Ministry for Environment, Agriculture, Conservation and Consumer Protection
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A Plea for Digital Exhaustion in EU Copyright Law
No full textWith the Dutch referral of the Tom Kabinet case (C-263/18) in July 2017, the CJEU will soon have its final say on the admissibility of digital exhaustion under Art. 4(2) InfoSoc. Until now, years of national decisions and the CJEU’s obiter dicta have provided a patchwork of inconsistent answers, and seemingly rejected the extension of the principle to digital works upon a strict literal interpretation of EU and international sources. Yet, the changed characteristics of digital markets have outdated the InfoSoc Directive and the classificatory dichotomies (sale vs li-cense, distribution vs communication to the public, good vs service) on which the boundaries of exhaustion have been drawn. At the same time, the exclusion of digital exhaustion has tilted the balance between copyright and the protection of competition, secondary innovation, fundamental freedoms and other conflicting fundamental rights, while the direct and indirect rulings on the matter have de-parted from the principles developed in the earlier CJEU’s case law on Communi-ty exhaustion and caused systematic and teleological inconsistencies in the judi-cial development of EU copyright. Building on these premises, and on the basis of a set of legal and economic arguments, this paper advocates for the introduc-tion of a general principle of digital exhaustion in EU copyright law and, awaiting an unlikely legislative intervention, it proposes two routes to achieve its judicial recognition: one uses a contextual/teleological interpretation to maintain the effec-tiveness of Article 4(2) InfoSoc; the other theorizes the possibility of a claim of invalidity of the provision under Article 52(1) CFREU, for disproportionate viola-tion of Articles 7, 16 and 17 CFREU
Hard Drive Crash: An Examination of Liability for Self-Driving Vehicles
No full textThis analysis considers the potential impacts of completely self-driving vehicles on vehicular liability. This begins with examining how such vehicles might be treated under an evolution of the current liability system, and the potential results of attributing liability to an operator, the vehicle itself, different manufacturers, and a government entity. Discussion then turns to how liability might be altered prospectively in order to incentivize outcomes beneficial to both consumers and creators from a public policy perspective. This includes a proposal of how such a proposal might be structured. Focal points include public policy, social acceptance, and potential incidental problems raised
On Upload-Filters and other Competitive Advantages for Big Tech Companies under Article 17 of the Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market
No full textArticle 17 of the Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market (DSM), with its goal to close the so-called “value-gap”, contains several strong incentives to use and further develop filtering technologies. It also introduces a direct liability regime, which puts content-service sharing providers (CSSPs) at risk if they do not successfully implement upload-filters as it is only in exceptional situations that CSSPs will not be required to use these filters. Thus, article 17 DSM leads to a situation where nearly any company offering content-sharing services will be required to implement filtering tools in order to avoid the DSM’s direct liability regime. Having access to a strong upload-filter is therefore essential for CSSPs to be able to remain competitive in the new DSM era. However, only big tech companies have the financial power, technological knowledge and internal structure necessary to develop their own competitive upload-filter, which thus gives them an advantage over small and mid-sized CSSPs, as they most likely won’t have the means to develop their own upload-filter. While these smaller CSSPs will have the option to license the required filters from third-party providers like Audible Magic, they may not all be able to afford such provider’s services. In any event, there is a risk that small and mid-sized CSSPs will not have access to upload-filters. However, due to the technological limitations of upload-filters, even the most sophisticated filtering tools will most likely lead to an important number of false positives, which, in turn, will cause the over-blocking of a substantial amount of non-infringing content in the EU. These false positives will have to be reviewed by humans, since maintaining an effective and expeditious complaint and redress mechanism is required by article 17(9) DSM. The requirements of having an efficient upload-filter as well as human review of false positive cases will have an adverse financial impact on the big tech companies, but it is the small and mid-sized CSSPs that will most feel the blow. As a result, a likely unintended consequence of article 17 DSM is that it indirectly provides the big tech companies a competitive advantage over smaller CSSPs, who may end up being pushed out of, or prevented from entering, the market due to their inability to meet article 17 DSM´s requirements. This competitive advantage for big tech companies is a negative side-effect that will hurt competition and may lead to a greater market concentration in the EU amongst CSSPs. This appears to be a very expensive price to pay in the attempt to close the value gap
Kraus, Daniel/Obrist, Thierry/Hari, Olivier, Blockchains, Smart Contracts, Decentralised Autonomous Organisation and the Law
No full textA status management system with use of synthetic sensors
No full textDie Nutzung der Digitalisierung im Bereich der Logistik beschränkt sich bisher häufig auf Anwendungen im Bereich von Verwaltungs- bzw. Managementsystemen. Auf einer eher operativen Ebene sind dagegen nur relativ wenige Einsatzfälle bekannt, insbesondere dann, wenn es um die Erfassung und Unterstützung manueller Abläufe geht. Dabei bieten neue Technologien wie synthetische Sensor-Systeme oder maschinelles Lernen vielfältige Möglichkeiten, die Zustände, Bewegungen und Prozesse auf der Produktions- und Logistikfläche zu verfolgen und zu protokollieren. Die automatische Echtzeitdatensammlung und Datenanalyse über die Umgebungs- und Leistungskennzahlen auf Logistikflächen gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung, da sie die Basis für Aktionen und Entscheidungen liefert.The use of digitalization in the field of logistics has so far often been limited to applications in the field of administrative and management systems. On a more operative level, however, only relatively few applications are known, especially when it comes to recording and supporting manual processes. New technologies, such as synthetic sensor systems or machine learning, offer various possibilities to track and record the status, movements and processes in the production and logistics area. The automatic real-time data collection and analysis of environmental and performance data on logistics areas is becoming increasingly important, as it provides the basis for making actions and decisions
Application scenario of the Internet of Things at the example of overheated roller in belt conveyors
No full textDie Überwachung von Tragrollenheißläufern ist, insbesondere bei langen Gurtförderanlagen in unwegsamen Gelände, eine große Herausforderung. Durch die Entwicklung neuer, energiesparender Übertragungsmethoden im Kontext von Industrie 4.0 ist eine automatische, funkbasierte Überwachung der Temperatur jedes einzelnen Tragrollenlagers möglich. Die Tragrolle wird so Teil des Internet der Dinge. Im Beitrag erfolgt eine Einordnung des entwickelten Überwachungssystems in den Kontext des Internet der Dinge. Es wird die Anwendung des LoRa WAN Standards zur energiesparenden Datenübermittlung über lange Strecken am Beispiel von Gurtförderanlagen vorgestellt. Die Notwendigkeit sicherer Übertragungsverfahren wird diskutiert und eine Lösung aufgezeigt. Weiterhin wird das neu entwickelte Datenanalyseverfahren erläutert.The identification of damaged bearings in idlers of belt conveyors is one important aspect to prevent belt fires. The monitoring of the idlers condition is a challenging task due to the number of idlers and the difficult environmental conditions in industrial and mining operation. However, the increasing degree of digitalisation as well as the trend of decreasing prices for sensors and new data transfer technologies improve the conditions for the realisation of this task. Although several solutions for the idler condition monitoring have been developed and published, there is no solution which is widely used in belt conveyor plants. One reason for this situation are the costs which are connected with the condition monitoring for a large number of idlers. Hence, a new low-cost solution for the identification of damaged idler bearings was developed by the German idler manufacturer Artur Küpper GmbH & Co. KG and the Chair of Material Handling at the University of Magdeburg. The concept is based on the collective analysis of the idlers bearing temperature and uses long range but low energy wireless technology to transmit data. The paper will give an overview about the design of the sensing idler technology as well as about the challenges in developing a robust sensor network for large-scale conveyor systems using Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRa WAN) techniques. Furthermore, the application of the analysis method is presented
Initial research study on implementation of high tensile fibre ropes in high speed traction sheave applications
No full textDer Einsatz von Stahldrahtseilen in traktionsbehafteten Seiltrieben bietet durch den hohen Wissensstand über die Lebensdauer laufender Seile eine sehr hohe Betriebssicherheit. Bei Förderhöhen über 500 Metern sind Stahldrahtseile jedoch nicht mehr wirtschaftlich einsetzbar. Daher werden alternative Materialen für den Einsatz in Treibscheibenanwendungen erprobt.The use of steel wire ropes in traction rope drives offers a very high level of operating safety due to the high level of knowledge about the lifetime of running ropes. However, steel wire ropes can no longer be used economically at heights of more than 500 meters. Alternative materials are therefore being tested for use in traction sheave applications
Factory and production planning in the digital model through automated point cloud processing
No full textDie strukturierte und zukunftsorientierte Planung von Fabriklayouts stellt einen wichtigen Faktor für die Erhaltung der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit von Unternehmen dar. Hierbei stoßen konventionelle Planungsmethoden mit 2D-Layouts jedoch an ihre Grenzen, da sie die immer komplexer werdenden Fabrikstrukturen nicht mehr detailliert abbilden können. Alternativen dazu bieten 360° Umgebungsscanverfahren, die aktuell jedoch meist nur als Vorlage für eine Nachmodellierung dienen. In diesem Beitrag wird eine Methode vorgestellt, die eine Planung direkt in dem gescannten Fabrikabbild ermöglicht. Damit soll der Fabrikplanungsprozess effizienter und weniger fehleranfällig gestaltet werden.The structured and future-orientated planning of factory layouts is an important factor in maintaining the competitive ability. However, conventional planning methods with 2D Layouts reach their limits because they can no longer map the increasingly complex factory structures in detail. Alternatives are offered by 360° environmental scanning methods, which currently only serve as a template for postmodeling. This article presents a method for planning directly in the factory image. The aim is to make the factory planning process more effective and less error-prone
Selection and Prioritization Model for Industry 4.0-Use Cases in Logistics
No full textDigitalisierung und Automatisierung in der Logistik versprechen große Potenziale für Unternehmen. Bei der Einführung konkreter Industrie 4.0-Use Cases bestehen allerdings häufig signifikante Hürden, wie der unklare wirtschaftliche Nutzen oder der Umgang mit der Komplexität der Thematik. Dies hält Unternehmen davon ab, die potenziellen Nutzen zu realisieren und ihre Wettbewerbsfähigkeit zu erhöhen. In diesem Beitrag wird ein Auswahl- und Priorisierungsmodell entwickelt und validiert, das die unternehmerischen Risiken in Bezug auf Industrie 4.0-Projekte minimiert.Digitalization and automation in logistics promise great potential for companies. However, the introduction of Industry 4.0-use cases often poses significant obstacles, such as unclear economic advantages or how to handle the complexity of the topic. This prevents companies from making use of these potential benefits and thereby threatening their competitiveness. In this paper, a selection and prioritization model is developed and validated to minimize the business risks associated with Industry 4.0-projects
Flexible and scalable logistics concept for technology-oriented start-ups
No full textOftmals beschäftigen sich technologieorientierte Startups erst in einer späten Entwicklungsphase mit logistischen Fragestellungen, wenn bereits viel Geld, Kapazität und Arbeitskraft in Sonderprozesse, ineffiziente Lagerung der Materialien, ungünstige Lieferantenverträge usw. geflossen sind. Dies lässt sich jedoch vermeiden, wenn frühzeitig Aspekte der Logistik berücksichtigt werden. In diesem Beitrag wird ein flexibles und mitwachsendes Konzept für die Logistik vorgestellt, das speziell auf die Anforderungen technologieorientierter Startups zugeschnitten ist.Technology-oriented start-ups often consider problems of logistics in a late development phase, when a lot of money, capacity and manpower have already spent into special processes, inefficient storage of materials or unfavorable supplier contracts. However, this can be prevent if logistics aspects are considered at an early stage. This article presents a flexible logistics concept, which grows with them and is especially tailored to the requirements of technology-oriented startups