Ministry for Environment, Agriculture, Conservation and Consumer Protection
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Method to evaluate the reliability of complex gripping processes in logistics
No full textDie Anforderungen an zuverlässige automatische Greifsysteme in der Logistik unterscheiden sich fundamental von denen in der Produktion. Statt vielfach gleiche Produkte unter vorhersagbaren Bedingungen zu greifen, müssen im logistischen Umfeld unterschiedlichste Produkte bei variierenden Umgebungsbedingungen gegriffen werden. Diese komplexe Aufgabe erfordert eine systematische Vorgehensweise bei der Planung und Entwicklung von Greifsystemen, die neben dem reinen physischen Greifen auch alle anderen Prozessschritte, wie z.B. das Erkennen von Objekten und die Greifregelung mitberücksichtigt. In dem Beitrag wird eine Methode vorgestellt, mit der die einzelnen Schritte des Greifprozesses analysiert und statistisch untersucht werden können, um damit die Zuverlässigkeit des eingesetzten Systems für die jeweilige Greifaufgabe quantitativ angeben zu können. Beispielhaft wird die Greifzuverlässigkeit für einen Greifprozess mit einem elastischen Dreifingergreifer bestimmt. Dabei handelt es sich um eine mögliche Greifer-Konfiguration aus dem universellen Greifer-Baukasten, der speziell für den Einsatz in der Intralogistik am Lehrstuhl entwickelt wird. Ziel ist es einerseits, dem Anwender eine Beurteilung des Systems zu ermöglichen und dieses mit anderen vergleichen zu können. Andererseits können dadurch bei der Entwicklung von Greifern systematisch Schwachstellen erkannt werden. Die jeweiligen Prozessschritte können zielgerichtet verbessert und die Auswirkungen auf die Zuverlässigkeit des Greifsystems ermittelt werden.The requirements for reliable automatic gripping systems in logistics are fundamentally different from those in production. Instead of using the same products under predictable conditions, different products have to be used in the logistical environment under varying ambient conditions. This complex task requires a systematic approach in the planning and development of gripping systems. In addition to pure physical gripping, this also includes all other process steps, such as recognition and gripping control. In this paper, a method is presented to analyze the individual steps of the gripping process statistically. This makes it possible to specify quantitatively the reliability of the system used for the respective gripping task. As an example, the gripping reliability for a gripping process is determined using an elastic universal gripping system developed at the chair. The goal is, on the one hand, to enable the user to make an assessment of the system and to compare it with others. On the other hand, systematic weak points can be detected during the development of a gripping system. The respective process steps can be improved in a targeted manner and the effects on the reliability of the gripping system can be determined
What Does It Matter Who is Browsing? ISP Liability and the Right to Anonymity
No full textDisputes concatenating privacy, speech and security through the right to anonymity are particularly hard cases to adjudicate. The traditional paradigm, according to which anonymity plays a double role – protecting fundamental rights, as well as potentially threatening them – continues to drive policies that, in turn, emphasise the risks and downplay the opportunities of anonymity in the online world. The content/metadata distinction is a residue of such ambiguous views, persistent in the Court of Justice of the European Union’s (CJEU) approach towards the right to anonymity in ISP liability cases. The article initially explores the argumentative grounds behind the CJEU’s recent McFadden judgment (part 2.). Against the backdrop of the theory of balancing of interests, this paper critically examines the Court’s reductionist position. Our critique suggests a method of avoiding the disproportionately narrow scope of analysis that accompanies this position. For this purpose, we establish the right to anonymity at the periphery of both the freedom of expression and information, and the right to private life and data protection, while contesting the right to anonymity as a right sui generis. We proceed with three key points. By inspecting the nature of the right to anonymity, we unveil the interconnectedness between the right to freedom of expression and information and the right to private life and data protection (part 3.). Chilling effects represent an often understated evidence of this relationship. In addition, we see that affecting certain means of exercising a particular fundamental right, such as is its anonymous exercise, brings forward important extra-legal considerations, facilitating the discernment of chilling effects in any analysis of human rights. It is argued that regulating anonymity could pose a significant obstacle to the exercise of a fundamental right as a whole, and consequently impact upon the core of that right (part 4.). Harmonisation-driven attempts to develop human rights guarantees, framed in seemingly robust procedures established by the CJEU, at the level of data collection or retention as well as data disclosure by an ISP, have the potential to be derailed by nation-specific considerations. Taking such considerations seriously can reverse the imminent impact upon the core of the fundamental rights in question, which the narrow scope of traditional human rights analysis easily discounts. This requires diverting from the “targeting by dissuasion” argument as a mere technical exercise, and acknowledging the subtle subterranean relationship of the fundamental rights being considered (part 5.)
Non-Commercial Quotation and Freedom of Panorama: Useful and Lawful?
No full textThis contribution seeks to assess both the practical implications and lawfulness of national copyright exceptions that – lacking a corresponding provision in Article 5 of Directive 2001/29 (the InfoSoc Directive) – envisage that the only permitted use of a copyright work for the sake of the applicability of a certain exception is a non-commercial one.
By referring to different national exceptions allowing quotation and freedom of panorama as case studies, the paper shows some of the shortcomings deriving from different approaches to the same permitted uses of copyright works across the EU, as well as the resulting (negative) impact on the very objective underlying adoption of the InfoSoc Directive: harmonization. This contribution concludes that – in general terms – diverging approaches to copyright exceptions, including limiting the availability of certain exceptions to non-commercial uses, may be both impractical and contrary to the system established by the InfoSoc Directive
Ein Workshop-Format zur Entwicklung von Ideen für soziale Innovationen
No full textUm erfolgreich zu sein, müssen Innovationen gleichzeitig pfadabweichend und anschlussfähig an bestehende soziale Kontexte sein. Dies gilt insbesondere für soziale Innovationen. In Anlehnung an soziologische Debatten werden soziale Innovationen hier als gestaltbare und intendierte neue Praktiken zur besseren Lösung von Problemen verstanden. Ziel dieses Aufsatzes ist es, ein Workshop-Format vorzustellen, welches darauf ausgerichtet ist, Ideen für soziale Innovationen zu generieren. Das Format nimmt diese Anforderungen methodisch auf, indem es Ansätze der Zukunftsforschung mit Ansätzen aus dem Design verbindet. In einem zweitägigen Format werden Teilnehmende dabei unterstützt, pfadabweichende Ideen zu entwickeln und dabei ihre Anwendung bereits zu berücksichtigen. Es zeigt sich, dass die epistemologische Nähe beider Ansätze in der Praxis unterschiedliche Anforderungen an die Auswahl der Teilnehmenden und der Methoden stellt, woraus sich ein weiterer Forschungsbedarf zur Kombination von Zukunftsforschung und Design ergibt.To be successful, innovation needs to be both path-deviating and embedded in social contexts. This is particularly the case for social innovations. Based on sociological debates we understand social innovation as a practice prompted by actors with the intention to better solve problems and satisfy needs. Objective of this paper is to present a workshop format which aims at generating ideas for social innovations. In a two-day workshop the format supports participants to create path-deviating ideas and to consider their potential embeddedness in social contexts. It does so by combining approaches from futures research and design. This test of a workshop format shows that futures research and design require different participants and methods. This leads to further research questions regarding the practical implications of design based futures research
Industrialisierungsstudie Additive Fertigung – Herausforderungen und Ansätze
No full textFür die vorliegende Ausarbeitung wurden Unternehmen des Industriearbeitskreises „Light Alliance“ nach den Marktanforderungen und Herausforderungen bezüglich der additiven Fertigung befragt. Die Anforderungen und Herausforderungen wurden anhand ihrer Wichtigkeit und der Lösungsverfügbarkeit priorisiert. Für jede dieser Priorisierungen wurden Lösungswege vorgeschlagen. Außerdem wurde ausgewertet, ob und inwiefern Unternehmen ihre getätigten Investitionen cross-funktional einsetzen.For the Additive Manufacturing Industrialization Study the companies of the industrial network “Light Alliance” were surveyed regarding market requirements and challenges of the additive manufacturing industry. The requirements and challenges were prioritized according to their significance and their solution availability. For each prioritization, different approaches were proposed. Furthermore, it was evaluated if and how companies use their planned investments in a cross-functional way
Is Data Protection Law Growing Teeth? The Current Lack of Sanctions in Data Protection Law and Administrative Fines under the GDPR
No full textThis article looks at the current lack of enforcement and sanctions in European Data Protection Law with a particular focus on administrative fines. It identifies reasons for the existing deficits in European Data Protection Law and analyses the potential of the new rules of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) to compensate for those deficits. The article argues that the practical application of the new rules and the coordination of Data Protection Authorities (DPAs) in all member states of the EU are the key to more efficient sanctioning and enforcement through administrative fines
Using production real time data – An agent-based detailed planning by means of simulation
No full textDer Wunsch nach Individualität spiegelt sich zunehmend im Kaufverhalten der Kunden wider. Viele Unternehmen haben bereits das Marktpotential der individualisierten Produkte und Dienstleistungen erkannt und fordern neue und flexible Fertigungssteuerungskonzepte. Um in einem kundenindividuellen Wettbewerbsumfeld, wie der Auftragsfertigung, wettbewerbsfähig zu bleiben, müssen Unternehmen den komplexen Anforderungen an die Produktionsplanung und -steuerung gerecht werden.
Um dieser hohen Komplexität zu begegnen, können Multiagentensysteme zur dezentralen Steuerung der Produktion eingesetzt werden. Aufgrund von stochastischen Einflüssen divergieren jedoch oft die Plan- und Ist-Liefertermine. Da die Einhaltung des Liefertermins maßgeblich für die Erreichung einer hohen Termintreue und damit der Kundenzufriedenheit in einer kundenauftragsorientierten Produktion ist, stellt dessen genaue Planung eine entscheidende Aufgabe dar. Durch Nutzung von Produktionsechtzeitdaten kann eine Verbesserung der Bestimmung von Lieferterminen und somit der Termintreue erzielt werden.Matching the trend for individuality is increasingly reflected in the customers' buying behavior. Many companies have already recognized the market potential of customized products and services to meet requirements of individual customers, calling for new and flexible manufacturing control concepts. Being competitive in a customized context, such as the make-to-order production, means having the ability to deal with increasing complexity of production planning and control.
To meet this high complexity, multi-agent systems and decentralized problem solving seem to be appropriate. Due to several stochastic influences, planned and actual delivery dates often differ. Since adherence to the delivery date is a main target in a customer-oriented production, precise short-term planning is crucial. Therefore, using production-real-time data results in a decided improvement of delivery dates
The Power of Positive Thinking: Intermediary Liability and the Effective Enjoyment of the Right to Freedom of Expression
No full textThe Internet intermediary liability regime of Directive 2000/31/EC places hosting providers in the role of private gatekeepers. By providing an incentive in the form of a liability exemption, the EU legislature has ensured that hosting providers cooperate in the policing of online content. The current mechanism results in a situation where private entities are co-opted by the State to make decisions affecting the fundamental right to freedom of expression. According to the theory of positive obligations, States not only have to refrain from interfering with fundamental human rights, but also actively protect them, including in relations between private individuals. This paper analyses whether the doctrines of positive obligations (under the European Convention on Human Rights) and effective protection (under the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union) may require the States to take additional measures to protect the right to freedom of expression from interference online. In particular, the paper analyses whether the Charter may require the EU legislature to take additional measures to ensure that the right to freedom of expression can be effectively enjoyed online, for example by introducing procedural safeguards in the legal framework regarding removal of online content
The Spectrum of Learning Analytics
No full text"Learning Analytics" became a buzzword during the hype surrounding the advent of "big data" MOOCs, however, the concept has been around for over two decades. When the first online courses became available it was used as a tool to increase student success in particular courses, frequently combined with the hope of conducting educational research. In recent years, the same term started to be used on the institutional level to increase retention and decrease time-to-degree. These two applications, within particular courses on the one hand and at the institutional level on the other, are at the two extremes of the spectrum of Learning Analytics – and they frequently appear to be worlds apart. The survey describes affordances, theories and approaches in these two categories
