Effekte. Diese Arbeit untersucht, ob berufliche Zukunftsvorstellungen der Studierenden die Wirksamkeit einer solchen Intervention beeinflussen. In Teilstudie 1 (N = 34) erhöhte die Intervention weder Nutzenwahrnehmung noch Interesse; berufliche Zukunftsvorstellungen zeigten keinen moderierenden Effekt. Teilstudie 2 (N = 13 Interviews) beleuchtete die Perspektive der Teilnehmenden: Unklare Aufgabenstellungen und Schwierigkeiten bei der Ableitung praxisrelevanter Bezüge erschwerten die Reflexion über den potenziellen Nutzen. Die Ergebnisse liefern Hinweise für die theoretische Weiterentwicklung und hochschuldidaktische Umsetzung von Maßnahmen zur Förderung forschungsmethodischer Kompetenzen.Developing research methodology skills is a core component of educational science programs, yet it often meets with limited student interest. Utility-value interventions aim to enhance such interest by increasing perceived relevance, but their effects have been inconsistent. This study examines whether students’ occupational possible selves moderate the effectiveness of such an intervention. In Study 1 (N = 34), the intervention increased neither perceived utility nor interest; occupational possible selves showed no moderating effect. Study 2 (N = 13 interviews) explored participants’ perspectives: unclear task instructions and difficulties in identifying practice-relevant connections hindered deeper reflection on potential utility. The findings offer insights for the theoretical refinement and higher education implementation of measures designed to foster research methodology skills
A domesticated photoautotrophic microbial community as a biofilm model system for analyzing the influence of plastic surfaces on invertebrate grazers in limnic environments
No full textThe environmental fate of plastic particles in water bodies is influenced by microbial biofilm formation. Invertebrate grazers may be affected when foraging biofilms on plastics compared to biofilms on natural substrata but the mechanistic basis for these effects is unknown. For analyzing these effects in ecotoxicological assays stable and reproducible biofilm communities are required that are related to the environmental site of interest. Here, a defined biofilm community was established and used to perform grazing experiments with a freshwater snail. For this, snippets of different plastic materials were incubated in the photic zone of three different freshwater sites. Amplicon sequencing of biofilms formed on these snippets showed that the site of incubation and not the plastic material dominated the microbial community composition. From these biofilms, individual microbial strains as well as photoautotrophic consortia were isolated; these consortia consisted of heterotrophic bacteria that were apparently nourished by microalga. While biofilms formed by defined dual cultures of a microalga and an Alphaproteobacterium were not accepted by the snail P. fontinalis, a photoautotrophic consortium (Co_3) sustained growth and metabolism of this grazer. Amplicon sequencing revealed that consortium Co_3, which could be stably maintained on solid medium under photoautotrophic conditions, reproducibly formed biofilms of a defined composition on three different plastic materials and on glass surfaces. In conclusion, our study shows that the generation of domesticated photoautotrophic microbial communities is a valid novel approach for establishing laboratory ecotoxicological assays with higher environmental relevance than those based on defined microbiota
DeNoFo: a file format and toolkit for standardized, comparable de novo gene annotation
No full textMotivation: De novo genes emerge from previously non-coding regions of the genome, challenging the traditional view that new genes primarily arise through duplication and adaptation of existing ones. Characterized by their rapid evolution and their novel structural properties or functional roles, de novo genes represent a young area of research. Therefore, the field currently lacks established standards and methodologies, leading to inconsistent terminology and challenges in comparing and reproducing results.
Results: This work presents a standardized annotation format to document the methodology of de novo gene datasets in a reproducible way. We developed DeNoFo, a toolkit to provide easy access to this format that simplifies annotation of datasets and facilitates comparison across studies. Unifying the different protocols and methods in one standardized format, while providing integration into established file formats, such as fasta or gff, ensures comparability of studies and advances new insights in this rapidly evolving field.
Availability and implementation: DeNoFo is available through the official Python Package Index (PyPI) and at https://github.com/EDohmen/denofo. All tools have a graphical user interface and a command line interface. The toolkit is implemented in Python3, available for all major platforms and installable with pip and uv
De Novo Gene Emergence: Summary, Classification, and Challenges of Current Methods
No full textA novel mechanism of 'de novo' gene origination from nongenic sequences was first proposed in the early 2000s. Subsequent studies have since provided evidence of 'de novo' gene emergence across all domains of life, revealing its occurrence to be more frequent than initially anticipated. While studies mainly agree on the general concept of 'de novo' emergence from nongenic DNA, the exact methods and definitions for detecting 'de novo' genes differ significantly. Here, we provide a comprehensive
step-by-step description of the most commonly used methods for 'de novo' gene detection. In addition, we address the limitations of nomenclature and detection methods and clarify some complex concepts that are sometimes misused. This review is accompanied by the publication of a 'de novo' gene annotation format to standardize the reporting of methodology, enable reproducibility and improve the comparability of datasets
Differential effects of social feedback valence and self-relevance on brain responses and behaviour
No full textTheoretical accounts propose that people update their feedback expectations asymmetrically, with stronger updating after positive than negative feedback and self-relevant than irrelevant feedback. Further, attributions to the senders influence neuronal responses towards social evaluative feedback. In this study, we examined how both attributed self-relevance and acquired sender valence through their feedback behaviour impact learning about and Event-Related Potential (ERP) responses towards the social evaluative feedback. We investigated these questions in an ERP study (N = 40), where participants received either constant positive or negative feedback from senders, either self-relevant or directed to an unknown person. Participants first indicated their feedback expectations and were then exposed to the feedback and the sender’s face. Feedback expectations changed according to sender behaviour over time, while surprisingly, expectations changed stronger for negative senders in general and positive self-irrelevant senders. For feedback, increased P1 responses to worse-than-expected feedback were observed, while mid-latency Early Posterior Negativity; Feedback Related Negativity (FRN) and late components Late Positive Potential to feedback were increased by feedback self-relevance. The FRN was additionally affected by sender valence and expectedness. Our findings thereby reveal different facets of behavioural and neuronal effects of attributed sender self-relevance and acquired sender valence
Examining the neural correlates of visual and auditory consciousness using a multimodal inattentional unawareness paradigm
No full textJeden Tag erreichen unzählige Sinneseindrücke unser Gehirn.
Nur ein Bruchteil davon wird bewusst wahrgenommen. Die neuronalen
Mechanismen, die diesem Bewusstsein zugrunde liegen, werden als neuronale Korrelate des Bewusstseins (NCC) zusammengefasst. NCC sind seit Jahrzehnten Gegenstand neurowissenschaftlicher Forschung (Mashour et al. 2020, MacLean et al. 2023). Die visuellen NCC standen bisher im Mittelpunkt der Forschung, aber auch andere Modalitäten werden zunehmend untersucht (Schlossmacher et al. 2020, Dellert et al. 2021). Bei den bisherigen Studien handelt es sich in der Regel um unimodale Studien. Da die Theorien über NCC jedoch ähnliche neuronale Mechanismen in allen Modalitäten annehmen (Dehaene et al. 2014, 2006), ist es sinnvoll, NCC beider Modalitäten gleichzeitig in einem einzigen Experiment zu untersuchen. Daher verfolgt diese Studie einen multimodalen Ansatz; das auditorische und visuelle System werden innerhalb eines Versuchsaufbaus mittels fMRT untersucht
Faulige Kartoffeln, gepanschter Wein und tödliche Luft: Die Bekämpfung von Unglücksfällen durch die Brandenburger Medizinalpolizei:Polizei, Normgebung und Verwaltung in den brandenburgisch-preußischen Amtsblättern des frühen 19. Jahrhunderts
No full textDie öffentliche Gesundheitsverwaltung in Preußen befasste sich nicht nur mit Krankheiten. Am Beispiel Brandenburgs und Berlins zeigt die Arbeit verschiedene Situationen auf, in denen lokal und regional tätige Amtsträger bzw. Behörden („Medizinalpolizei“) auf Gefahrensituationen reagierten, um den Gesundheitszustand der Einwohner aufrecht zu erhalten und Verletzungen oder gar Todesfälle zu verhindern. Im Fokus stehen dabei Fallstudien aus der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts, in denen konkrete Unglücksfälle die Medizinalpolizei zum Tätigwerden veranlassten: Was tat sie, um Kinder davor zu bewahren, beim Spielen giftige Gewächse zu verzehren? Was geschah, wenn Händler verdächtigt wurden, gesundheitsschädlichen Wein zu verkaufen? Wie konnte man verhindern, dass ganze Dörfer infolge einer verdorbenen Kartoffelernte zugrunde gingen? Antworten bieten neben den Fallstudien die regional geltenden Verordnungen, die vor allem in den Amtsblättern der Regierung zu Potsdam abgedruckt waren.The public health administration in Prussia was not only concerned with diseases. Using the examples of Brandenburg and Berlin, this paper shows various situations in which local and regional officials and authorities (‘medical police’) reacted to dangerous situations in order to maintain the health of the inhabitants and prevent injuries or even deaths. The paper focuses on case studies from the first half of the 19th century in which specific accidents prompted the medical police to take action: What did they do to prevent children from eating poisonous plants while playing? What happened when traders were suspected of selling wine that was harmful to health? How could entire villages be prevented from perishing as a result of a spoilt potato harvest? In addition to the case studies, the regionally applicable ordinances, which were mainly printed in the official gazettes of the Potsdam government ('Amtsblätter'), provide answers
