Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
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Problems and challenges of aquaculture in Japan
Get PDFThis paper describes the present status of aquaculture in Japan. The production volumes of many of the wide variety of aquatic organisms cultured in Japan, including finfishes, bivalves, crustaceans and seaweeds, are on a continuing decreasing trend. According to the national statistical data published by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, the total marine aquaculture production decreased by 20 % by volume in 20 years since 1996 (1.3 million t). In fed aquaculture of marine finfishes, productions of the red seabream (Pagrus major), Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and horse mackerel (Trachurus japonicus) have declined markedly in both volume and value. On the other hand, productions of Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis), which has been included in the statistics since 2012, is increasing remarkably because of the strong affinity of Japanese consumers and the dwindling wild population. Production of white trevally (Pseudocaranx dentex), which is recognized as a luxury foodstuff, is also increasing. Productions of yellowtails (Seriola spp.) and pufferfish (Tetradontidae spp.) are rather stable in terms of volume and value. International demand for yellowtails is growing, and the export is expanding. As for unfed culture of bivalves, productions of oysters (Crassostrea spp.) and Japanese scallop (Mizuhopecten yessoensis) were severely impacted by the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, and the production of the oysters, which is on a long-term decreasing trend, has not recovered to the level prior to the earthquake. Production of the major seaweeds (Pyropia yezoensis, P. tenera, Saccharina japonica, S. angustata and Undaria pinntifida) are all on a continuous decreasing trend both by volume and value. Inland (freshwater) aquaculture production is only about 3 % of the marine aquaculture production by volume. About 70 % of the freshwater aquaculture production value comes from Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica), which has been increasing since 2002 due to the increasing unit price despite the decreasing production volume. The insufficient supply of wild glass eel is a problem for the eel aquaculture.
The reduced aquaculture production is partially due to socio-economic and environmental reasons. For fed aquaculture, increasing feed cost and international competition are the major issues. Diseases also remain to be a problem. Prevalence of vaccination has reduced the disease damage from about 10 to 4 % of the total production value since around 2000, but the emergence of new diseases continues to occur. Infectious diseases have long been a problem in kuruma prawn (Marsupenaeus japonicus) aquaculture. Red tides still occur almost every year, causing damages mostly in western Japan.
For unfed aquaculture, the reduced production is considered to be related with oligotrophication of coastal waters. Intensive reduction of terrestrial nutrient loads by advances in wastewater treatment is thought to have reduced the seaweed productivity, as well as other primary production, resulting in reduced productivity of not only unfed aquaculture of bivalves but coastal fisheries in general. Social factors are also involved. Production declines of many of these species are partially attributed to the reduced labor force due to aging and insufficient recruitment of farmers. The number of management body of oyster aquaculture, for example, decreased from 4,349 in 1963 to 2,018 in 2013. Structure of aquaculture industry in Japan (mostly privately-owned small business) and strong Japanese currency bring about the weak international market competitiveness
Dietary taurine in practical diet for two sizes of snubnose silver pompano, Trachinotus blochii
No full textTwo separate feeding experiments determined taurine requirement levels in diets for growth of two sizes of snubnose silver pompano. The first experiment was conducted for 14 weeks using pompano with average weight of 0.4 ± 0.01 g. Experimental diets were isonitrogenic, isolipidic and isoenergetic. Inclusion of 0.346% taurine in diet served as control, while five diets were with graded taurine levels at 0.5 (0.846%), 1.0 (1.346%), 1.5 (1.846%), 2.0 (2.346%) and 2.5 (2.846%) %. Three hundred and sixty pompano fishes were randomly distributed to experimental tanks (250-L, 15 fish per tank) in quadruplicate. Pompano fed diets with 1.0% taurine had significantly higher ( -1 diet (0.352 g taurine 100 g-1 protein) while larger-sized pompano weighing 104 g required 0.937 g taurine 100 g-1 diet (0.213 g taurine 100g-1 protein).This study was funded by SEAFDEC/AQD under FD-01-F2012T
Can Ulva reticulata replace Gracilariopsis heteroclada as natural food for the abalone Haliotis asinina?
No full textAbalone are among the most important fishery resources with high commercial values worldwide, with Haliotis asinina being the most in demand and widely studied species in the Philippines. Abalone culture in the country mainly depends on the red alga, Gracilariopsis heteroclada, as food for cultured stocks. This however, is not sustainable as this alga is also being farmed both for agar production and human consumption. Hence, other sources of natural food need to be explored for large-scale culture of abalone. This study investigated the viability of Ulva reticulata as food for abalone. This green alga is common in the intertidal zones of the Philippines but of no commercial value. H. asinina early juveniles (N = 60, shell length 2.12–3.07 cm, body weight 1.7–5.9 g) obtained from the Abalone Hatchery of SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department were randomly distributed (n = 10) in three replicate containers and fed with G. heteroclada and U. reticulata for 15 days. After 15 days, abalone fed with G. heteroclada were significantly larger and heavier (2.82 ± 0.04 cm and 4.64 ± 0.19 g) than those fed with U. reticulata (2.62 ± 0.03 cm and 3.45 ± 0.14 g). Abalone fed with U. reticulata also exhibited weakness, hardfoot, and easily detached from the walls of the culture containers. Based on these results, despite its availability in large quantities, U. reticulata could not be solely used as an alternative natural food to G. heteroclada for abalone culture. However, its potential as a partial substitute to G. heteroclada may be further examined.The authors greatly appreciate the Abalone Hatchery Team for providing the abalone juveniles used in the study; the management of Ayala Corporation and Ayala Land, Inc. for the project collaboration (Budget Code: 6287-T-RD-AYALA2); SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department for partly funding the study (Study Code: TV-04-M2018T); Drs. Anicia Hurtado and Iris Ann Borlongan for identifying the seaweed samples; and the anonymous journal reviewers for painstakingly reviewing the manuscript
Ammonia, phosphate, total suspended solid and chlorophyll a removal in mangrove habitat receiving shrimp pond effluents
Get PDFDiseases continue to devastate the shrimp industry. One culture system that has the potential to abate disease occurrence, improve shrimp survival and environmentfriendly is aquasilviculture. Aquasilviculture is the culture of aquatic organism with mangroves inside the pond (mixed system) or in the receiving environment (separate). A previous study reported that the presence of mangroves in the receiving environment enhances shrimp survival via an improved incoming water quality. The present study determined the time required for a mangrove habitat to remove nutrients from shrimp (Penaeus monodon) farm effluents and the factors affecting mangrove efficiency to remove nutrients. Results showed that ammonia, phosphate, chlorophyll a and total suspended solids (TSS) were fluctuating but statistically lower in water drained into mangrove habitat (Mangrove to Pond Area Ratio, (MPR)=2:1 and MPR=4:1) compared to area without mangroves (MPR=0). At MPR=4:1, ammonia is removed from the water after 3 days; TSS after 2 days; phosphate and chlorophyll a after 7 days. At MPR=2:1, only ammonia can be efficiently removed after 3 days. These results further showed that the type of nutrient and MPR affect the efficiency of mangroves to remove nutrients from shrimp farm effluents.
The growth of plants in areas receiving and not receiving shrimp farm effluents were compared by measuring the monthly increase in the seedling height and the increase in the stem length between two nodes in saplings and trees. After 3 months, increase in growth was greater in plants in area receiving shrimp farm effluents compared to those not receiving, except for the seedlings. This indicates that mangroves purify the water by nutrient uptake as supported by the data showing greater increase in stem length in saplings and trees.The study was funded by the Government of Japan under the Trust Fund (GOJ TF 6) granted to SEAFDEC/AQD under study code FS-04-Y2015T
Country report aquatic animal health in Malaysia
Get PDFAbstract only.The fisheries sector of Malaysia plays a significant role in economic development. It provides employment, foreign exchange and protein supply for the country. In 2017, aquaculture production in Malaysia was 427,022 tonnes, a 4.8 % increase compared to 2016. The increase was driven by population growth, rising demand for seafood and a levelling of production from capture fisheries. However, the rapid growth of aquaculture has been source of anthropogenic change on a massive scale. Aquatic animals cultured in high density are exposed to environment stress leading to diseases. Among major diseases occur in Malaysia are TILV and Streptococcosis in Tilapia, Vibriosis in grouper, and APHND and EHP in shrimp. Losses due to these diseases were reported as USD 0.1 billion for APHND in 2011, MYR 1 million due to Streptococcosis in 2002 and USD 7.4 million in Vibriosis outbreak in 1990. Currently the use of chemicals to overcome these diseases by farmers has led to increase concerns on food safety of food fish. Thus, Malaysia has implemented strict biosecurity measures in fisheries practices to secure not only fish health but also food safety for the consumers. This paper aimed to discuss the status of fish diseases and national diseases response and surveillance in Malaysia
[The Philippines recommends for mangrove crab:] Mangrove crab holding facilities registered under BFAR-NCR in 2018
No full textNursery and grow-out culture of the abalone Haliotis asinina on a reef flat: A comparison of growth and survival using different culture containers
No full textThe study was conducted to compare four different culture containers [cage, recycled oil container, tray (control), and tube] in the nursery and grow-out culture of the abalone Haliotis asinina on a reef flat. For nursery culture, early juvenile abalone with mean shell length (SL) of 1.30 ± 0.006 cm and mean body weight (BW) of 0.45 ± 0.007 g were stocked in the containers at 100 ind m−2 and reared until they attained the 3 cm SL size required for grow-out culture in three of the four culture containers. For grow-out culture, juvenile abalone harvested from nursery culture with mean SL of 3.23 ± 0.018 cm and mean BW of 7.33 ± 0.131 g were stocked in the containers at 50 ind m−2 and reared until they were harvestable at 5 cm SL cocktail size in three of the four culture containers. The 3 cm SL grow-out size was attained at 90 days of culture (DOC) in recycled containers, trays, and tubes, while the 5 cm SL cocktail size at 180 DOC in the same containers. Abalone reared in tubes had the highest mean SL after 90 DOC in nursery culture (3.21 cm), while those in trays after 180 DOC in grow-out culture (5.30 cm). However, at the end of the nursery and grow-out culture, there were no significant differences in mean SL among the abalone reared in these three culture containers. In both culture phases, abalone reared in cages had the lowest mean SL, 2.88 and 4.44 cm, respectively. Survival was highest in trays (98.64%) during nursery culture and in tubes (96.57%) during grow-out culture. With comparable results in recycled containers, trays, and tubes for both growth and survival at the nursery and grow-out phases, tubes are recommended for use when culture is to be done on reef flats. Tubes are the most stable and durable among the four culture containers tested. They can withstand strong winds and waves and may be reused for several culture runs.The Project Team greatly appreciates the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic, and Natural Resources Research and Development of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST-PCAARRD) for funding this three-year project (Project Code 6286-TRD-DOST-A3); Dr. Mari-Ann M. Acedera, Ms. Ester C. Zaragoza, Ms. Adela C. Corpuz and all the staff of the Marine Resources Research Division of DOST-PCAARRD for their assistance and support from proposal submission to project termination; the Aquaculture Department of the Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center (SEAFDEC/AQD) for personnel support (Study Code FS-01-M2014T) and for facilitating the smooth implementation of the project; Mr. Silverio Tibudan and Mr. Winnie Tibudan for their kind assistance in the field; the Abalone Hatchery Team for providing the abalone juveniles used in the study; the Local Government Unit and the people of Concepcion, Iloilo for welcoming the team and allowing the conduct of the experiment in their locality; Mr. Vicente Balinas of the University of the Philippines Visayas for his help in statistical analysis; and the anonymous journal reviewers for painstakingly reviewing the manuscript
AQD Matters 2021 May - June
No full textIn this issue: 1) Shrimp birthing center ends unnecessary abortions; 2) MOSRA in Molocaboc Island, still engaged; 3) News Briefs; 4) Long-running marine fish training offered online for the first time; 5) Virtual library boosts open access to aquaculture and fisheries publications; 6) PROFILES: Hope for the grouper
Farm management and biosecurity measures of Eucheumatoids: Cultivars, pest and disease, risks and risk managements
No full textGisulat kining brosyur matapos ang upat ka tuig nga panukiduki sa ‘GlobalSeaweedSTAR Philippine Team’ sa industriya sa guso sa Pilipinas gamit ang simple nga sinultian nga daling masabtan sa mga layko. Kini magahatag ug higayon sa lain-laing mga hingtungdan sa industriya sa guso aron masabtan ug mapatuman ang mga lakang sa pagpanguma sa guso sa puntong biyolohikal, ekolohikal ug pisyolohikal ug sa aquakultura; ug sa punto sa pagtuki sa mga 'social network' a industriya sa guso, lakip ang mga risgo ug mga estratehiya sa pagdumala sa mga risgo sa pagpanguma sa guso. Kining brosyur nagalakip usab ug mga rekomendasyon alang sa paghimo sa mga balaod ilabi na sa mga lakang sa bayo-sekuridad aron mapunggan, malikayan o maminusan ang mga insidente sa pagdagsang sa sakit, maminusan ang mga risgo o peligro sa produksyon ug pagpamaligya, ug sa pagmugna ug mga estratehiya sa pagdumala sa mga risgo o peligro nga giatubang sa industriya. Kining mga palisiya nga ipatuman nga naka-base sa kahibalo sa syensya makatabang aron makab-ot ang mas malig-on, dili makadaot sa kinaiyahan ug malungtaron nga industriya sa guso sa Pilipinas.Bisay