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The effects of photoperiod on smoltification of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) reared at a high temperature in recirculating aquaculture systems
Full text linkJuvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) undergo a parr-smolt transformation known as smoltification, which involves a series of physiological, morphological and behavioral changes that prepare them for migrating from freshwater rivers out to sea. They rely on changes in seasonal cues such as photoperiod and temperature to induce smoltification. In order to maintain a constant blood plasma osmolality between the hypoosmotic and hyperosmotic environments, the fish must switch their osmoregulatory strategy entirely, from actively taking up salts to actively secreting them. The gills and kidney are two of the main osmoregulatory organs in euryhaline teleosts, and within their epithelia lies the basolateral Na+ K+ - ATPase (NKA) enzyme. Studies performed on the NKA’s α1-isoforms in gills of Atlantic salmon have found that they are differentially regulated during smoltification, where α1a dominates in freshwater, α1b dominates in seawater and α1c is believed to serve more of a constant “housekeeping” role. However, no research has previously been done on the regulation of these isoforms in the kidney of Atlantic salmon during smoltification. Furthermore, the NKA enzyme activity levels and regulation of its α1-isoforms during smoltification in gills and kidney are not well documented under the rearing conditions used in today’s Norwegian aquaculture industry. Farming protocols are becoming more intensive, with higher temperatures and shorter simulated “seasons”. These conditions are ideal for fish growth, though there remains a lack of understanding around their impacts on smoltification. In this thesis, two groups of juvenile Atlantic salmon were reared in RAS with two different photoperiod regimes and a constant temperature of 14 °C. One group received a “winter” signal of 12 hours light and 12 hours dark for four weeks, followed by continuous light, while the other group only received continuous light throughout the experiment. We analyzed gill and kidney NKA enzyme activity levels as well as relative abundance of the NKA α1a and α1b isoforms in gills, and α1b and α1c isoforms in the kidney. In contrast to the existing literature, we found no differences in morphology (growth rate, condition factor) and osmoregulation (NKA enzyme activity and relative abundance of α1- isoforms) between the two groups, nor did we observe the expected preparatory downregulation of α1a and upregulation of α1b. These results implciate that confounding stimuli such as short “winters” and high temperatures, together with a large body size, may override the important photoperiod stimulus and its proper initiation of smoltification. Further research is needed to better comprehend the regulation of NKA α1-isoforms in the kidney of Atlantic salmon during smoltification.Masteroppgave i biologiBIO399MAMN-BIOMAMN-HAVS
Deep Learning and Reading Novels
No full textDenne masteravhandlinga undersøker korleis norsklærarar kan leggje til rette for djupnelæring i klasserommet. Djupnelæring er særleg sentralt i den nye læreplanen, Kunnskapsløftet 2020 (LK20), men det manglar ei felles profesjonsfagleg forståing av omgrepet (Furberg et al., 2024; Brøyn, 2019) samt didaktiske modellar (Gilje et al., 2018). Undersøkinga har aksjonsforsking som forskingsdesign. Eg har undersøkt korleis ein kan forstå djupnelæringsomgrepet, kva arbeidsmåtar som kan fremje djupnelæring i litteraturundervisninga og på bakgrunn av dette utforma eit undervisningsdesign for 10.trinn kring romanen Alle utlendinger har lukka gardiner (2015) av Maria Navarro Skaranger. Målet er å utvikle eigen praksis og bidra med erfaringsbasert kunnskap om korleis djupnelæring kan sjå ut i klasserommet. Datamaterialet er basert på deltakande observasjon og feltnotat, to semistrukturerte fokusgruppeintervju, spørjeundersøking og elevloggar.
Resultata viser at det er mogeleg å forstå djupnelæring ut frå ulike læringssyn. Utdanningsdirektoratet sin definisjon er noko kognitivt orientert, men formuleringar i Overordna del antydar at omgrepet også har ein praktisk, utforskande og skapande dimensjon (Utdanningsdirektoratet, 2019). Dette inneberer at djupnelæring ikkje berre skjer i hovudet til elevane, men òg mellom menneske og i heile kroppen, gjennom varierte og praktiske arbeidsmåtar der elevane er medskaparar av kunnskap (Dahl & Østern, 2019b).
Med utgangspunkt i ei slik forståing vil djupnelæring i litteraturundervisninga vere å prioritere lesing av heile verk med utgangspunkt i lesaren si oppleving av teksten som mål, og ikkje som eit middel (Gabrielsen, Blikstad-Balas & Tengberg, 2019). Lesinga vekslar mellom ulike lesemåtar (Rosenblatt, 1995a; Langer, 2005) der lesaren kan involvere seg personleg, men også ha analytisk distanse, utvikle metarefleksjon (Rosenblatt, 1995a; Blau, 2003) og litterær kompetanse (Hennig & Eriksen, 2021). Slik undervisning skil ikkje mellom danning- og ferdigheitsdimensjonen i norskfaget, men kombinerer dei.
Funna viser at undervisningsdesignet er éin måte å fremje djupnelæring og uthaldande lesing i ei elevgruppe. Eit hovudfunn ved studien er at elevane uttrykte engasjement, var aktive og medskapande, i kontrast til negative trendar knytt til ungdom si evne til å lese og forstå lengre tekstar (Wagner et al., 2021) og synkande motivasjon i skulen (Meld. St. 34. (2023-2024)). Utforskande litterære samtalar og dramametodar var særleg viktig for engasjement og grad av involvering, men det var vanskelegare å motivere for aktivitetar knytt til metakognisjon. Gutar såg ut til å ha størst effekt av praktisk og variert undervisning.This master’s thesis examines how Norwegian teachers can facilitate deep learning in the classroom. Deep learning is particularly emphasized in the new curriculum, but there is a lack of shared professional understanding of the concept (Furberg et al., 2024), as well as a shortage of didactic models (Gilje et al., 2018). The study employs action research as its research design. The study investigates how the concept of deep learning can be understood, which teaching practices may promote deep learning in literature instruction, and based on this, developed a teaching design for 10th grade around the novel Alle utlendinger har lukka gardiner (2015) by Maria Navarro Skaranger. The aim is to develop own teaching practice and contribute experiential knowledge about what deep learning can look like in the classroom. The data material is based on participant observation and field notes, two semi-structured focus group interviews, a survey, and student logs.
The results show that deep learning can be conceptualized from multiple learning perspectives. The Norwegian Directorate for Education and Training’s definition is cognitively oriented, but the Core Curriculum suggest that the concept also includes practical, exploratory, and creative dimensions (Utdanningsdirektoratet, 2019). This means that deep learning does not only occur in students’ minds but also between individuals and through the whole body, via varied and practical approaches in which students are co-creators of knowledge (Dahl & Østern, 2019b).
Building on this understanding, deep learning in literature education entails prioritizing the reading of entire works, with the reader’s experience of the text as the aim rather than merely a means (Gabrielsen, Blikstad-Balas & Tengberg, 2019). Reading alternates between different reading modes (Rosenblatt, 1995a; Langer, 2005), where the reader may be personally engaged but also maintain analytical distance, develop metareflection (Rosenblatt, 1995a; Blau, 2003), and literary competence (Hennig & Eriksen, 2021).
The findings show that the teaching design developed is one way to promote deep learning and sustained reading in a group of students. A main finding is students’ expression of engagement, which stands in contrast to negative trends related to young people’s ability to read and understand longer texts (Wagner et al., 2021) and declining school motivation (Meld. St. 34 (2023-2024)). Exploratory literary talks and drama methods were particularly important for involvement, while it proved more challenging to motivate activities related to metacognition. Boys seemed to benefit the most from practical and varied instruction.Erfaringsbasert masteroppgave i undervisning med fordypning i norskNORMAU65
Korleis vert naturen verdset i møte med vindkraftutbygging? Ein casestudie av vindkraftprosjektet i Modalen kommune
Full text linkThe pressure from climate change has led to a focus towards a greener shift, with an overall purpose of leading society over to an environmentally, sustainable direction. At the same time, the pressure from environmental crisis adds another layer which challenges the ability to manage land fairly in a way that supports the implementation of climate measures – such as renewable energy – and avoids posing a threat to biodiversity. This project raises questions about what happens when one must navigate such conflicts, focusing on both interests involved and their differing views on what is right.
This case study examines conflicts that arise in different priorities when it comes to the development of renewable energy and nature conservation in the green shift. The project takes place in the municipality of Modalen and explores various actors’ perspectives on wind power. There has been a long-standing debate in Modalen about whether the municipality should approve a potential wind power plant in the local community. The master’s thesis sheds light on how nature is considered in the debate when wind power plants are proposed in a municipality. To answer this, the project includes both a Q-methodology and semi-structured interviews to analyze the data collected from Modalen. The data was then interpreted using theoretical concepts to examine how the prioritization of natural values shapes the vision for sustainable development.
By using these methods, the study identifies two distinct perspectives on the issue of wind power in Modalen. Both perspectives express concern for nature and the climate crisis, but emphasize different approaches to how these issues should be addressed most effectively. The findings also show that the perspectives differ in how they envision this being implemented in practice. By examining underlying values and emphasizing different aspects, this thesis argues that the divide between the perspectives is not as significant as it might initially appear.MasteroppgaveSDG350MAHF-SD
Adgangen til å motsette seg livsforlengdene behandling i fremtiden
Full text linkTeamet for oppgaven er hvilken adgang en pasient har til å motsette seg livsforlengende behandling i fremtiden. Oppgaven undersøker hvilken mulighet en pasient har til å gi et bindende forhåndsønske for ulike tilfeller som skulle oppstå i fremtiden, hvis man skulle være ute av stand til å formidle et ønske med et fokus på en tilstand der man blir døende. Det sentrale vil derfor være en redegjørelse for hvilken adgang en pasient i Norge har, til å på forhånd velge døden i form av å motsette seg helsehjelp i fremtiden, særlig med fokus på livsforlengende behandling.MasteroppgaveJUS399MAJUR-2MAJU
Condictio indebiti og vindikasjon: Om tilbakebetalingskrav etter læren om condictio indebiti kan være vindikasjonskrav.
Full text linkOppgaven tar for seg spørsmålet om tilbakebetalingskrav etter læren om condictio indebiti etter sin art kan være vindikasjonskrav, og for hvilke tilfeller av feilbetalinger vindikasjon kan være aktuelt.MasteroppgaveJUS399MAJURMAJUR-
“Is This Edible Anyway?” The Impact of Culture on the Evolution (and Devolution) of Mushroom Knowledge
Full text linkMushrooms are a ubiquitous and essential component in our biological environment and have been of interest to humans around the globe for millennia. Knowledge about mushrooms represents a prime example of cumulative culture, one of the key processes in human evolution. Based on a review of available research, we argue that the cognitive mechanisms of cultural transmission impact this knowledge in a twofold manner. First and foremost, they secure the accumulation of (folk-)mycological knowledge, with the principal objective to capture reliable information on edibility and means for safe distinction. However, they also shape attitudes toward mushrooms, practices involved in foraging and consumption, and appraisals of edibility in distinct ways, with even regression and eventual loss of knowledge as one possible outcome. In using the domain of mushrooms as an example for expounding this dual role that culture plays during knowledge transmission, our paper contributes to theoretical debates around the cognitive and cultural mechanisms involved in human evolution.publishedVersio
Havvind i petroleumsvirksomhet – og tilknytningens skatterettslige virkninger
Full text linkDet overordnede temaet for oppgaven er skatteregimet for utbygging og kraftproduksjon fra flytende havvindanlegg som tilknyttes petroleumsinstallasjoner på norsk kontinentalsokkel. Siktemålet er å undersøke først om slike petroleumstilknyttede havvindanlegg – som ledd i elektrifiseringen av petroleumsvirksomhet – omfattes av petroleumsskattelovens virkeområde, og deretter redegjøre for de skatterettslige virkningene. Problemstillingen vil drøftes gjennom en rettsdogmatisk analyse av lovens funksjonelle virkeområde og særskattepliktens saklige avgrensning.MasteroppgaveJUS399MAJUR-2MAJU
Stone Building : Organization and Development of Construction Technology in Eastern Norway c. 1130 - 1537
Full text linkSteinbygging med bruddstein og kalkmørtel ble introdusert til Norge tidlig på 1100-tallet. Teknologien var ny og krevde kunnskap som tidligere ikke var kjent i landet. Avhandlingen omhandler hvordan steinbygningene ble oppført og av hvem. Aktører som steinbrudd, murere, verktøy, økonomi og byggherrer, undersøkes med henblikk på organisering og utvikling av teknologi ved oppføring av middelalderkirker og sekulære bygninger. Tidligere forskning på middelalderens steinarkitektur i Norge, hovedsakelig basert på dekorative elementer og stil, har foreslått at byggeprosjekter ble organisert gjennom bygghytter tilknyttet de fem katedralene. Impulsene ble videre spredt ut i sognene av omreisende håndverkere fra sentrum til periferi. For å utfordre og nyansere konsensus omkring organisering og utvikling av steinbyggeri utføres en teknologistudie.
Empirisk grunnlag for teknologistudien er alle steinbygninger oppført i Hamar bispedømme i perioden ca. 1130 – 1537. Datasettet består av 46 kjente arkitektoniske strukturer, i hovedsak kirker, men også hvelvkjellere, steinhus, borger og citadeller. Om lag 30 % av alle bygninger i regionen ble oppført i stein. Med ett unntak, Håkon Håkonssons Mjøskastell, knyttes alle prosjektene til Kirken som byggherre. Til tross for varierende bevaringsgrad gir stående bygninger, ruiner og arkeologisk dokumentasjon innblikk i middelalderens bygningsteknologi. Kronologiske rammeverk basert på begrepene romansk og gotisk er utviklet for ny datering av arkitektur og byggefaser. Med utgangspunkt i teorier fra symmetrisk arkeologi og nymaterialisme foreslås et metodisk rammeverk for bygningsarkeologi. Bygningsrestenes materielle og menneskelige aktører/aktanter er sidestilt i gjensidige avhengighetsforhold som påvirker hverandre. Sammen med arkitektur, murverk og skriftlige kilder, inngår nytt arkeologisk materiale, som steinbrudd, verktøyspor, steinhuggermerker og mørtelanalyser i analysene.
Teknologistudien gir resultater for bygningsprosesser og arkitektur. Organiseringen og utviklingen av bygghytter og steinhåndverk nyanseres med grunnlag i materielle aktører. Tidligere forklaringsmodeller som sentrum-periferi hvor bygningsmiljøer ved katedralene spredte seg til sognene nyanseres. Flere bygningsmiljøer kan identifiseres i materialet som viser at organiseringen endret seg gjennom middelalderen. Steinhåndverket utviklet seg fra å være globalt i tidlig romansk tid til en kontrollert bygghytte rundt Hamar domkirke i romansk tid. Videre som håndverkere fikk mer innsikt i egen region og lokalkunnskap utover i gotisk tid utvikles regionale og lokale teknologier og bygningsuttrykk.
Økonomisk status spilte liten rolle i valg mellom stein og tre som byggemateriale for kirker i middelalderen. Steinbygningenes status nyanseres derfor i forhold til stavkirkene. Råstofftilgang, kontroll av steinbruddlokaliteter og andre materielle aktører som kunnskap var utslagsgivende i valg av stein fremfor tre. Å følge materielle teknologiaktanter viser at steinhuggere og materielle håndverksaktører utviklet en fri rolle, ikke var tilknyttet ett biskopømme alene, men kunne ta oppdrag både fra kongen og andre biskoper samtidig. Steinhuggerne og råstoff var omreisende, tok oppdrag eller oppførte bygninger på tvers av bispedømmegrenser.Stone building was introduced to Norway in the early 12th century. Using quarried worked stone and mortar binders, this “new” technology required skills and knowhow not executed in the region before. This dissertation investigates how medieval Norwegian stone architecture was built and by whom. It investigates how actors, such as quarries, masons, tools, finances, or patrons were organized and developed in church and castle building processes. Earlier research on medieval architecture in Norway rests on decorative elements and style and suggests that itinerant cathedral building lodge masons distributed architectural styles from centres to peripheries. To challenge and give nuance to this consensus of architecture organization and development, the present dissertation introduces technology as a starting point.
The empirical evidence about stone building technology in this regional study comes from the Diocese of Hamar area (c. 1130 – 1537) in eastern Norway. The data set consists of 46 known architectural structures, mainly churches but also vaulted cellars, castles, and citadels. It has been shown that stone was used in around 30% of all medieval buildings in the region. With one exception, all stone buildings were associated with the Church. Although there were different grades of preservation in the archaeological material, ruins and in-use buildings (churches, residences, citadels, towers, and cellars) give insight into medieval stone technology. A new chronological framework, based on the Romanesque and Gothic, is developed based on the selected corpus of stone buildings. Based on the concepts “new materialism” and “symmetrical archaeology”, an approach of archaeology of construction is suggested. In the building remains, material and human actors/actants are seen as of equal importance, identified as architectural networks and entanglements. New evidence of quarries, toolmarks, stonemasons’ marks, and mortar analysis are added to the discussion in this dissertation.
Technology studies gain results both about the medieval building processes and the architecture. The organization of the building lodges is discussed based on technology actants. The previous, rigid, centre-periphery model, which had building centres at the cathedrals spreading to the parishes, does not hold water, as several building milieus can be identified in the material. The early Romanesque period (c. 1130 – 1152/3) shows transregional technology developing towards a centred technology at the Cathedral in the Romanesque phase (1152/3 – 1250). In the medieval period, builders gained more knowhow of their region, and specialized towards more local technology in the Gothic period (c. 1250 – 1430). Technology organization developed from a transregional craft to a more regional and local endeavour.
It seems that the status of stone building should be downplayed, as wood and stone were entangled as building materials in all phases. Patrons did not consider finances when choosing raw materials. Diocese region patrons used stone architecture in socio-political strategies. It can be stated that the material actors, such as quarries, played a key role in choosing stone over wood as building material. Stonemasons developed a freer role towards the Gothic period, not so much attached to the Cathedral building lodge, taking on projects for both ecclesiastical and secular patrons. Masons and material actants were itinerant, travelled across diocese borders, and applied in projects outside their respective regions.Doktorgradsavhandlin
Salmon lice biology, environmental factors, and smolt behaviour with implications for the Norwegian salmon farming management system: A critical review
Full text linkIn 2017, a new regulatory management system, the traffic light system (TLS), was implemented to estimate the effects of salmon lice from Norwegian salmon aquaculture on marine survival of wild Atlantic salmon and forms the basis of aquaculture capacity regulation. The TLS relies on observational data and a set of models to estimate the risk for negative impact on wild salmon populations. This review of the literature that forms the basis for the TLS as well as other relevant studies is presented in the context of the currently practiced TLS and suggestions are made for immediate and long-term improvements. The main findings of this review are that: (1) assumed timing and duration of smolt migration contribute to unreliable observational and modelled data and overestimates of infection pressure; (2) production of lice larvae from farmed salmon is overestimated; (3) TLS model systems rely on or are calibrated by the same potentially flawed data; (4) lice-associated mortality in wild salmon smolts may be overestimated; and (5) lice infection levels on farms are not associated with measurable effects on wild salmon. Recommendations to improve the accuracy and reliability of the TLS, and hence its environmental efficiency include the more complete use of available biological and physical environmental variables, adjusting the time period that observational data are registered and modelled data are integrated, adjusting the interpretation of data including recognition of uncertainty in model outcomes, and use of more realistic assumptions concerning lice-induced mortality thresholds.publishedVersio
