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Mind the gap: linking quantitative skill deficits and academic success in Economics and Business degrees - A systematic literature review
No full textQuantitative competencies are essential for the employability and professional development of
undergraduate students in Economics and Business as they transition into the labour market.
However, recent research highlights significant gaps between students¿ pre-university quantitative
preparation and the level required for successful university-level competency development,
which is critical to ensuring the comprehensive acquisition of these skills. This study presents a
critical systematic literature review, conducted according to the PRISMA methodology, encompassing
46 peer-reviewed articles that address four research questions that are gaining increasing
relevance in the current academic discourse.
The findings reveal a significant competency gap among incoming students, particularly those
following pre-university pathways recommended by educational institutions. Furthermore,
quantitative competencies emerge as a strong predictor of academic performance, not only in
quantitative courses but also across the broader curriculum, with cognitive and behaviouralaffective
variables¿such as self-regulation, self-efficacy, and motivation¿playing a mediating
role. The development of these competencies is enhanced when students engage with wellstructured
pedagogical environments, including flipped learning and problem-based learning,
and when technology is integrated in alignment with sound pedagogical frameworks.
The analysis yields avenues for future research, teaching practice and curriculum design,
underscoring the need to better align competency transfer between pre-university and higher
education stages
Helduarorako trantsizioa: Nafarroako tutoretzapeko gazte ohien errealitate sozioekonomikoa
No full textEste trabajo corresponde al Trabajo de Fin de Grado del curso 2024-2025 del Grado de Trabajo Social de la Universidad Pública de Navarra. El objetivo principal ha sido analizar la situación socioeconómica de los/as jóvenes extutelados/as de Navarra desde su salida del Sistema de Protección de Menores, con un enfoque en los ámbitos formativo, laboral y económico, sanitario, social y residencial. La investigación se basa en un enfoque cualitativo mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas a jóvenes extutelados/as. A partir de los testimonios recogidos, se han contrastado las hipótesis formuladas al inicio, concluyendo que estos jóvenes enfrentan múltiples barreras como la precariedad económica, la falta de redes de apoyo social y familiar, y el estigma asociado a su condición. Además, se destacan desigualdades específicas vinculadas al género y al origen cultural, que agravan su exclusión social. Este trabajo ofrece una perspectiva crítica sobre las barreras que enfrentan los/as jóvenes extutelados/as, subrayando la importancia de un abordaje integral para mejorar su inclusión social y garantizar su desarrollo pleno.Lan hau Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoko Gizarte Laneko Graduko 2024- 2025 ikasturteko Gradu Bukaerako Lanari dagokio. Helburu nagusia Nafarroako tutoretzapeko gazte ohien egoera sozioekonomikoa aztertzea izan da, Adingabeak Babesteko Sistematik irten zirenetik, formakuntza-, laneta ekonomia-, osasun-, gizarte- eta etxebizitza-arloetan oinarrituta. Ikerketa ikuspegi kualitatibo batean oinarritzen da, tutoretzapeko gazte ohiei egindako elkarrizketa erdiegituratuen bidez. Jasotako testigantzetatik abiatuta, hasieran formulatutako hipotesiak egiaztatu dira, eta ondorioztatu da gazte horiek hainbat oztopori aurre egin behar dietela: prekarietate ekonomikoari, gizarte- eta familia-laguntzako sare eskasari eta beren izaerari lotutako estigmari. Gainera, generoari eta jatorri kulturalari lotutako desberdintasun espezifikoak nabarmentzen dira, gizarte-bazterkeria larriagotzen dutenak. Lan honek tutoretzapeko gazte ohiek aurre egin beharreko oztopoei buruzko ikuspegi kritikoa eskaintzen du, haien gizarteratzea hobetzeko eta erabateko garapena bermatzeko lanketa integralaren garrantzia azpimarratuz.This work corresponds to the Final Degree Project of the 2024-2025 academic year of the Degree in Social Work at the Public University of Navarra. The main objective has been to analyze the socio-economic situation of care leavers who have left the Child Protection System in Navarra, focusing on the educational, employment and economic, health, social and residential areas. The research is based on a qualitative approach through semi-structured interviews This work corresponds to the Final Degree Project of the 2024-2025 academic year of the Social Work Degree at the Public University of Navarra. The main objective has been to analyze the socio-economic situation of care leavers in Navarra since their departure from the Child Protection System, focusing on the educational, labor, economic, health, social, and housing areas. The research is based on a qualitative approach through semi-structured interviews conducted with care leavers. From the testimonies collected, the hypotheses formulated at the beginning have been contrasted, concluding that these young people face multiple barriers such as economic precariousness, lack of social and family support networks, and the stigma associated with their condition. Furthermore, specific inequalities related to gender and cultural background are highlighted, which exacerbate their social exclusion. This work offers a critical perspective on the barriers faced by care leavers, emphasizing the importance of an integrated approach to improve their social inclusion and ensure their full development.Graduado o Graduada en Trabajo Social por la Universidad Pública de NavarraGizarte Lanean Graduatua Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
Anti-monuments: emerging practices in the struggle for memory
No full textEl presente trabajo analiza el antimonumento, una práctica de la memoria emergente surgida en México en la década del 2010. Esta práctica articula nuevas formas de entender la monumentalidad en relación con la memoria colectiva y la demanda social. A partir de un análisis cualitativo de la producción académica y periodística más reciente y significativa sobre el tema, se presenta una definición y caracterización del antimonumento. Éste se presenta como una expresión político-artística de colectivos sociales, que subvierte el espacio público en pos de la disputa por la memoria y la democracia; en primera instancia, el antimonumento busca mantener vivo el recuerdo de hechos traumáticos, para exigir justicia en un contexto de impunidad estatal. Los antimonumentos reconfiguran el espacio urbano promoviendo una reflexión crítica sobre el pasado, la historia reciente y la justicia social en la sociedad. El análisis muestra cómo los antimonumentos visibilizan problemáticas presentes, como desapariciones forzadas y feminicidios, íntimamente ligadas con pasados traumáticos irresueltos, para construir una memoria y un proceso democrático a futuro. Finalmente, se destaca la particularidad del antimonumento frente a otras prácticas de la memoria alternativas, como el contramonumento. Las conclusiones destacan su papel como herramienta de acción social, así como su aportación teórica y metodológica a los estudios de memoria.Lan honek antimonumentua analizatzen du, hau da, memoria historikoaren inguruan Mexikon sortzen ari den jardunbide bat, zeinak monumentaltasuna ulertzeko modu berriak aldarrikatzen baititu, memoria kolektiboarekin eta eskakizun sozialarekin lotuak. Gai horri buruzko argitalpen akademiko eta kezetaritzako berrienak eta esanguratsuenak kualitatiboki analizatuta, antimonumentua zer den definitu eta nolako ezaugarriak dituen ematen du lanak aditzera. Antimonumentua, izan ere, kolektibo sozialen adierazpide politiko-artistiko gisa aurkezten du, espazio publikoa azpikoz gora jartzen duena memoriaren eta demokraziaren aldeko borroka egin nahian. Lehenik eta behin, iraganeko gertaera traumatikoen oroitzapena bizirik gordetzea du helburu, estatua zigorrik gabe atera den testuinguruetan justizia egin dadin exijitzeko. Antimonumentuek eraldatu egiten dute hirietako espazioa, eta horrela gizarteari gogoeta kritikoa eginarazten diote iraganari, historia hurbilenari eta justizia sozialari buruz. Analisiak erakusten du antimonumentuek nola ematen dituzten ezagutzera gaur egungo arazoak, jendea desagerrarazitako kasuak eta feminizidioak adibidez, zeinek lotura estua baitute iraganeko gertaera traumatiko gainditu gabeekin, zeren eta etorkizunean memoria eta prozesu demokratikoak eraikitzeko balio baitu horrek. Azkenik, memoriaren inguruko beste jardunbide alternatibo batzuekin alderatuz, kontramonumentuarekin esaterako, antimonumentuak zer berezitasun dituen nabarmentzen da. Ondorioetan, antimonumentuak ekintza sozialeko tresna gisa nolako eginkizuna duen azpimarratzen da, eta zer ekarpen teoriko eta metodologiko egiten dizkien memoria historikoko ikerlanei.This paper analyzes the anti-monument, a new form of memory practice emerged in Mexico in the 2010s, which articulates inno-vative ways to understanding monumentality in relation to collective memory and social demands. The paper defines and characterizes the antimonument through a qualitative analysis of significant recent academic and journalistic works on the topic. The anti-monument is presented as a political and artistic expression from social collectives that transforms public spaces to contest memory and democracy; initially, its goal is to preserve the memory of traumatic events and demand justice in contexts marked by state impunity. The anti-monuments reshape urban spaces by encouraging critical reflection on the past, recent history, and the state of social justice in society. The analysis shows how anti-monuments highlight current issues, such as forced disappearances and femicides, which are closely connected to unresolved historical traumas, aiming to foster a collective memory and a path toward a more democratic future. Additionally, the peculiarity of the anti-monument is highlighted in contrast to other alternative memory practices, such as such as the counter-monument. Finally, the paper underscores the role of anti-monuments as tools for social action and highlights their theoretical and methodological contributions to the field of memory studies
The determinants of coexisting anemia and undernutrition among pregnant women in Southern Ethiopia: a multi-level analysis
No full textBackground/Objectives: Anemia and undernutrition are severe public health concerns in
Ethiopia. These are the two most common nutritional disorders in pregnant women and
frequently coexist. However, to our knowledge, there is little evidence of the coexistence
of anemia and undernutrition among pregnant women. Therefore, this study aimed to
examine the prevalence of coexisting anemia and undernutrition (CAU) and associated
factors among pregnant women. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study
was conducted from 1 to 25 June 2024, on 515 pregnant women in the Hawela Lida
district of Sidama, Ethiopia. We utilized a multi-stage sampling method to choose eligible
study participants. A pre-tested and structured questionnaire was used to collect data
via the online Open Data Kit mobile tool. We controlled the effect of confounders and
clustering by using a multi-level mixed-effect modified Poisson regression analysis model.
Results: The prevalence of CAU among pregnant women was 25.4% (95% CI: 21.9–28.9).
The prevalence of CAU was associated with household food insecurity (adjusted prevalence
ratio [APR]: 2.17; 95% CI: 1.43–3.28), training on model family (APR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.45–0.96),
inadequate dietary diversity (APR: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.18–1.95), and having poor knowledge
of nutrition (APR: 1.55; 95% CI: 1.06–2.26) at individual levels. Low community-level
women’s autonomy (APR: 6.19; 95% CI: 3.42–11.22) and community-level road accessibility
(APR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.43–0.98) were the identified determinants of CAU at the community
level. Conclusions: One in four pregnant women had CAU in the study area. Household
food insecurity, inadequate dietary diversity, and poor nutrition knowledge were associated
with an increased likelihood of CAU, while participation in model family training and
improved road accessibility were associated with reduced CAU. We have also indicated
that low community-level women’s autonomy significantly increased the risk of CAU.
Therefore, inter-sectorial collaboration should be required to comprehensively address
CAU’s determinants at different levels. Additionally, any CAU prevention and intervention
programs should provide model family training explicitly targeting women with poor
nutritional knowledge and low autonomy in healthcare decision-making.This research was funded by the Nestle Foundation with grant number NFHUC/0212/2024
Collaborative Online International Learning (COIL)
No full textRecurso Educativo Abierto (REA) elaborado en el marco de la segunda oferta formativa de los Centros de Enseñanza y Aprendizaje de UNITA (mayo-junio de 2025), dirigido a la capacitación del profesorado universitario en materia de internacionalización.Open Educational Resource (OER) developed as part of the second training offer by the UNITA Teaching and Learning Centres (May–June 2025), aimed at strengthening university teaching staff competencies in internationalisation.Enlace al vídeo en inglés: https://academica-unavarra.es/handle/2454/55074Este vídeo forma parte de la tercera sesión del curso Recipes to Promote Teaching and Learning in an International Environment, impartido por Paloma Fernández-Rasines y Aneider Iza Erviti, profesoras de la Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA). En esta cápsula se presenta el Aprendizaje Colaborativo Internacional en Línea, conocido como COIL por sus siglas en inglés, un enfoque pedagógico que permite desarrollar experiencias internacionales sin necesidad de movilidad física.
El COIL es una modalidad flexible e inclusiva que conecta a profesorado y estudiantado de al menos dos universidades de diferentes países, mediante el diseño conjunto de actividades de aprendizaje colaborativas en entornos virtuales. Puede impartirse como curso íntegramente online o en formato híbrido, y está reconocido dentro del Sistema Europeo de Transferencia y Acumulación de Créditos (ECTS).
El vídeo expone los once pasos clave para diseñar un proyecto COIL: desde la identificación de necesidades, la búsqueda de socios académicos y la definición de objetivos compartidos, hasta la impartición, evaluación y mejora del curso. También se subraya el papel fundamental del acompañamiento institucional, incluyendo a las oficinas de relaciones internacionales, los servicios informáticos, los equipos pedagógicos y las asesorías en internacionalización.
Diseñar un COIL es una manera eficaz de abrir el aula al mundo, incorporar dimensiones interculturales y preparar al estudiantado para los desafíos globales desde sus propios contextos. Esta herramienta fortalece la internacionalización en casa, apostando por una educación superior más equitativa, significativa y globalmente conectada.This video is part of the third session of the course Recipes to Promote Teaching and Learning in an International Environment, delivered by Paloma Fernández-Rasines and Aneider Iza Erviti, professors at the Public University of Navarre (UPNA). It introduces Collaborative Online International Learning (COIL), a pedagogical approach that enables international experiences without the need for physical mobility.
COIL is a flexible and inclusive format that brings together teachers and students from at least two universities in different countries to engage in collaborative learning activities via virtual platforms. Courses may be fully online or hybrid, and COIL projects are recognised within the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS).
The video outlines eleven key steps to design a successful COIL project — from identifying course needs, finding academic partners and aligning curricula, to delivering, assessing, and improving the course. It also highlights the essential role of institutional support, including international offices, IT teams, pedagogical advisors and internationalisation experts.
Designing a COIL project is an effective way to internationalise the classroom, integrate intercultural dimensions and prepare students for global challenges from their local contexts. This approach strengthens internationalisation at home, promoting a more inclusive, meaningful and globally connected higher education
Effect of diactive-1 mHealth-supported progressive resistance training on insulin requirements, glycemic stability, and muscular strength in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a parallel-group randomized controlled trial
No full textDatos de investigación alojados en: https://doi.org/10.2337/figshare.29599814Objetive: to evaluate the effects of resistance training supported by the mobile health application Diactive-1 on the daily insulin dose and glycemic parameters in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
Rerearch design and methods: in this 24-week randomized clinical trial, Diactive-1 generated progressive overload resistance training sessions tailored to real-time glycemia and provided educational support. Insulin and glycemic parameters were collected from LibreView or CareLink, whereas glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was extracted from medical records. Muscular strength was assessed using a handgrip dynamometer and e-GYM machines, targeting pushing, pulling, and lower-limb movements. The effect was analyzed using linear mixed models.
Results: sixty-two participants (age: 8–18 years, girls: 48%) with type 1 diabetes (HbA1c: 7.6% [60.4 mmol/mol]) were allocated to the usual care (n = 32) or the Diactive-1 group (n = 30). Daily insulin dose reductions were observed within the Diactive-1 group (mean difference [MD] −0.10 units/kg, 95% CI −0.18 to −0.01) and when compared with usual care (MD −0.17 units/kg, 95% CI −0.26 to −0.07). No adverse effects were observed on the glycemic risk index or the incidence of hypoglycemic events. Finally, handgrip strength (MD 2.90 kg, 95% CI 1.57–4.22), one-repetition maximum strength (MD 1.34, 95% CI 0.21–2.46), and muscular power (MD 0.97, 95% CI 0.01–1.93) increased. Four participants (6.5%) withdrew from the study.
Conclusions: Diactive-1 appears to be a safe and feasible adjunct to standard care in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Its resistance training component effectively reduced insulin requirements and improved muscular strength, without increasing the risk of adverse glycemic events.The study received financial support from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Spain), funded by the European Union under grant number PI21/01238 and PI24/00829. In addition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III supported J.M.-P. with a competitive contract (FI22/00329)
Embalaje para tablas de surf
No full textEn el presente trabajo de fin de grado se ha llevado a cabo el diseño y estudio de un embalaje específico para material deportivo de deportes de deslizamiento sobre el agua. El objetivo consiste en mejorar la logística y protección en el transporte sin dejar de lado aspectos importantes como la versatilidad y la polivalencia del embalaje, adaptándose a diferentes modalidades de surf.
El proyecto presenta dos propuestas principales: el Embalaje 1 – Producto Premium, hecho en polipropileno corrugado, y el Embalaje 2 – Producto Accesible, fabricado en cartón corrugado. Ambos diseños responden a requisitos básicos como ser apilables, retornables, reciclables y modulares, adaptándose a lo que pide el mercado.
Durante el desarrollo se han analizado distintos materiales, se han realizado simulaciones de resistencia usando SolidWorks y se han estudiado aspectos técnicos y económicos para evaluar la viabilidad de las ideas. A pesar de que se han enfrentado limitaciones, como la falta de colaboración directa con proveedores, se ha logrado avanzar en el diseño y validación de prototipos. Para finalizar también se proponen mejoras a futuro para optimizar los recursos y se plantea la posibilidad de registrar el producto mediante patente.This undergraduate thesis focuses on the design and study of specialized packaging for water sliding sports equipment. The objective is to enhance logistics and protection during transportation while maintaining key features such as versatility and adaptability to various surfing disciplines.
The project introduces two main proposals: Packaging 1 – Premium Product, made of corrugated polypropylene, and Packaging 2 – Accessible Product, made of corrugated cardboard. Both designs meet essential requirements such as stackability, reusability, recyclability, and modularity, aligning with current market demands.
Throughout the development process, various materials were analyzed, strength simulations were conducted using SolidWorks, and both technical and economic aspects were examined to assess feasibility. Despite certain limitations, such as the lack of direct collaboration with suppliers, progress was made in prototype design and validation. The project concludes with suggestions for future improvements to optimize resources and considers the potential for product patenting.Graduado o Graduada en Ingeniería en Diseño Mecánico por la Universidad Pública de NavarraDiseinu Mekanikoko Ingeniaritzan Graduatua Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
Lizarraga Ergoienako hizkeraren bilakaera: mikrosare baten azterketa
No full textEste trabajo analiza la evolución del habla de Lizarraga-Ergoiena (Navarra) a través del estudio de la
red lingüística de un joven. Se investiga el uso del euskalki, el euskera batua y el castellano en
contextos formales e informales, destacando los cambios fonológicos, el uso de calcos y los
fenómenos de cambio de código.
Para ello, se han utilizado grabaciones orales, encuestas y análisis de textos escritos, con el objetivo
de observar la relación entre las prácticas lingüísticas y la identidad lingüística. Asimismo, se examina
el papel del sistema educativo en la transmisión de los dialectos y en la promoción de la diversidad
lingüística.
En la segunda parte del trabajo se presenta una propuesta didáctica que proporciona recursos para
integrar el euskalki y el euskera batua en el aula, fomentando la motivación y el uso entre el
alumnado.Lan honek Nafarroako Lizarraga-Ergoienako hizkeraren bilakaera aztertzen du, gazte baten mikrosare
linguistikoa abiapuntu hartuta. Hiru hizkuntza (euskalkia, euskara batua eta gaztelania) testuinguru
informal zein formaletan nola erabiltzen diren ikertu da, eta belaunaldi arteko aldeak aztertu dira.
Bereziki, kode aldaketak, kalkoak eta fonologiaren bilakaera azpimarratu dira.
Horretarako, ahozko grabazioak, galdeketak eta testu-idazketak baliatu dira, hizkuntza-praktiken eta
hizkuntza-identitatearen arteko harremanak aztertzeko. Gainera, hezkuntza-sistemak euskalkien
transmisioan eta hizkuntza-aniztasunean duen rola aztertu da.
Lanaren bigarren zatian, proposamen didaktiko bat aurkezten da, irakasleek euskalkiak eta euskara
batua modu integratuan lantzeko baliabideak izan ditzaten, eta ikasleen motibazioa eta erabilera
sustatzeko jarduerak eskainiz.This research examines the evolution of the Lizarraga-Ergoiena dialect (Navarre) through the
linguistic micro-network of a young speaker. It explores how three languages—local dialect, standard
Basque, and Spanish—are used across formal and informal contexts, emphasizing phonological
changes, code-switching, and calques.
Oral recordings, surveys, and written texts were analyzed to understand the relationship between
language practices and linguistic identity. The study also considers the role of the education system in
the transmission of dialects and the promotion of linguistic diversity.
In the second part, a didactic proposal is offered to help teachers integrate dialects and standard
Basque in the classroom, including activities to foster motivation and real-life usage among students.Máster Universitario en Profesorado de Educación Secundaria por la Universidad Pública de NavarraBigarren Hezkuntzako Irakasletzako Unibertsitate Masterra Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
Reducing leads, enhancing wearable practicality: a comparative study of 3-lead vs. 12-lead ECG classification
No full textInspired by recent advances in clinical research and the growing adoption of wearable ECG devices, this study explores the feasibility of using reduced-lead ECGs for automated detection of heart anomalies using deep learning, providing a more accessible and cost-effective alternative to traditional 12-lead ECGs. This research adapts and evaluates a state-of-the-art 12-lead deep learning model (from Ribeiro et al. [1]) for 3-lead configurations. The 12-lead ECG model architecture was trained from scratch on the public database PTB-XL. It was then modified to use 3 leads by only changing the input layer. Despite a 75% reduction in input data, the 3-lead model showed only a subtle 3% performance drop. To address this gap, the 3-lead model was further optimized using a novel strategy that combines transfer learning and a One-vs-All classification approach. Using PTB-XL's five-class setup (normal vs. four pathologies: myocardial infarction, ST/T change, conduction disturbance, and hypertrophy), we report the micro-averaged F1-score across all test samples. The new optimized 3-lead model achieves a global (micro-averaged) F1-score of 77% (vs. 78% for the 12-lead model). These findings highlight the potential of simplified and cost-effective reduced-lead classification models to deliver near-equivalent diagnostic accuracy. This advancement could democratize access to early cardiac diagnostics, particularly in resource-limited settings
Síntesis de 1,4-hidroquinonas a partir de aldehídos y cetonas provenientes de tratamientos termoquímicos de lignina.
No full textLa demanda de plásticos en el planeta va en aumento a lo largo de los años por lo que es
conveniente explorar nuevas vías de obtención diferentes de origen fósil. La finalidad de
este Trabajo de Fin de Grado es ver si una reacción conocida como oxidación de Dakin
que ha quedado obsoleta es capaz de usarse para poder poner solución al problema.
El estudio se ha centrado en ver si la oxidación de Dakin es viable en una muestra obtenida
mediante un tratamiento termoquímico de lignina. Para ello, se han probado variantes de
la oxidación empleando diferentes bases y con ellas modificando la temperatura para ver
diferencias para monómeros que forman parte de la lignina. Viendo que las mejores
condiciones de base han sido mediante una disolución acuosa de NaOH en presencia de
H2O2 y mediante Na2CO3·1.5H2O2. Con ello se ha conseguido, en una muestra de biooil obtener una reducción de grupos aldehído y cetona con la consecuente aparición de
grupos carbonilo.
Además, para ver si esta reacción se puede emplear para otros usos, se ha procedido a la
allilación de dos de los monómeros empleados, p-hidroxibenzaldehido y vanillina, y
posteriormente realizar la oxidación de estos. Con ello se ha conseguido sustituir el grupo
aldehído del producto obtenido anteriormente y obtener fenoles, pero sin obtener una
conversión completa de los aldehídos.The demand for plastics on the planet is increasing over the years, so it is advisable to
explore new ways of obtaining them other than from fossil sources. The aim of this Final
Degree Project is to see if a reaction known as Dakin oxidation, which has become
obsolete, is capable of being used to solve the problem.
The study has focused on whether Dakin oxidation is viable in a sample obtained by
thermochemical treatment of lignin. For this, variants of the oxidation have been tested
using different bases and with them modifying the temperature to see differences for
monomers that form part of the lignin. The best base conditions were found to be an
aqueous solution of NaOH in the presence of H2O2 and Na2CO3-1.5H2O2. In this way,
a reduction of aldehyde and ketone groups with the consequent appearance of carbonyl
groups was obtained in a bio-oil sample.
In addition, to see if this reaction can be used for other purposes, two of the monomers
used, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and vanillin, were allylated and then oxidised. In this way,
the aldehyde group of the previously obtained product has been substituted and phenols
have been obtained, but without obtaining a complete conversion of the aldehydes.Graduado o Graduada en Ciencias por la Universidad Pública de NavarraZientzietako Graduatua Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa