Ministry for Environment, Agriculture, Conservation and Consumer Protection
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Rückseiten des Schönen
No full textWenn man von Rückseiten spricht, sind Kehrseiten nicht weit. Dass Bruno Taut in seinen Exilschriften der frühen dreissiger Jahre immer wieder die unzusammenhängende Parallelität von Tokonoma und Abort im japanischen Wohnhaus thematisiert, geht auf die Lehre des Psychophysiker Gustav Theodor Fechner zurück. Auch für künstlerische Visionen beanspruchte Taut den Status von Parallelwelten. Schon seine spektakulärste Utopie, das pazifistische Mappenwerk Alpine Architektur, hatte er, bevor er es der Republik von Weimar in die Wiege legte, Wilhelm II. andienen wollen, dem obersten Kriegsherrn der Deutschen im Ersten Weltkrieg. Tauts Beteiligung, von Japan aus, an dem von den Nazis ausgeschriebenen Wettbewerb "Häuser der Arbeit" (1934) muss vor diesem Hintergrund gesehen werden. Gleichwohl bleibt ein Schimmer utopischer Hoffnung
Ein Konzept für ein blockchain-basiertes Cyber-Physisches Produktionssystem
No full textThis contribution evaluates the feasibility of blockchain technology for processes of a cyber-physical production system (CPPS) using a decision framework. The evaluation is based on an implemented CPPS use case. Opportunities for the use of smart contracts are identified and two exemplary smart contracts are designed. To integrate the heterogeneous and resource-constrained IoT devices of a CPPS, three levels of connection to the blockchain are identified and applied to the use case. This work contributes to the implementation of an extensive blockchain-based CPPS.Dieser Beitrag evaluiert den Einsatz der Blockchain-Technologie für Prozesse eines cyber-physischen Produktionssystems (CPPS) anhand eines Entscheidungsrahmens. Die Evaluation basiert auf einem bestehenden CPPS Anwendungsfall. Es werden Möglichkeiten für den Einsatz von Smart Contracts identifiziert und zwei beispielhafte Smart Contracts entworfen. Um die heterogenen und ressourcen-beschränkten IoT-Geräte eines CPPS zu integrieren, werden drei Ebenen der Anbindung an die Blockchain identifiziert und auf den Anwendungsfall angewendet. Diese Arbeit trägt zur Implementierung eines umfangreichen blockchain-basierten CPPS bei
Digital Content Directive And Rules For Contracts On Continuous Supply
No full textThis paper is in three parts. The first part gives a brief summary of the Digital Content Directive. The second part looks in more detail at longterm contracts for digital content or digital services, concentrating mainly on digital services but also considering contracts for digital content where there is to be “a series of individual acts of supply” and where the digital content is made available for a fixed period. It also considers “mixed” contracts under which digital services are to be supplied along with digital content and/or goods. The third and fourth parts look at gaps in the legislation from the points of view of consumers and then of traders, considering both issues that fall within the scope of the Directive yet nonetheless are left to Member States, and issues that are outside the scope of the Directive, and attempting to assess the extent to which these gaps may cause problems. The paper ends with a reminder that we need to consider also enforcement by public bodies and consumer organisations, which may have a particular importance in relation to the supply of digital content and services
Liability For Artificial Intelligence And EU Consumer Law
No full textThe new Directives on Digital Contracts – the Digital Content and Services Directive (DCSD) 2019/770 and the Sale of Goods Directive (SGD) 2019/771 – are often seen as important steps in adapting European private law to the requirements of the digital economy. However, neither directive contains special rules for new technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI). In light of this issue, the following paper discusses whether existing EU consumer law is equipped to deal with situations in which AI systems are either used for internal purposes by companies or offered to consumers as the main subject matter of the contract. This analysis will reveal a number of gaps in current EU consumer law and briefly discuss upcoming legislation
Antizipationspraktiken und Herausforderungen im Kontext von Feuerwehren
No full textIn der Gefahrenabwehr spielt die Antizipation ungewisser Zukünfte eine immer größere Rolle. Um die Entscheidungen in diesem Feld spannen sich verschiedene Antizipationspraktiken, die dazu dienen mit Ungewissheit umzugehen. Welche Perspektiven auf verschiedene mögliche Ereignisse ergeben sich daraus und vor welchen Herausforderungen stehen Entscheider:innen in der Gefahrenabwehr? Der Artikel entwickelt ein Herausforderungs-Antizipations-Schema für die Gefah-renabwehr, in welcher potenzielle Ereignisse und Praktiken der Antizipation mit ihren jeweiligen Herausforderungen in Bezug gesetzt werden.The anticipation of futures plays an increasing role in emergency management. Concerning the decisions in this field several practices of anticipation evolved to deal with uncertainty. Which perspectives regarding potential events emerge from this and which challenges face decision makers in emergency management? The article develops a challenges-anticipation-scheme for emergency management in which potential hazard events and practices of anticipation are linked with parti¬cular challenges
Rückseitig gewendelt
No full textDie Bauprojekte Julius' II. zu Beginn des 16. Jahrhunderts legten den Grundstein für den Ausbau des Vatikans zur päpstlichen Residenz. Neben dem Bau des Petersdoms beauftragte er hochrangige Künstler, die päpst- lichen Räume prachtvoll auszustatten. Mit dem von Donato Bramante ge- planten Belvederehof entstand eine Verbindung zwischen dem Vatika- nischen Palast und der Belvedere Villa Innozenz' VIII. Die Villa wurde für die Sammlung antiker Skulpturen mit dem Cortile Ottagono ergänzt und museal genutzt. Um auch Personen Zugang zu gewähren, die nicht in die päpstlichen Repräsetationsräume vorgelassen werden konnten, wurde dem Ensemble die Rampa Bramante hinzugefügt.
Dieser "Hintereingang" an der Rückseite des Palastes ist ein architekto- nisches Kleinod, dessen Details und architekturtheoretischen Grundla- gen der Designer und Künstler Bernd Grimm mit einem Architekturmo- dell nachspürt
Direct Copyright Liability As Regulation Of Hosting Platforms For The Copyright-Infringing Content Uploaded By Their Users: Quo Vadis ?
No full textThe potential direct liability of hosting platforms such as YouTube and Dailymotion, which provide the technical conditions for their users to upload and share copyright-protected content, for the infringement of the right of communication to the public (CTTP) in Article 3(1) Directive 2001/29/EC (and pre-Directive 790/2019) represents one of the most complex and controversial aspects of current European Union (EU) copyright law. The test in Article 3(1) is opaque and may even support opposing conclusions on the matter. Doctrinally, the appropriateness of Article 3(1) to regulate hosting platforms is shaky as it is unclear how the regulation of platforms via Article 3(1) may reflect the balance of interests of rightsholders, of platforms, and internet users. Hosting platforms facilitate both the legal and illegal sharing of copyright content indiscriminately and in an automated fashion. When legal content is shared through their service, hosting platforms play an important role in facilitating the exercise of user’s freedom to send and receive information safeguarded by Article 11 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights.
The potential application of direct copyright liability to hosting platforms, including the spectre of damages, may chill technical innovation in the area. Some platforms may even close and the opportunities for internet users to share legal content reduces as a result. To address these issues, this article analyses the three alternatives for limiting the responsibility of hosting platforms under Article 3(1). The article first analyses the complex test for CTTP under Article 3(1). To balance the application of liability, Alternative 1 explores the option of integrating a ‘duty of care’ element conditioned by a standard of proportionality within the test for CTTP. Alternative 2 challenges the notion that direct responsibility may be attributed to operators of hosting platforms. It analyses, but ultimately dismisses, the situation where host providers may be considered as mere providers of facilities for enabling communication. Alternative 3 advances a novel application of the test under Article 3(1) which shows that operators of certain hosting platforms do not engage in acts of “communication” of the illegal copyright material uploaded by their users. The purpose of the paper is to bring attention to particular possible constructions of hosting platform liability and their broader implications
