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Entre mobile et immobile. La route au cœur des tensions écologiques
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Graph theory-based exploration of structure and dynamics of surface organometallic catalysis
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Data Paper: HotPig, a behavioural dataset of pigs under heat stress
No full textInternational audienceThe widespread use of videos in modern indoor livestock facilities coupled with the availability of efficient and low-cost computer vision algorithms provides strong incentives for continuously monitoring farm animal behaviour. Deciphering how pigs behave when experiencing prolonged heat stress is particularly important for animal welfare, as it helps us to better understand how animals use various thermoregulation and heat dissipation mechanisms. Data were collected on 24 pigs that were video-monitored day and night under two contrasted conditions: thermoneutral (TN, 22 °C) and heat stress (HS, 32 °C). All pigs were housed individually and had free access to an automatic feeder delivering pellets four times a day, and to water. After acquisition, videos were processed using YOLOv11, a real-time object detection algorithm that uses a convolutional neural network (CNN), to extract the following behavioural traits: drinking, willingness to eat, lying down, standing up, moving around, curiosity towards the littermate housed in the neighbouring pen, and contact between the two animals (cuddling). A minute frequency sampling rate was applied (each minute corresponds to 150 frames processed) for a continuous period of 16 days, spanning the two different thermal conditions (9 days on TN, 6 days on HS, 1 day back to TN). Consistency with the automatic electronic feeder’s data (also provided) was thoroughly checked. The dataset allows quantitative criterion to be analysed to decipher inter-individual differences in animal behaviour and their dynamic adaptation to heat stress. This dataset can be used to train any machine learning methods for behaviour prediction from videos in conventional growing pigs
L’intégration du droit international dans l’ordre juridique interne, vecteur de reconfiguration du droit constitutionnel français
No full textInternational audienceينظم المادة 55 من الدستور سيادة المعاهدات على القانون، شريطة أن تكون قد تمت المصادقة عليها أو الموافقة عليها بشكل قانوني، ونشرها وتطبيقها بشكل متبادل. وكان الهدف الأصلي من هذه القاعدة، المستوحاة من كيلسن، هو ضمان حل بسيط للنزاعات بين القواعد الدستورية الفرعية، مع بقاء الدستور المصدر السيادي الذي يحدد مكانة المعاهدات في النظام الداخلي. وبعد أن أعلن المجلس الدستوري عدم اختصاصه بممارسة الرقابة على المعاهدات، أصبح القضاة العاديون، منذ قضية جاك فابر ونيكولو، هم الذين يرفضون القوانين غير المتوافقة مع المعاهدات. وقد أدى هذا الصعود في قوة مراقبة المطابقة للمعاهدات إلى إعادة تشكيل عميقة للصلة بين القانون الداخلي والقانون الدولي. ويستورد القضاة، لا سيما تحت تأثير الاتفاقية الأوروبية لحقوق الإنسان وقانون الاتحاد الأوروبي، معايير وأساليب تفسير - التناسبية، وفعالية سبل الانتصاف، والضمانات الإجرائية - التي تغذي الآن التفكير الدستوري. دون قلب التسلسل الهرمي للمعايير بشكل رسمي، تساهم هذه الديناميكية في تدويل القانون الدستوري الفرنسي وفي تحقيق التعددية حيث تظل الدستور في القمة، مع خضوعها لمتطلبات فوق وطنية.Artikel 55 der Verfassung legt die bedingte Vorrangstellung von Verträgen gegenüber innerstaatlichem Recht fest, sofern diese ordnungsgemäß ratifiziert oder genehmigt, veröffentlicht und gegenseitig angewendet werden. Diese von Kelsen inspirierte Regel sollte ursprünglich die einfache Lösung von Konflikten zwischen infrakonstitutionellen Normen gewährleisten, wobei die Verfassung die souveräne Quelle bleibt, die den Stellenwert von Verträgen in der innerstaatlichen Rechtsordnung bestimmt. Da sich der Verfassungsrat für unzuständig erklärt hat, die Übereinstimmung mit Verträgen zu kontrollieren, sind es seit Jacques Vabre und Nicolo die ordentlichen Richter, die unkonventionelle Gesetze außer Kraft setzen. Diese Zunahme der Macht der Konventionalitätskontrolle hat das Verhältnis zwischen innerstaatlichem Recht und Völkerrecht tiefgreifend verändert. Die Richter, insbesondere unter dem Einfluss der Europäischen Menschenrechtskonvention und des EU-Rechts, übernehmen Standards und Auslegungsmethoden – Verhältnismäßigkeit, Wirksamkeit von Rechtsbehelfen, Verfahrensgarantien –, die nun in die verfassungsrechtliche Argumentation einfließen. Ohne die Normenhierarchie formell umzustürzen, trägt diese Dynamik zur Internationalisierung des französischen Verfassungsrechts und zu einem Pluralismus bei, in dem die Verfassung an der Spitze bleibt, aber von supranationalen Anforderungen durchdrungen ist.Article 55 of the Constitution establishes the conditional supremacy of treaties over domestic law, provided that they are duly ratified or approved, published and applied reciprocally. This rule, inspired by Kelsen, was initially intended to ensure the simple resolution of conflicts between infra-constitutional norms, with the Constitution remaining the sovereign source determining the place of treaties in the domestic legal order. Since the Constitutional Council has declared itself incompetent to exercise control over conformity with treaties, it is the ordinary judges who, since Jacques Vabre and Nicolo, have been setting aside unconventional laws. This rise in the power of conventionality control has profoundly reconfigured the relationship between domestic law and international law. Judges, particularly under the influence of the European Convention on Human Rights and EU law, are importing standards and methods of interpretation — proportionality, effectiveness of remedies, procedural guarantees — which now inform constitutional reasoning. Without formally overturning the hierarchy of norms, this dynamic contributes to the internationalisation of French constitutional law and to a pluralism in which the Constitution remains at the top, while being permeated by supranational requirements.El artículo 55 de la Constitución establece la supremacía condicional de los tratados sobre la ley, siempre que sean debidamente ratificados o aprobados, publicados y aplicados de manera recíproca. Esta norma, de inspiración kelseniana, tenía inicialmente por objeto garantizar una simple resolución de los conflictos entre normas infraconstitucionales, ya que la Constitución seguía siendo la fuente soberana que determinaba el lugar de los tratados en el ordenamiento interno. Dado que el Consejo Constitucional se declaró incompetente para ejercer un control de convencionalidad, son los jueces ordinarios quienes, a partir de los casos Jacques Vabre y Nicolo, rechazan las leyes no convencionales. Este refuerzo del control de convencionalidad ha reconfigurado profundamente la articulación entre el derecho interno y el derecho internacional. Los jueces, en particular bajo la influencia del Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos y del Derecho de la Unión, importan normas y métodos de interpretación —proporcionalidad, eficacia de los recursos, garantías procesales— que ahora alimentan el razonamiento constitucional. Sin alterar formalmente la jerarquía de las normas, esta dinámica contribuye a una internacionalización del derecho constitucional francés y a un pluralismo en el que la Constitución sigue estando en la cima, a pesar de estar atravesada por exigencias supranacionales.L’article 55 de la Constitution organise la supériorité conditionnée des traités sur la loi, dès lors qu’ils sont régulièrement ratifiés ou approuvés, publiés et appliqués de manière réciproque. Cette règle, d’inspiration kelsénienne, visait initialement à assurer une simple résolution des conflits entre normes infra-constitutionnelles, la Constitution demeurant la source souveraine déterminant la place des traités dans l’ordre interne. Le Conseil constitutionnel s’étant déclaré incompétent pour exercer un contrôle de conventionalité, ce sont les juges ordinaires qui, depuis Jacques Vabre et Nicolo, écartent les lois inconventionnelles. Cette montée en puissance du contrôle de conventionalité a profondément reconfiguré l’articulation entre droit interne et droit international. Les juges, notamment sous l’influence de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme et du droit de l’Union, importent des standards et méthodes d’interprétation — proportionnalité, effectivité des recours, garanties procédurales — qui irriguent désormais le raisonnement constitutionnel. Sans renverser formellement la hiérarchie des normes, cette dynamique contribue à une internationalisation du droit constitutionnel français et à un pluralisme où la Constitution reste au sommet, tout en étant traversée par des exigences supranationales.L'articolo 55 della Costituzione sancisce la supremazia condizionata dei trattati sulla legge, purché siano regolarmente ratificati o approvati, pubblicati e applicati in modo reciproco. Questa norma, di ispirazione kelseniana, mirava inizialmente a garantire una semplice risoluzione dei conflitti tra norme infra-costituzionali, poiché la Costituzione rimaneva la fonte sovrana che determinava il posto dei trattati nell'ordinamento interno. Poiché il Consiglio costituzionale si è dichiarato incompetente ad esercitare un controllo di convenzionalità, sono i giudici ordinari che, a partire da Jacques Vabre e Nicolo, respingono le leggi non convenzionali. Questo rafforzamento del controllo di convenzionalità ha profondamente riconfigurato l'articolazione tra diritto interno e diritto internazionale. I giudici, in particolare sotto l'influenza della Convenzione europea dei diritti dell'uomo e del diritto dell'Unione, importano standard e metodi di interpretazione – proporzionalità, efficacia dei ricorsi, garanzie procedurali – che ora alimentano il ragionamento costituzionale. Senza ribaltare formalmente la gerarchia delle norme, questa dinamica contribuisce a un'internazionalizzazione del diritto costituzionale francese e a un pluralismo in cui la Costituzione rimane al vertice, pur essendo attraversata da esigenze sovranazionali.O artigo 55.º da Constituição estabelece a superioridade condicional dos tratados sobre a lei, desde que sejam devidamente ratificados ou aprovados, publicados e aplicados de forma recíproca. Esta regra, de inspiração kelseniana, visava inicialmente assegurar uma simples resolução de conflitos entre normas infraconstitucionais, permanecendo a Constituição a fonte soberana que determina o lugar dos tratados na ordem interna. Tendo o Conselho Constitucional se declarado incompetente para exercer um controlo de convencionalidade, são os juízes ordinários que, desde Jacques Vabre e Nicolo, rejeitam as leis não convencionais. Este aumento do controlo da convencionalidade reconfigurou profundamente a articulação entre o direito interno e o direito internacional. Os juízes, nomeadamente sob a influência da Convenção Europeia dos Direitos Humanos e do direito da União, importam normas e métodos de interpretação — proporcionalidade, eficácia dos recursos, garantias processuais — que agora alimentam o raciocínio constitucional. Sem inverter formalmente a hierarquia das normas, esta dinâmica contribui para uma internacionalização do direito constitucional francês e para um pluralismo em que a Constituição permanece no topo, embora seja atravessada por exigências supranacionais.Статья 55 Конституции устанавливает условное превосходство международных договоров над законом, если они были должным образом ратифицированы или одобрены, опубликованы и применяются на взаимной основе. Эта норма, вдохновленная идеями Келсена, изначально была направлена на простое урегулирование конфликтов между инфраконституционными нормами, при этом Конституция оставалась высшим источником, определяющим место международных договоров во внутреннем правопорядке. Поскольку Конституционный совет заявил о своей некомпетентности в вопросах контроля за соответствием международным договорам, с момента вынесения дел Jacques Vabre и Nicolo отклонение несоответствующих международным договорам законов осуществляется обычными судьями. Это усиление контроля за соответствием конвенциям глубоко изменило взаимосвязь между внутренним правом и международным правом. Судьи, в частности под влиянием Европейской конвенции о правах человека и права Европейского союза, импортируют стандарты и методы толкования — пропорциональность, эффективность средств правовой защиты, процессуальные гарантии — которые теперь лежат в основе конституционного мышления. Не нарушая формально иерархию норм, эта динамика способствует интернационализации французского конституционного права и плюрализму, при котором Конституция остается на вершине, но при этом подвергается влиянию наднациональных требований.宪法第55条规定，条约经正式批准或核准、公布并相互适用后，即具有高于法律的效力。这条源于凯尔森思想的规则，最初旨在确保宪法以下规范之间的冲突得到简单解决，因为宪法仍是决定条约在国内秩序中地位的最高权威。宪法委员会宣布无权行使条约合规性审查权，因此自雅克·瓦布尔和尼科洛案以来，由普通法官负责废除不符合条约的法律。条约合规性审查权力的增强，深刻重塑了国内法与国际法的衔接关系。法官们，特别是受《欧洲人权公约》和欧盟法的影响，引入了比例原则、救济有效性、程序保障等解释标准和方法，这些标准和方法如今已渗透到宪法推理中。这种动态在不正式颠覆规范等级制度的前提下，推动了法国宪法的国际化进程，形成了宪法居于顶点但同时受到超国家要求影响的多元主义格局
A Generalized Attack on a New Variant of the RSA Cryptosystem
No full textInternational audienceIn 2022, Cotan and Teşeleanu proposed a new RSA-like cryptosystem, where the modulus is a classical RSA integer of the form N = pq, while the public exponent e and the private exponent d satisfy ed ≡ 1 (mod ψn(N )) with ψn(N ) = (pn -1)(qn -1)/(p-1)(q-1) . At Africacrypt 2024, Nitaj, Adenan, and Ariffin presented an attack on this variant when d ≡ 1 e (mod ψn(N )) is small. In this paper, we study the more general situation where the public exponent is of the form e ≡ z/u (mod ψn(N )). We transform this equation into one of the form xH(y)+z ≡ 0 (mod e), and, using Coppersmith's technique and lattice basis reduction, we present a method to solve it when the variables x, y and z are suitably small. As a byproduct, we show that the scheme of Cotan and Teşeleanu is vulnerable for more classes of public exponents, and that our attack extends several former attacks on this RSA variant
What are the ethical considerations when supporting single women undergoing medically assisted reproduction (MAR)?
No full textInternational audienceSince the revision of French bioethics laws in 2021, requests for medically assisted reproduction (MAR) from single women have increased significantly. Specific challenges are faced by CECOS (Centre d'Étude et de Conservation des Ovocytes et du Sperme humain).This article questions the ethical aspects of current support for single women undergoing MAR and motherhood.Here, we analyze single motherhood through the lens of the founding principles of medical ethics: respect for beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy and justice.The decision of a ‘single’ woman to start a family through MAR, without a partner (which does not mean that she is isolated or lonely) as being on the margins of dominant social family norms. Concerns may be expressed about the absence of a second parent and may sometimes mask value judgements on the part of relatives and healthcare professionals.It is important to support all types of motherhood by consolidating services dedicated to maternal and child health
VISUAL LOAD DOES NOT MODULATE NEURAL PROCESSING OF AUDIOVISUAL SPEECH INTEGRATION
No full textInternational audienceA long-standing controversial issue in speech perception concerns the automatic nature of audiovisual speech integration, independent of attentional and cognitive load. From this question, the present EEG study aimed to determine whether visual load and associated task difficulty can modulate audiovisual speech integration and, if so, at what stage of neural processing. To this end, four syllable discrimination tasks differing in the degree of visual discrimination and speaker variability were performed in auditory, visual, and audiovisual modalities. Early and late effects of audiovisual integration, as well as late effects of visual load, were observed on auditory evoked responses. Crucially, the neural binding of acoustic and visual speech signals was not modulated by either visual discrimination or speaker variability. These results support an automatic integration of acoustic and visual speech cues, independent of visual load, during audiovisual syllable discrimination
Active and passive forest management: Effects on ecosystem services across protected and unprotected areas in a Southern European regional context
No full textInternational audienceLandscape-scale forest management is widely recognized as a means to sustain and enhance multiple forest ecosystem services. Recent policy frameworks, such as the EU2030 Forest and Biodiversity Strategies, and approaches including sustainable forest management, closer-to-nature silviculture and rewilding, point towards contrasting management pathways: some encourage active interventions through silvicultural practices, whereas others promote strict non-intervention. Yet the spatial distribution of these different approaches at the regional level and their potential to provide ecosystem services remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated how diverging management approaches influence ecosystem services across the entire forested area of the Piedmont region (Italy). Based on data from regional forest management plans, we reclassified intended management strategies into Active forest management (including silvicultural practices of varying intensity) and Passive forest management (no intervention), and quantified the distribution of both management types. Using principal component analysis (PCA) and generalised linear models (GLM), we explored relationships between management type and three ecosystem services: carbon stock, fire hazard mitigation, and biodiversity (diversity of tree species). We also examined how Protected Areas are associated with the different types of management and whether they can mediate their effect on ecosystem services. Our results show that 60 % of Piedmont’s forests are planned for Active management, though implementation is hindered by increasing forest land abandonment. Active forest management was associated with higher levels of the three ecosystem services. Protected Areas seem to promote Passive management, while their influence in ecosystem services provision appears scarcely significant. Based on our findings, we advocate: (i) promoting active forest management in abandoned forests, (ii) prioritizing active management approaches to enhance ecosystem services provision, and (iii) leverage unprotected passively managed forests when expanding the Protected Area network, a priority set out in the EU2030 Forest and Biodiversity Strategies
Feedback-MPPI: Fast Sampling-Based MPC via Rollout Differentiation – Adios low-level controllers
No full textInternational audienceModel Predictive Path Integral control is a powerful sampling-based approach suitable for complex robotic tasks due to its flexibility in handling nonlinear dynamics and non-convex costs. However, its applicability in real-time, highfrequency robotic control scenarios is limited by computational demands. This paper introduces Feedback-MPPI (F-MPPI), a novel framework that augments standard MPPI by computing local linear feedback gains derived from sensitivity analysis inspired by Riccati-based feedback used in gradient-based MPC. These gains allow for rapid closed-loop corrections around the current state without requiring full re-optimization at each timestep. We demonstrate the effectiveness of F-MPPI through simulations and real-world experiments on two robotic platforms: a quadrupedal robot performing dynamic locomotion on uneven terrain and a quadrotor executing aggressive maneuvers with onboard computation. Results illustrate that incorporating local feedback significantly improves control performance and stability, enabling robust, high-frequency operation suitable for complex robotic systems.</div
Bioinspired bi- or trinuclear FeMoS model complexes for the partial region of FeMo cofactor of nitrogenase
No full textInternational audienceSulfur-rich {FeMo} complexes of low nuclearity ({Fe2Mo}, {FeMo}) can be considered as simple truncated models of the cofactor of Mo‑nitrogenase. They are suitable to address questions concerning the role of the still unclear FeMo cooperativity in the biological N2-reduction process performed by this metallo-enzyme. This review affords a state of the art of the chemistry of di- and tri-heterometallic {FeMoS} complexes. Although well-defined synthetic procedures have been evidenced for the design of such compounds, very few investigations on their activity towards N2 and related substrates have been reported. This shows the interest to develop new light bio-inspired {FeMoS} molecules and to study their reactivity, as well as their redox behaviours, to help to better understand the biological N2-fixation. This approach involving di- and tri- heterometallic {FeMoS} species is a promising field of investigation