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Roles of Mlitary Morale: A Historical Comparison of Mlitary Chaplains, Political Officers, and Commissars
No full textThis thesis focuses on a comparison of Chaplains, Commissars, and Political
Officers—roles currently utilized by the military of the U.S., Russia, and China,
respectively. The thesis finds that these roles are quantitatively distinct, but each plays a
critical function in military morale. The roles are both unique and comparable, and
having such a position in a nation’s military is more beneficial than not having one.
The thesis research indicates that the effectiveness of the roles is determined by
two key spectrums, rather than simply by their existence. The first spectrum pertains to
agency, with Commissars having the highest level of agency, and Chaplains the lowest
level. The second spectrum emphasizes ideology as the most significant variable
influencing these roles. Consequently, Chaplains, Commissars, and Political Officers
who prioritize ideology and possess high agency are most effective at enhancing morale
within their respective military organization.Extension Studie
第7章 熱帯アジアの地域社会における開発・生業転換と新興感染症リスク――ラオス・サワンナケート県セポン郡の事例――
No full textapplication/pdfEBK003100_009第7章boo
The paradox of productivity and welfare: The role of institutional markdown
No full textapplication/pdfIDP000959_001The connection between total factor productivity (TFP) growth and overall welfare has traditionally been regarded as positive. However, limited attention has been given to the fact that certain components of TFP growth may, in fact, have a detrimental impact on welfare. By incorporating markdowns into the decomposition model of revenue-based TFP growth, we identify three key components: the markdown effect, which captures the deviation of sectoral average markdown from unity; the reallocation effect, which reflects variations in markdowns across firms; and the technical effect, which represents physical TFP. Using firm-level data from China from 2000 to 2007, we derive several empirical insights. First, the markdown on labor has been decreasing, but this trend came to a halt after 2004—primarily due to a reduction in institutional power, rather than shifts in market power or the effects of the Lewis turning point. Second, markdowns contribute to approximately one-third of TFP growth, surpassing the impact of the reallocation effect in 2007. Additionally, the welfare loss due to markdowns accounted for 5.65% of total value added in 2007. Finally, using the reallocation effect as a reference, we assess the potential for a domestic Flying Geese pattern across regions. This study advances the theoretical discourse on markdowns and their implications for the productivity-welfare relationship, shedding new light on the complex interactions between distortions, firm dynamics, and economic welfare.technical repor
