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How Consciousness Emerges from Ions
No full textAs Francis Crick said, neuroscience is a data rich but theory poor field, and it is missing a broad framework as in physics. We wish to put forward such a unified framework based on existing evidences. Unexpectedly, it is a very simple statistical model. Specifically, we find that neural mechanisms in the spatial and temporal dimensionalities follow similar statistical laws. And they are usually called neural coding and memory respectively. Moreover, memory can be divided into two types: long-term and short-term (or instantaneous). The instantaneous memory is the foundation of consciousness according to Crick. Then we indicate the physical and biological mechanisms behind these statistical laws. In general, they actually reflect random processes of particles such as ions. Detailed model and supporting evidences can be found in our previous work. And this simple model is really powerful in explaining most psychological phenomenon and advanced intelligence such as language
Resolution Machinery
No full textThe value of syntax is controversial:\ud
some see syntax as defining us as species,\ud
while for others it just facilitates communication.\ud
To assess syntax\ud
we investigate its relation to problem resolving.\ud
First we define a problem theory from first principles,\ud
and then we translate the theory concepts to mathematics,\ud
obtaining the requirements\ud
that every resolution machine has to implement.\ud
Such a resolution machine will be able to\ud
execute any possible resolution, that is,\ud
any possible way of taking a problem expression\ud
and computing the problem solutions.\ud
Two main requirements are found:\ud
1) syntax is needed to express problems,\ud
that is, separate words are not enough, and\ud
2) the resolution machine has to be as powerful\ud
as lambda calculus is, that is, \ud
it has to be Turing complete.\ud
Noting that every device that can generate\ud
any possible syntax, that is,\ud
any possible syntactically correct sentence\ud
of any possible, natural or artificial, language,\ud
has to be Turing complete,\ud
we conclude that syntax and problem resolving\ud
can use the same components, as, for example,\ud
sentences, functions, and conditionals.\ud
The implication to human evolution is that\ud
syntax and problem resolving should have\ud
co-evolved in humans towards Turing completeness.\u
Adult Umbilical Disorders in Surgical Practice – An Experience from Kashmir.
No full textUmbilical disorders form an important part of general surgical practice. The disorders may be congenital or acquired and manifest in both genders and affects all age groups. This article analyses the profile of adult umbilical disorders as seen in a surgical division of a medical college in Kashmir valley over a period of two years
A Rare Presentation of Odontogenic Keratocyst Mimicking an Antral Polyp
No full textMaxillary sinus harbours many pathological lesions. Many of those presents as a sinonasal mass and are rarely symptomatic. These masses are usually an antral polyp, mucoceles or mucous retention cysts. Odontogenic keratocyst, a benign odontogenic lesion presenting within the maxillary sinus is a rare entity. We present a case of odontogenic keratocyst of the maxillary sinus in a 35 years old female
Role of Outreach Camps in Reducing the Burden of Cataracts in South India
No full textAim: To establish the efficacy of rural outreach programme in reducing blindness caused by cataract by comparative analysis of visual outcome. Materials and Methods: Records of patients attending outreach camps conducted during 10 years i.e., 2001-02 to 2010-11 were studied. The total number of patients attending the camp and those who were detected to have visually significant cataract were noted. Similarly, the number of patients attending the outpatient department of the department of Ophthalmology and the number detected with visually significant cataract were noted. Data was tabulated and analyzed. Result: Out of 1, 16,615 patients visiting the outpatient department during those ten years, 3,014 were detected to have cataract (2.58%). 744 camps were conducted during the period of ten years, screening 60,086 patients and 6711 (11.17%) of them were detected to have cataract and were operated. These results were statistically significant. Conclusions: High numbers of cataracts were detected in the rural parts of South India with the help of outreach camps, while compared to tertiary care centres. They were given treatment in the form of cataract extraction and implantation of intraocular lens. Hence, conducting outreach camps forms an integral part in decreasing the visual morbidity due to cataract
A Theory of General Reduction of Gene-Expression \ud Manifesting as Autism (1993 with 2014 revisions of presentation)
No full textThis paper was originally written for a very different audience around 25 years ago, since when a great deal has changed both in autism research and in the wider world. Thus there was no mention of mercury (of which I knew almost nothing at the time) or of the autism increase (of which no-one else knew much either back then). And also I have become much more experienced in writing than back then. And paper-printed journals were very hostile to “excessive” length such that at least one paragraph got rather more squashed than I am happy to see it now. \ud
So for these reasons I am making some minor changes to the writing, which do not change the actual content or meaning but which make for a better reading experience. For the convenience of cynics I will list all those changes at the end. In addition I am adding in some update notes in the text, indicated thus: [2014 Update: blah blah...
A Survey on Image Retrieval Methods
No full textThe Image retrieval plays a key role in day-to-days world. This work is a review of various references of various image retrieval methods. This paper starts with discussing the working conditions of text based image retrieval then the content-based retrieval: patterns of use, levels, the role of semantics, and the semantic gap. We briefly discuss about various techniques of content based image retrieval such as retrieval by color, shape and the texture and the various algorithms involved in content based image retrieval. Then the semantic based image retrieval aspects are discussed using local content descriptors the regions are segmented and retrieved the semantic regions of imag
Abilità linguistiche, extralinguistiche e paralinguistiche\ud in pazienti con lesioni focali all‟emisfero destro
No full textPazienti con lesioni focali all’emisfero destro (RHD), pur mostrando abilità linguistiche complessivamente preservate, riportano frequentemente una compromissione delle abilità comunicative (Cummings, 2009), che interessa in modo particolare la sfera pragmatica.\ud
Questo studio intende esaminare le competenze comunicative con un campione di pazienti RHD. In particolare, verrà valutata la comprensione e la produzione di un’ampia gamma di fenomeni comunicativi, espressi attraverso il canale linguistico, extralinguistico e paralinguistico. Ci aspettiamo che i pazienti mostrino prestazioni deficitarie in tutte le abilità indagate (linguistica, extralinguistica, paralinguistica), sia in comprensione che in produzione. Ci aspettiamo inoltre di osservare un trend di difficoltà crescente nella comprensione e produzione di atti comunicativi di differente complessità.\ud
I pazienti hanno ottenuto prestazioni inferiori ai controlli in tutte le scale analizzate (linguistica, extralinguistica, paralinguistica), sia in comprensione che in produzione. I dati confermano la presenza di una compromissione delle abilità extralinguistiche, e permettono inoltre di estendere i risultati anche alla fase di produzione extralinguistica e alla sfera paralinguistica. Le analisi rivelano inoltre un trend di difficoltà crescente nella comprensione e nella produzione rispettivamente di atti standard, ingannevoli e ironici
Elements of dialectical contextualism
No full textIn what follows, I strive to present the elements of a philosophical doctrine, which can be defined as dialectical contextualism. I proceed first to define the elements of this doctrine: dualities and polar contraries, the principle of dialectical indifference and the one-sidedness bias. I emphasize then the special importance of this doctrine in one specific field of meta-philosophy: the methodology for solving philosophical paradoxes. Finally, I describe several applications of this methodology on the following paradoxes: Hempel's paradox, the surprise examination paradox and the Doomsday Argument
Mercury Free Healthcare by 2020: Time for Action
No full textUrgent steps are needed to realise the goals of mercury free healthcare by 2020