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The right to opt out: a comparative analysis of exemption schemes in Scandinavian public schools and the impact of cultural bias
Full text linkAs societies become increasingly diverse, questions arise about how the state can accommodate cultural and religious plurality while safeguarding fundamental human rights, such as freedom of religion and the right to education. Despite contextual variations, many states and education systems are affected by common supranational processes and face many of the same legislative challenges in drawing boundaries between what is considered religion and non-religion in public schools and in identifying those subjects and activities from which pupils should be entitled to exemption based on their religious backgrounds or worldviews. Through a comparative analysis of the exemption schemes in Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, we explore the intersections between religion, law, and education, and discuss the interplay between national legislation and international law in the three countries’ school systems. By comparing the national jurisdictions in Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, we examine different exemption procedures and discuss how religion and religious rights are understood and regulated legally, negotiated educationally, and adapted domestically. The analysis shows that Scandinavian public schools’ exemption schemes, deeply intertwined with Christianity’s influence, exhibit varying degrees of accommodating pupils’ and parents’ rights to opt out of religious education and activities, reflecting differing national approaches to religious and philosophical convictions.publishedVersio
Current global vitamin and cofactor prescribing practices for primary mitochondrial diseases: Results of a European reference network survey
Full text linkPrimary mitochondrial diseases (PMD) account for a group of approximately 400 different genetic disorders with diverse clinical presentations and pathomechanisms. Although each individual disorder is rare, collectively they represent one of the largest groups in the field of inherited metabolic disorders. The complexity of PMD results in a continued lack of therapeutic options, necessitating a predominantly symptomatic treatment approach for affected patients. While a subset of diseases responds exceptionally well to treatment with specific vitamins or cofactors, for most PMD systematic reviews were not able to show significant benefit. This is in discrepancy to their continued frequent use among specialists. To gain further insight into the current clinical practice of vitamin and cofactor supplementation among clinicians treating children and adults affected by PMD, we conducted a worldwide cross-sectional questionnaire study exploring the choice of substances and the specific diseases where they are applied. To our knowledge, this is the first global study exploring this topic and featuring a high response rate from paediatricians. The vast majority (95%, 106/112) of responding specialists recommended the use of vitamins and cofactors, either in an agnostic approach irrespective of the specific PMD or directed to the treatment of specific diseases or phenotypes. Our study highlights significant regional and specialty-specific differences in supplementation practices. We provide some preliminary insights into specialist-based opinions regarding the use of vitamins and cofactors in PMD and highlight the need for more rigorous clinical and preclinical investigations and/or clear consensus statements.publishedVersio
Den nedre grensen for anvendelse av straffeloven § 282 - særlig om vilkåret "mishandler"
Full text linkMasteroppgaveJUS399MAJURMAJUR-
Karst landscape analysis in Nordland, North Norway: a combination of field work and GIS based methods
Full text linkMasteroppgave i geografiGEO350MASV-PHYGMASV-MEHAMASV-GEOGMPGEOG
Hvordan kan ledere bidra til å styrke indre motivasjon under omstillingsprosesser hos ansatte i hjemmetjenesten?
Full text linkDenne avhandlingen tematiserer endring, omstilling og indre motivasjon. Samfunnet er i
stadig endring, tjenestene må tilpasse seg samfunnet etter behovet. Kan ledere bidra til å
styrke indre motivasjon under endring og omstillingsprosesser? Ved å bruke teori om
organisasjon, ledelse, endring og motivasjon ser denne avhandlingen på hva ansatte i
hjemmetjenesten vurderer som viktig for å opprettholde indre motivasjon under endring og
omstillingsprosesser. Dersom organisasjonen og ledelsen ikke har fokus på hva som er viktig
for ansatte under endring og omstilling kan dette føre til endringssmerter og flukt fra
tjenesten.
Avhandlingen har en kvalitativ tilnærming hvor en har intervjuet åtte kandidater med både
lengre og kortere arbeidserfaring fra hjemmetjenesten. Det er blitt intervjuet assistenter,
hjelpepleiere/helsefagarbeidere, sykepleiere og nattevakter. Funnene viser at god og
tilstrekkelig informasjon undervegs i hele prosessen er viktig. Det å ha en organisasjon som er
opptatt av kultur og tilhørighet har og en påvirkning på motivasjon og endringsviljen til de
ansatte. En leder som er opptatt av de ansatte og delegerer tilpassede oppgaver til ansatte, slik
at de opplever mestring, er også sett på som viktig kommer det frem under intervjuene.
Målet med avhandlingen er at organisasjoner og ledere skal bli bevisste på hvordan endring
og omstilling kan påvirke ansatte og bruke dette for å redusere frustrasjon og mulig flukt fra
tjenesten. Samfunnet opplyser om en voksende eldre befolkning og færre som er yrkesaktive,
det vil si at en ikke har kapasitet til å miste ansatte.This thesis addresses change, adjustment, and intrinsic motivation. Society is constantly
changing, and services must adapt to the needs of society. Can leaders contribute to
strengthening intrinsic motivation during change and transformation processes? By using
theories on organization, leadership, change, and motivation, this thesis examines what
employees in home care services consider important for maintaining intrinsic motivation
during periods of change and transformation. If the organization and leadership do not focus
on what is important to employees during change and transformation, this can lead to changerelated stress and staff turnover.
The thesis has a qualitative approach, with interviews conducted with eight candidates who
have both long and shorter work experience in home care services. The interviewees includes
assistants, nursing aides/healthcare workers, nurses, and night shift workers. The findings
show that good and sufficient information throughout the process is important. Having an
organization that values culture and belonging also influences motivation and employees'
willingness to embrace change. A leader who cares about the employees and delegates
appropriately tailored tasks is also seen as important, as revealed in the interviews.
The meaning of the thesis is for organizations and leaders to become aware of how change
and transformation can affect employees and use this knowledge to reduce frustration and
potential staff turnover. Society indicates a growing elderly population and fewer people who
are actively employed, meaning there is no capacity to lose staff.Masteroppgave i kommunal ledelseEXECUTIVE670EXEC67
Single-nucleus transcriptomics reveals disease- and pathology-specific signatures in α-synucleinopathies
Full text linkα-Synucleinopathies are progressive neurodegenerative disorders characterized by intracellular aggregation of α-synuclein, but their molecular pathogenesis remains unknown. Here, we explore cell-specific changes in gene expression across different α-synucleinopathies. We perform single-nucleus RNA sequencing on nearly 300 000 nuclei from the prefrontal cortex of individuals with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD, n = 20), Parkinson’s disease caused by LRRK2 mutations (LRRK2-PD, n = 7), multiple system atrophy (n = 6) and healthy controls (n = 13).
Idiopathic PD and LRRK2-PD exhibit a largely overlapping cell type-specific signature, which is distinct from that of multiple system atrophy and includes an overall decrease of the transcriptional output in neurons. Notably, most of the differential expression signal in idiopathic PD and LRRK2-PD is concentrated in a specific deep cortical neuronal subtype expressing adrenoceptor alpha 2A. Although most differentially expressed genes are highly cell type and disease specific, PDE10A is found to be downregulated consistently in most cortical neurons and across all three diseases. Finally, exploiting the variable presence and/or severity of α-synuclein pathology in LRRK2-PD and idiopathic PD, we identify cell type-specific signatures associated with α-synuclein pathology, including a neuronal upregulation of SNCA itself, encoding α-synuclein.
Our findings provide new insights into the cell-specific transcriptional landscape of the α-synucleinopathy spectrum.publishedVersio
Group cohesion and alliance predict cognitive-behavioral group treatment outcomes for youth with anxiety disorders
Full text linkKnowledge about how to enhance group cognitive behavioral therapy (GCBT) outcomes is needed. In a randomized controlled effectiveness trial, we examined group cohesion (the bond between group members) and the alliance (the client-clinician bond) as predictors of GCBT outcomes. The sample was 88 youth (M age 11.7 years, SD = 2.1; 54.5% girls; 90.7% White) with anxiety disorders. Observers rated group cohesion and alliance in 32 sessions from 16 groups. We examined early group cohesion and alliance (r = .50, p < .001) and group cohesion and alliance change from early to late in treatment in relation to outcomes using generalized estimation equations accounting for nesting within groups (ICCs .31 to .55). The outcomes were diagnostic recovery, clinical severity, and parent- and youth-reported anxiety symptoms, each at post-treatment, 12-months, and 4-years follow-up. There were more significant associations with 4-years follow-up than earlier outcomes. Clinical severity and parent-reported anxiety symptoms were more frequently predicted than diagnostic recovery. Clinician- and parent-reported outcomes were far more frequently significantly predicted by cohesion and alliance than youth-rated outcomes. We conclude that group cohesion and alliance are related but distinct variables, both associated with some GCBT outcomes for as long as 4 years after treatment.publishedVersio
Educational Shifts in the Age of Automation: Does increasing robotization influence Norwegian students’ educational choices?
Full text linkOver the past few decades, rapid advancement in robotic technology has significantly transformed global industries, labour markets, and many other facets of society. Robotization has disrupted traditional tasks and occupations, replacing various manual tasks with effective robotic technologies. As a result, there is a shift in the demand for different skills in the labour market. The aim of this thesis is to add to the previous literature on the effects of robotization by exploring how Norwegian students´ choice of educational program in upper secondary school change when they are faced with the evolving and increasing levels of robotization.
In this thesis, this was investigated through an empirical analysis using a two-way fixed effects model regressing a predicted robot exposure measure for each local labour market, on the enrolment shares of the two main educational paths in Norway. The estimations are based on educational data provided by the National Education Database (NUBD), on the municipality level, and data on the Norwegian import of industrial robots by industry, provided by the International Federation of Robotics. The main analysis revealed a statistically significant increase in the enrolment share of vocational studies, while there was no significant effect for general studies. When including a lead and lags analysis of the robot exposure variable, the increase in vocational study enrolment increased even further, and the enrolment share of general studies decreased. There was however evidence that the assumption behind the model is broken, meaning the results are unreliable. This thesis emphasizes the complicated and nuanced effects of robotization on educational choices.
All the handling and analysing of data in this thesis have been conducted using the statistical software program Stata/SE 18.0.MasteroppgaveECON391PROF-SØKMASV-SØ
Perspectives and views on flight shame in pandemic times
Full text linkThis study utilizes national survey data from Norway to explore public views on flight shame, measured between 2020 and 2022. Answers to open-ended and closed-ended questions are integrated to explore various perspectives on flight shame, including its function as a persuasive call to action and its normative underpinning. Most display ambiguous, vague, or neutral attitudes towards the concept, with favourable attitudes being more common when it is construed as relating to infection control. Perceived norms show stronger associations with self-reported flight shame than with an expressed willingness to accept increased travel time or higher financial costs. This supports assertions that changes in the availability and feasibility of alternatives to flying could be needed to break up entrenched travel habits.publishedVersio
Investigating host susceptibility to Marteilia pararefringens in different bivalve mollusk species: a field study
No full textMarteilia pararefringens er en parasittisk protist som hovedsakelig infiserer fordøyelseskjertelen i skjellverten Mytilus spp. I Norge ble denne parasitten først rapportert i 2016, og den har siden blitt observert i flere poller langs store deler av norskekysten. Parasittens vertsspesifisitet har vært under diskusjon, og det har tidligere blitt påvist tilstedeværelse av den i andre skjellverter som Ostrea edulis. Det er tidligere blitt observert påfallende variasjon i mottakelighet hos Mytilus spp., noe som kan være assosiert med ulike arter og hybrider.
Hovedmålet for denne studien var å avdekke verter som er mottakelig for mikroparasitten M. pararefringens på Vestlandet i Norge, samt å undersøke variasjoner i mottakelighet blant forekommende arter og hybrider av Mytilus spp.
Feltstudier ble utført med O. edulis og Mytilus spp. satt ut i Agapollen, hvor det forekommer en naturlig infeksjonssyklus med M. pararefringens. PCR- og histologianalyser ble benyttet for å studere parasitten.
Resultatene fra feltforsøket tyder på at O. edulis ikke er mottakelig for M. pararefringens. Flere Mytilus-arter og hybrider ble molekylært artsbestemt, og det ble for første gang dokumentert infeksjon av M. pararefringens i Mytilus trossulus. Videre ble det funnet indikasjoner på at M. trossulus og hybrider kan være mer mottakelig for parasitten enn M. edulis, men det ble ikke funnet signifikante assosiasjoner. I tillegg ble hjerteskjell, teppeskjell og stillehavsøsters histologisk undersøkt uten at Marteilia-liknende celler ble observert.
Denne studien gir ny innsikt i mottakeligheten for M. pararefringens hos ulike skjellarter på Vestlandet. Resultatene viser at O. edulis ikke er mottakelig for M. pararefringens, og at det er en potensiell økt mottakelighet hos M. trossulus sammenlignet med M. edulis. Videre studier er nødvendig for å undersøke disse mønstrene nærmere.Marteilia pararefringens is a protistan parasite that mainly infects the digestive gland in the bivalve host Mytilus spp. The parasite was first reported in Norway in 2016 and has since been observed in many oyster lagoons along the Norwegian coastline. The host specificity of the parasite has been discussed and the presence of M. pararefringens has been detected using PCR in other bivalve species, such as Ostrea edulis. A notable variation in the susceptibility of M. pararefringens among the hosts Mytilus spp. has previously been observed, which may be associated with different species and hybrids.
The main aim of this study was to identify species of hosts susceptible to M. pararefringens in Western Norway, and to examine variations of susceptibility among occurring species and hybrids of Mytilus spp.
Field experiments were performed with O. edulis and Mytilus spp. deployed in the heliothermic oyster lagoon Agapollen, where natural infections of M. pararefringens occur. PCR and histology were used to examine the bivalves for M. pararefringens.
The results from the field experiment suggest that O. edulis is not susceptible to infections with M. pararefringens. Several Mytilus species and hybrids were molecularly identified, and infection with M. pararefringens in the host Mytilus trossulus was documented for the first time. Furthermore, indications that M. trossulus and hybrids may be more susceptible to the parasite than M. edulis was observed, but no significant association was found. In addition, the bivalves Cerastoderma spp., carpet shells and Magallana gigas were histologically examined without observing any Marteilia-like cells.
This study provides new insights into M. pararefringens susceptibility in different bivalve species in Western Norway. The results show that O. edulis is not susceptible to M. pararefringens, and there may be an increased susceptibility to the parasite in M. trossulus compared to M. edulis. Further studies are needed to investigate these patterns in more detail.Masteroppgave i fiskehelseFISK399MAMN-FIS