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The front side-backyard-multiplicity
No full textUrban space is constituted through the co-existence of multiple, interdependent polarities, such as city and hinterland, centre and periphery, or visible façade and hidden infrastructure. Throughout the history of cities, the interweaving of such polarities is often associated with the formation of a prominent front side and a subordinate backyard – whether in terms of architectural form, function, or associated uses. In this process, transport modes play a complex role, complementing, steering or even contradicting the spatial layout of the urban structure. In this paper, we explore the role of transport infrastructures as a key factor in the formation of front sides and backyards. Taking European cities like Paris, London, and Zurich as examples, we critically review backyard and front side formations resulting from the dominance of specific transport modes and their associated infrastructures through-out the 19th and 20th century. We dwell on questions of space, accessibility and impact, aspects that are sometimes coherent, but much more often and increasingly contradictory. We also put forth the hypothesis that the third dimension has to be strongly considered when assessing the front side and backyard phenomenon: The emergence of Noise Landscapes around major hub airports, the predominance of vertically stacked urban developments, and the colonization of the air by drones are all developments pointing towards further complexity in the front side-back-multiplicity of the urban structure
Behind the Roman Monument
No full textThe topography of Rome in the early twentieth-century is synonymous with looking straight forward, with the wholesale demolition of densely-packed neighborhoods at the service of ‘liberating’ ancient monuments and pa- ving wide new boulevards to connect them. In this narrative, Rome, both chronologically and geographically, is a series of modern and classical mon- uments clogged by interstitial rubble. While some medieval basilicas were given similar ‘liberation’ treatment within the cityscape, “case medioevali” and their accretion of centuries of domestic space in the center of Rome were seen as visual and physical clutter to be cleared away, moved past, and forgotten. However, within these decades of bulldozing are a handful of case studies in the rear view, in the deliberate (if incidental) reconstruc- tion of medieval houses. Never monuments conserved in their own right, these case medievali were consistently completed at the margin of larg- er projects and often resulted in demi-monuments consolidated from the aforementioned rubble. This paper proposes a synchronic consideration of the process, of the demolition and reconstruction of Rome’s medieval do- mestic landscape on the physical and cognitive margins (and often literal back side) of its modern and classical monuments
The Rear as an Unintentional Façade
No full textThe design for Thomas Le Roy’s palace in Rome, although conditioned by the small, irregular site, was conceived as a C-shape plan around a square courtyard, in order to provide a sophisticated, celebrative route leading from the opaque, solid facade in Vicolo dell’Aquila to the loggia at the noble floor. When the building was still under construction, Paul III Farnese pro- moted urban works that caused the demolition of part of the insula the pa- lace belonged to and exhibited its previously hidden rear on Via dei Baul- lari, turning it into the most visible part of the palace. From that moment onwards, both the works of the different owners and the graphical inter- pretations provided by artists from XVII to XIX century contributed to con- note the verso as the new recto. While the original experience of the palace is being gradually lost, the rear is elected as an unintentional façade, condi- tioning the Farnesina’s role and development till the 20th century
International Law Association’s Guidelines on Intellectual Property and Private International Law (“Kyoto Guidelines”): General Provisions
No full textThe chapter “General Provisions” of the International Law Association’s Guidelines on Intellectual Property and Private International Law (“Kyoto Guidelines”) focuses on their scope of application. It provides the conditions under which the Guidelines are intended to be applied. The Guidelines cover only cross border disputes and transactions between private parties involving intellectual property rights. Hence, they only refer to situations connected to more than one State. The definition of “intellectual property rights” is of particular relevance to determine the scope. Given the similarities to certain claims based on unfair competition the possibility to apply the Guidelines mutatis mutandis to such claims is also contemplated
Antizipationspraktiken und Herausforderungen im Kontext von Feuerwehren
No full textIn der Gefahrenabwehr spielt die Antizipation ungewisser Zukünfte eine immer größere Rolle. Um die Entscheidungen in diesem Feld spannen sich verschiedene Antizipationspraktiken, die dazu dienen mit Ungewissheit umzugehen. Welche Perspektiven auf verschiedene mögliche Ereignisse ergeben sich daraus und vor welchen Herausforderungen stehen Entscheider:innen in der Gefahrenabwehr? Der Artikel entwickelt ein Herausforderungs-Antizipations-Schema für die Gefahrenabwehr, in welcher potenzielle Ereignisse und Praktiken der Antizipation mit ihren jeweiligen Herausforderungen in Bezug gesetzt werden.The anticipation of futures plays an increasing role in emergency management. Concerning the decisions in this field several practices of anticipation evolved to deal with uncertainty. Which perspectives regarding potential events emerge from this and which challenges face decision makers in emergency management? The article develops a challenges-anticipation-scheme for emergency management in which potential hazard events and practices of anticipation are linked with particular challenges
Tension Control Hoists: Increasing lifetime and service life of wire rope under multi-layer spooling
No full textIn Mobil-, Raupen- und Turmdrehkranen kommen häufig mehrlagig wickelnde Trommelwinden zum Einsatz. Für die eingesetzten Drahtseile geht dies mit einer deutlich geringeren Betriebsdauer einher und führt zu Mehrkosten. Wechselnde Hublasten beim Auf- und Abwickeln der Seiltrommel bilden sich inhomogene Spannungszustände aus, die zu lokalen Spannungsspitzen und Relativbewegungen im Wickelpaket führen. Das in diesem Artikel vorgestellte seilkraftregelnde Hubwerk reduziert die schädigende Wirkung der Mehrlagenwicklung, indem eine zusätzlich in Drehmoment-Drehzahl-Regelung vorgeschaltete Treibscheibe die Hublast von der Seilvorspannkraft im Wickelpaket entkoppelt. Eine Reihe von Dauerspulversuchen zeigt eine durchschnittliche Steigerung der Betriebs- und Lebensdauer um 85% bzw. 39%.Mobile, crawler and tower cranes commonly utilise multi-layer spooling drum winches. This amounts to drastically reduced wire rope service life. During operation, changing loads result in an uneven pressure distribution inside the spooling package. This allows local peaks in pressure and relative movement between rope layers, both of which cause higher wear. In this article, we present a novel tension control hoist that reduces negative influence from multi-layer spooling by eliminating variations in rope tension on the spooling package. An additional traction sheave that runs in conjunction with the drum through a torque-drive-control disconnects the working load from the rope tension on the drum. Spooling experiments show an increase in service life and lifetime of 85% and 39%.
Mobile, crawler and tower cranes commonly utilise multi-layer spooling drum winches. This amounts to drastically reduced wire rope service life. During operation, changing loads result in an uneven pressure distribution inside the spooling package. This allows local peaks in pressure and relative movement between rope layers, both of which cause higher wear. In this article, we present a novel tension control hoist that reduces negative influence from multi-layer spooling by eliminating variations in rope tension on the spooling package. An additional traction sheave that runs in conjunction with the drum through a torque-drive-control disconnects the working load from the rope tension on the drum. Spooling experiments show an increase in service life and lifetime of 85% and 39%
Comparison of different outsourcing strategies of a flat early baggage storage in airport baggage logistics
No full textUm Nachfragespitzen an Check-In-Schaltern zu verringern bieten viele Flughäfen zeitige Gepäckaufgabe an. Dazu muss die Gepäckbehandlungsanlage eine Speichermöglich besitzen, den sogenannten Frühgepäckspeicher. In diesem Beitrag werden die unterschiedlichen Ausprägungen und eine neuartige Variante des Frühgepäckspeichers vorgestellt. Mittels ereignisorientierter Simulationen werden sinnvolle Clusterbildungen von Gepäckbehältern und deren Auslagerungsstrategien hinsichtlich ihrer Entnahmegeschwindigkeit untersucht.In order to reduce peaks in demand at check-in counters, many airports offer early baggage check-in. For this purpose, the baggage handling system must have a storage facility, the so-called early baggage storage. In this article, the different versions and a new variant of the early baggage storage are presented. Discrete Eventdriven simulations are used to investigate meaningful clusters of luggage containers and their removal strategies with regard to their removal speed
Feature Fusionsalgorithmus basierend auf modularer skalierbarer integrierter Sensorverhaltenserkennung
No full textBased on the behavior recognition model of Convolutional Neural Network, we developed a modular scalable integrated (MSI) sensor system together with a signal feature fusion algorithm. The integrated sensor system can obtain high-quality signals without having to be embedded in the body of the object and has good modular scalability and timeliness. The feature fusion algorithm improves the recognition accuracy as well as the robustness of the model.Basierend auf dem Verhaltenserkennungsmodell des Convolutional Neural Network haben wir ein modulares skalierbares integriertes (MSI) Sensorsystem zusammen mit einem Signal-Feature-Fusion-Algorithmus entwickelt. Das integrierte Sensorsystem kann hochqualitative Signale erhalten, ohne in den Körper des Objekts eingebettet werden zu müssen, und weist eine gute modulare Skalierbarkeit und Aktualität auf. Der Feature-Fusion-Algorithmus verbessert die Erkennungsgenauigkeit sowie die Robustheit des Modells
EU Digital Content Directive And Evolution Of Lithuanian Contract Law
No full textLithuania’s national legislature is once more facing the task of implementing another consumer protection directive into national law. This time it is not as easy as it may seem because by adopting the Digital Content Directive, the European Parliament and the Council intentionally left issues of legal classification of digital content contracts and their systemic ties with other bodies of law, such as intellectual property law, for regulation by national law. Hence, the proper time is now to reconsider basic trends of consumer legislation in Lithuania and to identify systemic challenges of implementation of the Directive.
Within the internal structure of Lithuanian civil law, consumer relations belong to the subject matter of the law of obligations. Most often consumer legal relations arise from the contract, less often – in cases of defective production – from the tort. The author proposes to extract almost all consumer private law rules (leaving untouched only marginal exceptions such as private international law rules) from Lithuanian Civil Code and other statutes to a newly created Book 7 “Consumer law”. From one side, it could facilitate concentration and systematization of whole consumer private law in one place, without impairing coherence of other sections in Lithuanian Civil Code. From another side, this option would still maintain consumer law within the scope of Lithuanian Civil Code and influence of civil law doctrine, thus avoiding legal dualism and preventing insufficient academic attention.
According to its legal nature, movable and controllable digital content under Lithuanian law may be treated and protected as a novel form of property. However, normative content of existing Lithuanian Civil Code regarding contractual rules is not specifically tailored for digital goods. In general, Digital Content Directive rules are far more developed and detailed than current Lithuanian Civil Code rules on consumer sales, which transpose various EU directives and are applicable mostly for the sale of tangible goods. Therefore, contracts for supply of digital content deserve to be named sui generis by their nature and should be classified and regulated separately from other nominate contracts. Such a solution would overcome the full set of problems related to complex characterization and cross application of various rules regulating other types of contracts.
Despite that, the Lithuanian Pre-draft mostly reflects a cautious and conservative approach for implementation of the Digital Content Directive within Lithuanian private law. However, Digital Content Directive should significantly enhance protection of consumer rights in Lithuania. Legal innovations and rules specifically tailored for a digital environment will lead to optimization and development of the existing contractual regime. In turn, all this should provide legal certainty on rights and duties of the trader and consumer with the obvious benefit for development of digital markets
Creativity in crisis: are the creations of artificial intelligence worth protecting?
No full textUp until recently, intellectual creation and inventiveness were purely human activities, and their protection systems, that is, copyright law and patent law, have been built on the basis of motivating and enhancing human creativity. This ancient and self-evident assumption is being challenged due to AI technology today. This article explores the concept of creativity in the field of law from a legal point of view, as well as the impending serious moral and social consequences.
In the field of copyright law, intellectual creation is inextricably linked with humans and cannot be replaced by any advanced AI system. This results from the legal definition of work, and in particular from the element of “originality”. The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in its rich case law validates this position. In the field of patent law, ingenuity is also associated with a natural person through the moral right of inventorship. Here, however, the inventor's intellectual endeavor derives from the field of cognition, while fields of human intellect concerning personality in general are not involved in the inventive activity nor are crucial for obtaining a patent. However, it is doubtful whether AI-generated inventions can be protected under patent law for other reasons.
Furthermore, decoupling the question of creativity stresses the need for specific legal protection of AI-generated works and inventions. Legislating a sui generis right in order to boost innovation, protect competition and maintain a healthy market for intellectual creations is suggested as the best option