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Settling on their ground: The shifting land politics of armed actors in the urban margins of Medellín
No full textInternational audienceHow do armed groups shape land orders in the urban margins? While the power dynamics of non-state armed actors over land resources have been extensively studied in rural contexts, urban settings have received far less attention. In response to the growing influence of criminal organizations in the informal land markets of Latin American cities, this article offers a historical perspective on the involvement of armed actors in Medellín’s political economy of urban land. From guerrilla movements in the 1970s to contemporary criminal gangs, we trace how different groups have exercised land control in informal settlements. Building on this historical perspective, we argue that, while control over land access has long been a tool of territorialization for non-state armed actors, the contemporary criminal land market reflects a shift compared to earlier periods, as these actors seek to monopolize land control and extend their regulatory power over local populations
Une ambition écologique pour l’anthropologie. Jacques Barrau, l’ethnobotanique, le Muséum
No full textInternational audienc
Legal Repair: Domesticating European Legislation on Pig Welfare
No full textInternational audienceOur daily activities rely on a proliferating number of things that are subject to decay. As stressed in a growing body of literature, repair is critical to the smooth functioning of material infrastructure. However, this scholarship has overlooked a crucial dimension: things become fragile not only due to material degradation but also as a result of regulatory change. This article introduces the notion of “legal repair” to describe how, in the face of legal change, certain actors reassemble the material world. We elaborate on this concept through an analysis of the domestication of European Union (EU) animal welfare legislation by the French pig sector. While it was feared that stricter pig housing standards would fragilize the existing farms, pig farmers complied using technical systems that failed to significantly improve animal welfare. We analyze this domestication of EU legislation as a process of legal repair. Alongside the political work of the leaders of the pig sector, agricultural advisers also played a key role. Their work reveals the relational nature of legal repair: in the production of “local specifications” matching the demands of existing farming systems, in the negotiation of the finer points of the legislation, and in the redefinition of farming performance
An inquiry into Search Engine Neutrality: the case of movements against police violence in France and the U.S.
No full textInternational audienceThe digital transformation has revolutionized information consumption, with search engines playing a pivotal role in shaping user access to diverse media. Employing algorithms, these engines influence content visibility and aggregate news sources, significantly molding public opinion. As gatekeepers of information, search engines impact media outlet visibility, affecting online traffic, revenue, and journalistic diversity. In breaking news and societal issues, search engines expedite information dissemination, influencing initial narratives. Understanding their role is crucial for transparency and user access to diverse information. Focusing on movements against police violence, our paper conducts a comparative analysis across 12 search engines for terms "Black Lives Matter" and "Justice pour Adama". Our innovative methodology identifies biases in information diversity, providing insights into the dynamics shaping visibility of societal issues.</div
article "Romantisme", Dictionnaire des contes, sous la direction de Jean-Loïc Le Quellec, CNRS éditions, à paraître
No full textOn the price of diversity for multiwinner elections under (weakly) separable scoring rules
No full textInternational audienceWe consider a model of multi-winner elections, where each voter expresses a linear preference over a finite set of alternatives. Based on voters’ preferences, the primary goal is to select a subset of admissible alternatives, forming what is referred to as a committee. We explore (weakly) separable committee scoring rules, the voting mechanisms that assess each alternative individually using a scoring vector and select the top k alternatives, where k represents the committee’s size. Furthermore, we operate under the assumption that alternatives are categorized based on specific attributes. Within each attribute category, there exists a targeted minimum number of alternatives that the selected committee should encompass, emphasizing the necessity for diversity. In this context, we assess the cost associated with imposing such a diversity constraint on the voting process. This assessment is conducted through two methodologies, referred to as the “price of diversity” and the “individual price of diversity”. We set the upper bounds for both prices across all (weakly) separable committee scoring rules. Additionally, we show how the maximum price of diver- sity can be used to discriminate between different voting rules in this context. Ultimately, we illustrate that concentrating on the candidates’ performance yields a more accurate estimation of the price of diversity compared to a focus on the enforced diversity constraint
First Ga<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>3</sub> infrared transparent chalcogenide ceramics
No full textInternational audienceFully dense infrared (IR) transparent chalcogenide ceramics were obtained from densification of Ga2Se3 crystalline powder by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) under vacuum. Promising results were attained such as a maximum transmission of 63 % at lambda = 11 mu m, close to the maximum value of transmittance previously measured for single crystals, a wide transparency spectral range (4-16 µm), and a refractive index of 2.58 at lambda = 1.55 µm. Electron Back Scattered Diffraction (EBSD) was used to elucidate grain microstructure, showing randomly oriented particles and a bimodal grain size distribution. These ceramics exhibit expected mechanical properties for selenide materials with a Vickers hardness of 287 kg/mm2 and a Young's modulus of 52 GPa
Le management à l'épreuve du rapprochement des établissements de santé et des institutions muséales : l'humain au coeur de la valeur publique
No full textInternational audienc
A combined territorial life cycle assessment and ecosystem services valuation to analyse the environmental performance of coastal planning scenarios: Insights from a case study in southern France
No full textInternational audienceA territory, which is a geographical area qualified by a legal affiliation or by a natural or cultural feature, presents an appropriate scale for establishing responsibilities and initiating sustainable development actions. At the same time, globalization implies constant interaction of territories with the rest of the world. The management of territorial projects therefore requires a revised set of environmental assessment tools that consider local and global issues with a multi-scale perspective. The environmental benefits of land use policies can, however, remain hidden behind global approaches such as life cycle assessment (LCA), which are generally productoriented and tend to ignore ecosystem services (ES). This paper aims to propose new decisionmaking tools for land use planning based on the joint use of ecosystem services assessment (ESA) and territorial Life Cycle Assessment (T-LCA). Within the T-LCA framework, two main types of indicators were quantified. On the one hand, the services provided by land planning scenarios were computed by the ESA by considering provisioning, cultural and regulation ES. On the other hand, environmental impacts were characterized using the Impact World+ Life Cycle Impacts Assessment (LCIA) method. Two contrasting scenarios and a business as usual scenario (BAU) were studied and compared as a proof of concept. Scenario 1 focused on productive economy by maintaining and diversifying the shellfish farming sector, which is a strong component of the area's social identity. Scenario 2 favoured the development of tourism. Overall, the results indicated that environmental damages varied only slightly between scenarios, with tourism activities (i.e., transport and accommodation) emerging as the primary contributors. In contrast, there were very different profiles in terms of socio-economic benefits depending on the scenario. Provisioning ES were very high in scenario 1, while scenario 2 led to a clear increase in cultural ES. This research emphasizes the importance of developing integrated assessment approaches when creating local planning policies, in order to identify potential trade-offs between environmental impacts and benefits, and local and global issues