Ministry for Environment, Agriculture, Conservation and Consumer Protection
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Selbstvermessung im Kontext der Digitalisierung
No full textHeute trägt fast jeder seine persönliche kleine Quantifizierungsmaschine bei sich in der Tasche. Das Smartphone ist mit diversen Sensoren ausgestattet. Kombiniert mit dem Internet und sozialen Medien sowie der steigenden Zahl an Wearables befinden sich Menschen zunehmend in einem Netzwerk interagierender Technik, welches uns nachhaltig und allumfassend beeinflusst. Der Katalog an Applikationen und das noch nicht ausgeschöpfte Potenzial für das Ich, die Gesellschaft und die Auffassung des Lebens sind enorm. Die Analyse über Foucaults Konzept der Gouvernementalität beleuchtet diese Selbstpraktiken als Technologien des Selbst, an welchen sich nicht selten die Interessen von Selbstvermessern und gesellschaftlichen Akteuren überschneiden. Mit Hilfe digitaler Technologien wird der Mensch mit einer noch nie dagewesenen Tiefenschärfe aufgelöst. Durch diese Verwebung ergibt sich das große disruptive Potential der digitalen Selbstvermessung, weshalb die Thematik einer zunehmenden gesellschaftlichen Reflektion bedarf. Welche Normen werden hegemonial, welche Zukünfte sind möglich und welche gesellschaftlich erwünscht? Der Beitrag zeigt den Bedarf der inhaltlichen Bearbeitung dieser Technologien durch die Zukunftsforschung und deren Methoden und kann somit als Appell verstanden werden.Today, almost everyone carries their personal little quantification machine in their pocket. The smartphone is already equipped with various sensors. Combined with the Internet, social media as well as the increasing number of wearables, people are more and more involved in a network of interacting technology. A trend that influences us in several and long-lasting ways. The catalogue of applications and the untapped potential for the ego, society and the perception of life are enormous. The analysis of Foucault's concept of governmentality sheds light on these self-practices as technologies of the self, in which the interests of self-measurers and social actors often overlap and, with the help of digital technologies, with an unprecedented depth of focus. This intersection results in the great disruptive potential of digital self-measurement, which is why the topic requires growing social attention. Which norms are becoming hegemonic, which futures are possible and which are socially desirable? The paper can be understood as an appeal, as it outlines the need for futures research and its methods focusing on these technologies
European Nursing Traditions and Global Experiences. An Entangled History
No full textThe article draws on the currently intense debate on a transnationally conceived history and discusses the specificity of a European history of nursing. Using deaconess motherhouses as an example the article reveals that nursing organisations, nursing concepts and practices in Europe developed mutually in transnational exchanges. To analyse these, comparative approaches and also approaches from transfer and entangled history are required. An entangled history of nursing can address the mutual exchange processes and illustrate how similarities developed in the various countries, despite the differences. European nursing traditions can thus also be made visible as shared traditions which evolved in exchange with non-European countries. With regard to ethical questions we can show on the one hand the establishment of common value systems and explain on the other hand that these must be interpreted differently depending on the region, time and context. The article illustrates furthermore, that a European nursing history can question well-kept hegemonic discourses on the history of nursing – informed by US-American norms of secular-professional standards. A decidedly European perspective will therefore make the history of nursing more complex and contradictory but also significantly more interesting in many respects
A Recent Exploration of Accessing Public Sector Information: Theoretical and Legal Background, with a Special Focus on Hungary
No full textThe rapid technological advancements we are witnessing have undoubtedly had a great impact on several aspects regarding freedom of information, and the concept of increased governmental transparency on a global scale seems to be inevitable. But how can certain states, governments and societies cope with these new possibilities and challenges? Do state authorities worry about the weakening of their information monopoly? The author wishes to introduce ideas related to these questions through providing an examination of the theoretical and legal background and case law related to the concept of freedom of information; more specifically, the right to access public sector information at international and European Union levels, as well as the development and current situation in Hungary. As a result of the regulatory attitude and policies shown in recent years, the right to access public sector information has been weakened in Hungary, thus the specific aim of the article is to highlight certain amendments that have been made to related laws and examine them in light of the theoretical foundations, as well as their possible adverse effects exerted on the pursuit towards increased governmental transparency
Rethinking Intellectual Property – Balancing Conflicts of Interest in the Constitutional Paradigm
No full textTowards a Purposive Copyright System – Review of the book of Daniel J. Gervais, (Re)structuring Copyright
No full textAbbe E.L. Brown, Charlotte Waelde (ed.), Research Handbook on Intellectual Property and Creative Industries
No full textFixing Copyright Reform: A Better Solution to Online Infringement
No full textThe newly-adopted Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market (DSMD) will fundamentally reshape EU copyright law. Among its most controversial offerings is Article 17, the so-called “value gap” provision, aimed at solving the alleged mismatch between the value that online content-sharing platforms extract from creative content and the revenue returned to the copyright-holders. This article argues that the new rules are misguided, misconceiving the real problems afflicting modern copyright. These are the proliferation of copyright infringement online in general – not only through content-sharing platforms – and the current piecemeal harmonisation of the rules on the liability of the intermediaries whose services are used to access and disseminate copyright-protected content. The current outdated and fragmented EU legal framework is ill-equipped to address these problems. Instead, it creates legal uncertainty for users and intermediaries in the online environment, while also failing to compensate creators fairly. The new rules will not change this. This article examines the pre-DSMD acquis and proposes a better solution than Article 17, consisting of two key changes: (a) the introduction of a harmonised EU framework for accessory liability for third party copyright infringement; and (b) the adoption of an alternative compensation system for right-holders covering non-commercial direct copyright use by the end-users of certain online platforms
Game-theoretical Model on the GDPR - Market for Lemons?
No full textIn order to evaluate the regulatory effects of the GDPR on the institution of privacy as a public good, a data protection law and economical perspective should be applied. Conveying an economic point of view on the GDPR, we include a game-theoretical model on the rights and duties arising out of the GDPR in order to clarify the possible game-theoretical strategies and discuss the compensatory mechanisms for the problem of asymmetric information between the data controller and the data subject. Furthermore, we point out the concepts of control and the legal construction of “data ownership” as an unsatisfying concept. The fact that services within the scope of the GDPR can rewrite their privacy policies and afterwards request the users’ consent or otherwise lock them out of the service causes undue pressure on the data subject. The recent decision of the Federal Cartel Office of Germany disputed this behaviour and imposed far-reaching restrictions on Facebook. Thus, elements of the GDPR have begun to fall within the remit of competition law and the question of effective regulatory compensation regarding the economic effects in privacy should be addressed. In general, the measurement of privacy risks seems to be the first reasonable step towards empowering actors to make effective decisions
Das atmosphärische Ensemble – Bauliche Objektgruppe oder stimmungshafte Erscheinung
No full textUnsere Lebensumwelt und damit auch die Wahrnehmung von Denkmalen, Denkmalensembles, Städten, und baulichem Erbe – sei es durch ein Bild oder das Erleben vor Ort – ist geprägt durch Atmosphären. So findet sich die besondere Atmosphäre von etwa Städten oder Kirchen ebenso in der Alltagsrede wieder wie auch im Stadtmarketing oder der Werbung. Begeht oder betrachtet man ein städtisches Ensemble, scheint in der Zusammenschau der Dinge, wie Gebäude und Denkmäler, Stadtstruktur, aber auch Lichter, Geräusche, Menschen und vieler Faktoren mehr, über unsere sinnliche Wahrnehmung etwas Atmosphärisches zu entstehen.
Trotz der Allgegenwärtigkeit der Atmosphären ist das Phänomen jedoch nicht greifbar: Es scheint weder intrinsische Qualität der baulichen Objekte noch ein Gefühl oder Affekt des wahrnehmenden Subjektes zu sein. So wundert es nicht, dass ein expliziter Diskurs über Atmosphäre für Fragen der Denkmalpflege bislang weitestgehend ausgeblieben ist. Auch in anderen Wissenschaften stellt die Beschäftigung mit Atmosphären ein Randthema dar. Dennoch ist ein Aufschwung der Thematik zu verzeichnen, insbesondere in den Disziplinen Philosophie, besonders der Phänomenologie sowie in der Ästhetik-, Raum-, und Architekturtheorie. Obwohl das Phänomen augenscheinlich nicht fassbar ist, erfährt es doch eine gewisse Aufmerksamkeit insbesondere in seiner Verortung und Aushandlung als Phänomen zwischen Subjekt und Objekt, was Ausgangspunkt dieses Beitrags sein wird. Zudem wird in genau dieser Aushandlung auch eine potentielle Bedeutung der Atmosphäre für die Denkmalpflege und im Besonderen für das Ensemble, gesehen