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METTLE: A METamorphic Testing approach to assessing and validating unsupervised machine LEarning systems
No full textPoon, PL ORCiD: 0000-0003-2840-2418Unsupervised machine learning is the training of an artificial intelligence system using information that is neither classified nor labeled, with a view to modeling the underlying structure or distribution in a dataset. Since unsupervised machine learning systems are widely used in many real-world applications, assessing the appropriateness of these systems and validating their implementations with respect to individual users’ requirements and specific application scenarios/contexts are indisputably two important tasks. Such assessment and validation tasks, however, are fairly challenging due to the absence of a priori knowledge of the data. In view of this challenge, we develop a METamorphic Testing approach to assessing and validating unsupervised machine LEarning systems, abbreviated as METTLE. Our approach provides a new way to unveil the (possibly latent) characteristics of various machine learning systems, by explicitly considering the specific expectations and requirements of these systems from individual users’ perspectives. To support METTLE, we have further formulated 11 generic metamorphic relations (MRs), covering users’ generally expected characteristics that should be possessed by machine learning systems. We have performed an experiment and a user evaluation study to evaluate the viability and effectiveness of METTLE. Our experiment and user evaluation study have shown that, guided by user-defined MR-based adequacy criteria, end users are able to assess, validate, and select appropriate clustering systems in accordance with their own specific needs. Our investigation has also yielded insightful understanding and interpretation of the behavior of the machine learning systems from an end-user software engineering’s perspective, rather than a designer’s or implementor’s perspective, who normally adopts a theoretical approach
Using resilience as a tool for systematic change
No full textBrien, DL ORCiD: 0000-0002-9005-3645; Mcallister, MM ORCiD: 0000-0003-1181-1610“Wicked” problems occur not just for patients in healthcare services,
as can be seen in Chapter 1, Resilience in Nursing, but also for nurses
in attempting to change and improve their own professional culture.
Nursing’s advancement and professionalization has been hampered
by internal and external tensions, including professional disunity,
public misunderstanding and devaluation, and lack of political will
and support to improve conditions (Thorne, 2015). This situation
leads to further problems, such as stress, conflict, and burnout, and
defensive coping mechanisms that can metamorphose into uncaring
behaviors toward patients. It is these "wicked" problems of stress,
burnout, and conflict that we focus on in this chapte
How is my poop made?
No full textReid-Searl, KA ORCiD: 0000-0001-5808-9296The content of this book is intended to help caregivers, parents and teachers engage children in learning about the importance of healthy bowel functioning
Human-animal co-sleeping: An actigraphy-based assessment of dogs’ impacts on women’s nighttime movements
No full textBrowne, M ORCiD: 0000-0002-2668-6229; Smith, BP ORCiD: 0000-0002-0873-3917Humans regularly enter into co-sleeping arrangements with human and non-human partners. Studies of adults who co-sleep report that co-sleeping can impact sleep quality, particularly for women. Although dog owners often choose to bedshare with their dogs, we know relatively little about the nature of these relationships, nor the extent to which co-sleeping might interfere with sleep quality or quantity. In an effort to rectify this, we selected a sample of 12 adult female human (M = 50.8 years) and dog dyads, and monitored their activity using actigraphy. We collected movement data in one-minute epochs for each sleep period for an average of 10 nights per participant. This resulted in 124 nights of data, covering 54,533 observations (M = 7.3 hours per night). In addition, we collected subjective sleep diary data from human participants. We found a significant positive relationship between human and dog movement over sleep periods, with dogs influencing human movement more than humans influenced dog movement. Dog movement accompanied approximately 50% of human movement observations, and dog movement tripled the likelihood of the human transitioning from a non-moving state to a moving state. Nevertheless, humans rarely reported that their dog disrupted their sleep. We encourage the continued exploration of human-animal co-sleeping in all its facets and provide recommendations for future research in this area. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland
Identity development in school makerspaces: Intentional design
No full textFasso, W ORCiD: 0000-0002-0711-7258; Knight, BA ORCiD: 0000-0001-6627-378XMakerspaces are increasingly popular in K-12 schools, particularly when associated with STEM learning. Many schools are successfully entering the makerspace arena. Others face significant barriers in ideating their design, often resorting to tinkering, or the purchase of commercial kits as resources. At the heart of a makerspace is its intent, as well as anticipated learning outcomes. This paper proposes design as being the process-base of a makerspace, and the transformation of learner identity as being its core learning outcome. The literature is drawn together to present an overview of identity as it relates to learning. It draws on the Funds of Knowledge and Funds of Identity approaches to outline how makerspaces are able to operate as third spaces, drawing together experiences in both formal and informal education. The paper then presents a makerspace design approach that draws together three identity resources, namely material, relational and ideational. Literature on equity-oriented makerspace design and facilitation is drawn upon to describe makerspace design features organised by each type of identity resource. This design can initiate the conversation of educational makerspace designers that supports focused questions about the potential purpose, resourcing, structure and facilitation of school makerspaces. © 2019, Springer Nature B.V
Correction to: Managing cognitive biases during disaster response: The development of an aide memoire (Cognition, Technology & Work, (2020), 10.1007/s10111-019-00564-5)
No full textUnfortunately the fourth author name incorrectly published in the original article. The correct author name is Chris Bearman. The original article has been corrected. © 2019, Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature
Intention-behaviour gap and perceived behavioural control-behaviour gap in theory of planned behaviour: Moderating roles of communication, satisfaction and trust in organic food consumption
No full textPearson, DH ORCiD: 0000-0002-5374-7074; Sultan, P ORCiD: 0000-0003-3856-4592This study examines the moderating effects of perceived communication, satisfaction and trust on the intention-behaviour gap and the perceived behavioural control (PBC)-behaviour gap in the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) model, using a quantitative research method. A nationwide panel-only online survey was conducted, resulting in 1011 usable responses from organic food consumers in Australia. Data were analysed statistically using SPSS v.25 and SmartPLS 3 software, and the hypotheses were tested using the partial least squares-based structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) technique. The findings confirm that perceived communication, satisfaction and trust positively and significantly enhance purchase behaviour and lessen gaps in the intention-behaviour and PBC-behaviour relationships in the TPB model. This study also validates the TPB model and finds statistically significant results in support of all of its 14 hypotheses. It is the first such study to examine the intervention efficacy or moderating effects of perceived communication, satisfaction and trust on the intention-behaviour and PBC-behaviour gaps in the TPB model. Examining the mediational effect of behavioural intention in the TPB model and including the Australian context are among its other contributions. Organic food producers and marketers aiming for sustained, positive changes in consumer behaviour are encouraged to consider the findings and implications of this study
Exercise prescription for people with mental illness: An evaluation of mental health professionals' knowledge, beliefs, barriers, and behaviors
No full textStanton, R ORCiD: 0000-0002-6684-5087OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to understand the knowledge, beliefs, barriers, and behaviors of mental health professionals about physical activity and exercise for people with mental illness. METHODS: The Portuguese version of The Exercise in Mental Illness Questionnaire was used to assess knowledge, beliefs, barriers, and behaviors about exercise prescription for people with mental illness in a sample of 73 mental health professionals (68.5% women, mean age = 37.0 years) from 10 Psychosocial Care Units (Centros de Atenção Psicossocial) in Porto Alegre and Canoas, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. RESULTS: Most of respondents had received no formal training in exercise prescription. Exercise ranked fifth as the most important treatment, and most of the sample never or occasionally prescribed exercise. The most frequently reported barriers were lack of training in physical activity and exercise prescription and social stigma related to mental illness. Professionals who themselves met recommended physical activity levels found fewer barriers to prescribing physical activity and did so with greater frequency. CONCLUSION: Exercise is underrated and underused as a treatment. It is necessary to include physical activity and exercise training in mental health curricula. Physically active professionals are more likely to prescribe exercise and are less likely to encounter barriers to doing so. Interventions to increase physical activity levels among mental health professionals are necessary to decrease barriers to and increase the prescription of physical activity and exercise for mental health patients
Nurses’ views on workload, care rationing and work environments
No full textHarvey, CL ORCiD: 0000-0001-9016-8840; Willis, EM ORCiD: 0000-0001-7576-971XAims: The article examines nurses’ experiences to institutionally enforced choices they must make regarding what patient care will be left undone. Cognitive dissonance theory is used to discuss how missed care is reconciled with the nurses’ sense of professionalism and feelings of compassion. Background: Research into missed nursing care and care rationing is increasing, with an awareness that it impacts on nurses’ coping ability. Methods: In-depth video and telephone interviews were conducted with four experienced nurses who were asked to describe how they made choices regarding required patient care and how they managed care under workload pressures. Results: Thematic analysis of interview narratives revealed four key themes describing the experiences of nurses managing their work: compromising care; incongruity between professional standards and organisational resources; emotional exhaustion; and depersonalization. Conclusions: Nurses expressed concerns that their professional values regarding patient care are being lost in a quest to achieve financial targets. It raises questions regarding ethical and psychological dilemmas created for workers by work intensification. Implications for Nursing Management: Financial effectiveness negatively impacts on nurses’ emotional and clinical well-being cannot be easily dismissed, given that cognitive dissonance arises from attempting to provide quality care of patients whilst meeting organisational financial targets. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Lt
Will my child get coronavirus at school? Here’s some perspective for Aussie parents
No full textMude, WW ORCiD: 0000-0003-1961-5681As Australian students returned to school this week, they were met with conflicting and changing advice from federal and state governments on the coronavirus outbreak.
The outbreak, which originated in the Chinese city of Wuhan in Hubei province, has killed more than 170 people and spread to at least 16 countries – seven people have been identified with the infection in Australia