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Lessons from Observation of Supplementary Immunization Activity in India
No full textSuccessful conduction of supplementary immunization activity is vital both for prevention of transmission of Wild Polio Viruses, as well as outbreaks due to importation of infection to India. The present study attempts to identify reasons that restrict parents to bring their children to polio booths on ‘Polio Sunday’, and highlights the need for concerted house-to-house ‘search and vaccinate’ activities to ensure near 100% coverage of target children to achieve the aim of Polio Free India
A Qualitative Analysis of Medical Students' Views of Their First Psychiatry Rotation
No full textObjective: The importance of student’s perspectives in informing curricula and pedagogy has long been recognised. However, student’s perspectives are rarely reported in the academic literature. Therefore this study explores and reports on medical student’s perspectives of their first psychiatry clinical rotation in a ‘new’ era medical school in Australia. Method: Seventy-three graduate entry medical students completed a semi-structured questionnaire about their experiences during a mental health rotation. The responses were analysed and coded into thematic categories. Results: The following thematic categories were evident; staff, breadth of experience, attitudes towards mental health, course materials and structure, and professional development. Conclusion: The results are discussed in the context of the current academic recommendations for the teaching of psychiatry and behavioural science to medical students. Although the use of student feedback is recommended by the literature, pragmatically it is rarely utilised and if it is utilised it is not reported in the academic literature. It is recommended that educators embrace the use of student’s perspectives to evaluate and inform their teaching
Development of bipedal and quadrupedal locomotion in humans from a dynamical systems perspective
No full textThe first phase in the development 0f locomotion, pr,öary variability would occur in normal fetuses and infants, and those with Uner Tan syndrome. The neural networks for quadrupedal locomotion have apparently been transmitted epigenetically through many species since about 400 MYA.\ud
The second phase is the neuronal selection process. During infancy, the most effective motor pattern(s) and their associated neuronal group(s) are selected through experience.\ud
The third phase, secondary or adaptive variability, starts to bloom at two to three years of age and matures in adolescence. This third phase may last much longer in some patients with Uner Tan syndrome, with a considerably delay in selection of the well-balanced quadrupedal locomotion, which may emerge very late in adolescence in these cases
OntoAna: Domain Ontology for Human Anatomy
No full textToday, we can find many search engines which provide us with information which is more operational in nature. None of the search engines provide domain specific information. This becomes very troublesome to a novice user who wishes to have information in a particular domain. In this paper, we have developed an ontology which can be used by a domain specific search engine. We have developed an ontology on human anatomy, which captures information regarding cardiovascular system, digestive system, skeleton and nervous system. This information can be used by people working in medical and health care domain
Getting the most from a surname study: semantics, DNA and computer modelling
No full textWe here address such questions as: what does a surname mean; is it single origin; and, why do some surnames grow abnormally large? Though most surnames are rare, most people have populous surnames. In 1881 for example, 90% of the population of England and Wales had the most populous 4% of surnames; and, in 1998, 80% had the 1% most populous. In this paper, we consider the evidence that some frequent surnames could be single source; this would imply that a single family has grown abnormally large. For some populous surnames, they have a geographical distribution that might be thought to be consistent with a single origin though, as yet, such supposition generally lacks support from adequate DNA evidence. \ud
With the onset of DNA testing, some scientists are becoming more active in surname studies and they might be more reluctant than some traditionalists to infer too much from categories of surname meaning. Instead, they are likely to maintain that statistical analyses of the data should be properly performed. For example, King and Jobling (2009) considered forty English surnames and found no statistically significant correlation between the supposed semantic category of a surname and its degree of DNA matching into single male-line families. As a specific example that we here describe in some detail, little can be deduced about the inter-relatedness of those called Plant from the assumption of a semantic category, such as by arguing that it is locative and hence single-origin, or occupational and hence multi-origin. By comparison, more surely, we discuss the DNA evidence that this name’s main family grew unusually. Though motivated initially by the evidence of unusual growth for Plant, we extend our deliberations more generally to other surnames.\ud
Guided by the empirical evidence, our computer simulations identify various reasons for a surname family’s prolific growth. In particular, chance is a main factor, along with favourable conditions during the Industrial Age when overall population growth took off, evidently earlier in some regions than in others. Also, the modelling suggests that some additional factor such as polygyny or resilience to plague or favourable economic circumstance, after an early start to a hereditary surname, is beneficial in seeing a family through initial precarious times, sustaining its survival through to a small but real chance of subsequent proliferation in favourable Industrial Age conditions.\u
Constructive Conversation Analysis in psychotherapy: cognitive relevance of actants in terms of linguistic constructions
No full textPychotherapists produce pseudo-structured discourse with their clients that can be analysed with linguistics and pragmatics. Conversation Analysis is often qualitative, non-sistematic. The Therapeutic Cycles Model (TCM) uses ad-hoc software to perform textual analysis of psychoterapeutic transcripts, in order to elicit significant elements in the therapeutic interaction, but it does not consider linguistic constructions as units of analysis. Constructive Adpositional Grammars (CxAdGrams) are the ground for the Conversation Analysis so to fill the gap left by the TCM
Assessment of Knowledge and Practices of Referring Private Practitioners Regarding Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme in Nagpur City - A Cross Sectional Study
No full textObjectives: To assess knowledge, diagnostic and treatment practices of the referring private practitioners of Nagpur city regarding Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP). Methods: The study involved interview of 103 Private Practitioners (PPs) of Nagpur city. Knowledge of private practitioners was assessed based on questions related to diagnosis, categorization, treatment regimens & follow up. Practices of private practitioners were assessed based on which investigations and treatment regimen they advise & whether they offer supervised treatment. Their willingness to get involved in the programme was also recorded. Results: Only 49 (47.6%) private practitioners knew sputum smear examination as primary tool of diagnosis of TB. Only half, 52 (50.5%) of the private practitioners knew number of categories of tuberculosis correctly and 64 (62.1%) private practitioners did know how to categorize TB patients. Chest X-ray and Mantoux test (38.5%) was mainly used by the PPs for TB diagnosis. 42.7% of PPs were prescribing treatment for TB and among them only 8 were prescribing as per RNTCP guidelines and just one provided treatment under direct observation. Different combination of HRZE and HRZES was prescribed for variable period ranges from 2-8 months. And only 12 (11.6%) private practitioners expressed their willingness to get involved in RNTCP for TB control. Conclusion: There is lack of adequate knowledge, diagnostic and treatment practice among PPs as per RNTCP guidelines and further encouragement is required for their participation in the programme
Reanalysis of Agelietti Procedure (A Method of Corrective Supracondylar Femoral Osteotomy)
No full textObjective: Supracondylar femoral osteotomy is the time tested method, used for correcting the angular (varus & valgus) deformities at the knee. Traditionally, Coventry type of osteotomy where a medial or lateral based wedge of bone is removed or an open wedge osteotomy is made & the space filled with bone graft, is done to achieve the desired correction. This osteotomy is subsequently stabilized with Kirschner wires or plates & screws. Later the limb is externally supported in brace or plaster cast. Here we present a case series of 10 cases, where we have analyzed the efficacy of Aglietti procedure, as a method of femoral supracondylar osteotomy for correcting the valgus deformity at the knee. Methods: Ten valgus adolescent knees were operated in 7 patients by following the Aglietti procedure for correcting the angular deformity at the knee. The results were analyzed taking into consideration the operating time, blood loss during surgery estimated by the number of surgical mops used, stability of the osteotomy in the post-operative period & ultimate range of motion (ROM) obtained at the end of 6 months after the surgery. Results: The average age of patients dealt with was 12.6 years (n=7) with females predominating (n=5) against 2 males. The average time was 47.5 minutes. The average size of the surgical mops used was 15x20 cms. Surgical mops used per patient were 1.6. The average range of flexion achieved at the end of 6 months after surgery was 131.45 degrees ( Rounded average to a measurable value being 131 degrees). Conclusion: In our case series we found Aglietti procedure as an effective method to correct the valgus deformity in adolescent knees. Supracondylar femoral osteotomies are not only for varus an valgus corrections; this osteotomy is used as well for rotation correction and flexion and extension correction, mainly in CP patients. But we used the Agelietti procedure for the correction of angular deformities(varus/valgus) in patients of nutritional rickets. However more number of cases need to be done to make a final conclusion of establishing the superiority of this method over other methods
Risk Factors for Hyperfunctional Voice Disorders Among Teachers
No full textThe aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of voice problems among teachers, and identify risk factors for developing voice pathology. In this study we evaluated 448 teachers (400 females and 48 males) between the age range of 25 to 55 years, from primary school as well as secondary school which were selected randomly. A questionnaire was given to them to find out how many of them had a voice problem. All the positive cases were further evaluated by an Otorhinolaryngologist, an Audiologist and a Speech Language Pathologist. Out of the 448 teachers, 39 of them(9%) had an indication of voice disorder based on the positive respose got from the questionnaire. Among the 39 cases identified 11 were males (28%) and 28 were females (71%). We tried to investigate on the factors that would have contributed to voice problem in the identified 9% of cases .Detailed history was taken and was examined by an otorhinolaryngologist, an audiologist and a Speech Language Pathologist.Out of the 39 cases identified 26% had history of recurrent allergic rhinitis and laryngitis, 18% had sinusitis and post nasal drip, 18% had asthma, 26% had gastoesophageal reflux disorder, (8%) had minimal sensori neural hearing loss and hypothyroidism was found in 8%. Interaction of multiple factors like hereditory, behavioral, lifestyle, medical and environmental can contribute to voice disorders in occupational voice users. Teachers need to be educated regarding vocal mechanism, vocal hygiene and effective voice use , dust free and noise free work environment, diet modification like drinking adequate water, avoiding spicy and deep fried food, regularizing meals and avoiding sleeping immediately after food. The underlying medical issues like allergy, sinusitis, laryngitis, hypothyroidism, gastroesophageal reflux, hearing loss etc also need to be addressed , since vocal hygiene alone will not help until and unless the underlying cause is taken care of
Penetrating Abdominal Injury by a Large Stone
No full textPenetrating trauma can be commonly caused by sharp objects. We report a case of penetrating injury of abdomen caused by a fairly large sized stone which is used for sharpening the objects or weapons. It pierced through the abdominal wall musculature and caused ileal transection, mesenteric tear and gastric perforation