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Synthesis and thermal studies of two phosphonium tetrahy-droxidohexaoxidopentaborate(1-) salts: single-crystal XRD characterization of [iPrPPh3][B5O6(OH)4].3.5H2O and [MePPh3][B5O6(OH)4].B(OH)3.0.5H2O
Get PDFTwo substituted phosphonium tetrahydoxidohexaoxidopentaborate(1-) salts, [ iPrPPh 3][B 5O 6(OH) 4]·3.5H 2O ( 1) and [MePPh 3][B 5O 6(OH) 4]·B(OH) 3·0.5H 2O ( 2), were prepared by templated self-assembly processes with good yields by crystallization from basic methanolic aqueous solutions primed with B(OH) 3 and the appropriate phosphonium cation. Salts 1 and 2 were characterized by spectroscopic (NMR and IR) and thermal (TGA/DSC) analysis. Salts 1 and 2 were thermally decomposed in air at 800 °C to glassy solids via the anhydrous phosphonium polyborates that are formed at lower temperatures (<300 °C). BET analysis of the anhydrous and pyrolysed materials indicated they were non-porous with surface areas of 0.2-2.75 m 2/g. Rhe recrystallization of 1 and 2 from aqueous solution afforded crystals suitable for single-crystal XRD analyses. The structure of 1 comprises alternating cationic/anionic layers with the H 2O/pentaborate(1-) planes held together by H-bonds. The cationic planes have offset face-to-face ( off) and vertex-to-face ( vf) aromatic ring interactions with the iPr groups oriented towards the pentaborate(1-)/H 2O layers. The anionic lattice in 2 is expanded by the inclusion of B(OH) 3 molecules to accommodate the large cations; this results in the formation of a stacked pentaborate(1-)/B(OH) 3 structure with channels occupied by the cations. The cations within the channels have vf, ef (edge-to-face), and off phenyl embraces. Both H-bonding and phenyl embrace interactions are important in stabilizing these two solid-state structures. </p
Care and compassion: An exploration of care experiences and compassion focused approaches in Forensic and Inpatient Mental Health Services.
Get PDFExploring overnight social care for older adults: a scoping review
Get PDFPurposeDemand for care at home is growing because of the increase in life expectancy, an ageing population and the chronic conditions that often accompany longevity. Daytime care at home services have been widely reported on, but less is known about overnight care at home. This paper aims to gather evidence about overnight social care for older adults in their homes.Design/methodology/approachRecent studies were identified through searches in three electronic databases. Studies published in English between January 2016 and June 2022 exploring overnight care at home for older adults were eligible for inclusion. An additional Google search identified home care services within the UK currently providing overnight support.FindingsThe review retrieved five relevant papers, highlighting the paucity of research in this area. A narrative review of the literature identified common themes that suggested domiciliary night care staff play an integral role in meeting the overnight care and support needs of older adults who wish to be cared for at home. Despite the limited evidence base in this area, the Google search for UK domiciliary services who provide overnight support identified several active programmes.Originality/valueTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first scoping review exploring the provision of overnight social care to older adults in their own homes. The review highlights the need for further research to inform commissioning and practice development.<br/
The genome sequence of the Tawny Mining Bee, Andrena fulva (Müller, 1766)
Get PDFWe present a genome assembly from an individual female Andrenafulva (the Tawny Mining Bee; Arthropoda; Insecta; Hymenoptera;Andrenidae). The genome sequence is 461.7 megabases in span. Mostof the assembly is scaffolded into 7 chromosomal pseudomolecules.The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 14.7kilobases in length. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensemblidentified 12,011 protein coding gene
Evidence of anticipatory forest use behaviours under policy introduction: a systematic map protocol
Get PDFBackgroundForest conservation is a major global policy goal, due to the role forests play in climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation. It is well recognized that the introduction of policies, whether aimed at forest conservation or with other objectives, has the potential to trigger unintended outcomes, such as displacement or leakage, which can undermine policy objectives. However, a set of outcomes that has escaped detailed scrutiny are anticipatory forest use behaviours, emerging when forest stakeholders anticipate policy implementation, deploying for example pre-emptive forest clearing, resulting in detrimental environmental outcomes. Lack of understanding of the extent and sectorial scope of these behaviours prevents us from devising strategies to address their potential detrimental consequences.MethodsThis protocol presents the methodology that will be followed to conduct a systematic map to identify, compile, review and describe the evidence available on anticipatory forest use behaviours in the context of policy introduction around the world. We will use two complementary search strategies, which we have tested before submitting this protocol. First, a systematic bibliographic search, and second, a citation chase approach. We will include articles based on a pre-defined set of criteria defined according to a Population, Intervention and Outcome (i.e. PIO) design. To support identification of knowledge gaps and clusters, we will report results of the systematic map in a narrative synthesis, an evidence atlas and other visualisations.Supplementary informationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13750-023-00307-0
Automated Video-Based Capture of Crustacean FIsheries Data Using Low-Power Hardware
Get PDFThis work investigates the application of Computer Vision to the problem of the automated counting and measuring of crabs and lobsters onboard fishing boats. The aim is to provide catch count and measurement data for these key commercial crustacean species. This can provide vital input data for stock assessment models, to enable the sustainable management of these species. The hardware system is required to be low-cost, have low-power usage, be waterproof, available (given current chip shortages), and able to avoid over-heating. The selected hardware is based on a Raspberry Pi 3A+ contained in a custom waterproof housing. This hardware places challenging limitations on the options for processing the incoming video, with many popular deep learning frameworks (even light-weight versions) unable to load or run given the limited computational resources. The problem can be broken into several steps: (1) Identifying the portions of the video that contain each individual animal; (2) Selecting a set of representative frames for each animal, e.g, lobsters must be viewed from the top and underside; (3) Detecting the animal within the frame so that the image can be cropped to the region of interest; (4) Detecting keypoints on each animal; and (5) Inferring measurements from the keypoint data. In this work, we develop a pipeline that addresses these steps, including a key novel solution to frame selection in video streams that uses classification, temporal segmentation, smoothing techniques and frame quality estimation. The developed pipeline is able to operate on the target low-power hardware and the experiments show that, given sufficient training data, reasonable performance is achieve
An Exploration of the Role Social Class has in Clinical Psychology Training and for Adults Engaging with Psychological Therapies in the UK.
Get PDFStructural (XRD) Characterization and an Analysis of H-Bonding Motifs in Some Tetrahydroxidohexaoxidopentaborate(1-) Salts of N-Substituted Guanidinium Cations
Get PDFThe synthesis and characterization of six new substituted guanidium tetrahydroxidohexaoxidopentaborate(1-) salts are reported: [C(NH 2) 2(NHMe)][B 5O 6(OH) 4]·H 2O ( 1), [C(NH 2) 2(NH{NH 2})][B 5O 6(OH) 4] ( 2), [C(NH 2) 2(NMe 2)][B 5O 6(OH) 4] ( 3), [C(NH 2)(NMe 2) 2][B 5O 6(OH) 4] ( 4), [C(NHMe)(NMe 2) 2][B 5O 6(OH) 4]·B(OH) 3 ( 5), and [TBDH][B 5O 6(OH) 4] ( 6) (TBD = 1,5,7-triazabicyclo [4.4.0]dec-5-ene). Compounds 1- 6 were prepared as crystalline salts from basic aqueous solution via self-assembly processes from B(OH) 3 and the appropriate substituted cation. Compounds 1- 6 were characterized by spectroscopic (NMR and IR) and by single-crystal XRD studies. A thermal (TGA) analysis on compounds 1- 3 and 6 demonstrated that they thermally decomposed via a multistage process to B 2O 3 at >650 °C. The low temperature stage (<250 °C) was endothermic and corresponded to a loss of H 2O. Reactant stoichiometry, solid-state packing, and H-bonding interactions are all important in assembling these structures. An analysis of H-bonding motifs in known unsubstituted guanidinium salts [C(NH 2) 3] 2[B 4O 5(OH) 4]·2H 2O, [C(NH 2) 3][B 5O 6(OH) 4]·H 2O, and [C(NH 2) 3] 3[B 9O 12(OH) 6] and in compounds 1- 6 revealed that two important H-bonding R 2 2(8) motifs competed to stabilize the observed structures. The guanidinium cation formed charge-assisted pincer cation-anion H-bonded rings as a major motif in [C(NH 2) 3] 2[B 4O 5(OH) 4]·2H 2O and [C(NH 2) 3] 3[B 9O 12(OH) 6], whereas the anion-anion ring motif was dominant in [C(NH 2) 3][B 5O 6(OH) 4]·H 2O and in compounds 1- 6. This behaviour was consistent with the stoichiometry of the salt and packing effects also strongly influencing their solid-state structures. </p
Greenhouse gas production, diffusion and consumption in a soil profile under maize and wheat production
Get PDFAgricultural soil emissions are a balance between sinks and sources of greenhouse gases (GHGs). The fluxes of GHGs from soils are complex and spatially and temporally heterogenous. While the soil surface is the exchange site with the atmosphere and is commonly where GHG fluxes are measured, it is important to consider processes occurring throughout the soil profile. To reduce emissions and improve agricultural sustainability we need to better understand the drivers and dynamics (production, consumption, diffusion) of these gases within the soil profile. Due to the heterogeneous nature of GHG processes at small to large scales, it is important to test how these processes differ with depth in different systems. In this study, we measured in situ CO2, N2O and CH4 concentration gradients as a function of soil depth over subsequent maize and wheat growing seasons with active gas samplers inserted into an arable field at 10, 20, 30 and 50 cm depths. We found N2O and CH4 concentrations increased with depth, but only CO2 concentrations differed with depth between growing seasons due likely to differences in soil diffusivity driven by soil conditions. Using the concentration gradient method (GM), the CO2 fluxes at each depth and their contribution to the surface flux were calculated and validated against a chamber method (CM) measured surface flux. We found the GM estimated surface CO2 flux was only 6 % different in the wheat, but 28 % lower than the surface measured flux in the maize growing season, due to drought conditions reducing the accuracy of the GM. Finally, we measured fluxes of CO2, N2O and CH4 in ambient and highly concentrated headspaces in laboratory mesocosms over a 72 h incubation period. We provide evidence of depth dependent CH4 oxidation and N2O consumption and possibly CO2 fixation. In conclusion, our study provides valuable information on the applicability of the GM and further evidence of the GHG production, consumption and diffusion mechanisms that occur deeper in the soil in a temperate arable context
