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    Choosing the Right Electrode Representation for Modeling Real Bioelectronic Interfaces: A Comprehensive Guide

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    We provide the dataset along with the Comsol Multiphysics 6.0 .mph model for the measurements and simulations which were undertaken for the publication entitled "Choosing the Right Electrode Representation for Modeling Real Bioelectronic Interfaces: A Comprehensive Guide".fast amperometry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, COMSOL Multiphysics mode

    Structural changes of the Butoniga reservoir ichthyofauna during the ten year period

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    Ciljevi ovog istraživanja bili su: odrediti promjene u sastavu ihtiofaune akumulacije Butoniga tijekom desetogodišnjeg razdoblja i odrediti povezanost između sastava ihtiofaune i mutnoće vode. Sastav ihtiofaune odredila sam preko ekoloških grupa te kvalitativnog i kvantitativnog sastava. Prema rezultatima kvalitativnog sastava, 12 vrsta živi u akumulaciji Butoniga. Rezultati kvantitativnog sastava ukazuju na smanjivanje broja jedinki i biomase primorske uklije (Alburnus arborella Bonaparte, 1841), šarana (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) , babuške (Carassius gibelio Bloch, 1782), sunčanice (Lepomis gibbosus Linnaeus, 1758) i bijelog klena (Squalius squalus Bonaparte, 1837), dok se kod linjaka (Tinca tinca Linnaeus, 1758) brojnost smanjila uz povećanje biomase. Kod bodorke (Rutilus rutilus Linnaeus, 1758) i smuđa (Sander lucioperca Linnaeus, 1758) došlo je do povećanja brojnosti i biomase, dok kod štuke (Esox lucius Linnaeus, 1758) brojnost stagnira uz povećanje biomase. Rezultati analize ekoloških grupa ukazuju na dominaciju vrsta koje žive u vodenom stupcu te fitolitofilnih, omnivornih, euritopnih i alohtonih vrsta. Za ispitivanje povezanosti mutnoće vode i sastava ihtiofaune, koristila sam metodu linearne regresije. Odabrala sam bivarijantni model linearne regresije u kojem je mutnoća vode nezavisna varijabla, a udjeli jedinki fitofilnih, fitolitofilnih, omnivornih i piscivornih vrsta su zavisne varijable. Rezultati dobiveni regresijskom analizom ukazuju na vrlo visoku negativnu korelaciju fitofilnih vrsta, visoku negativnu korelaciju piscivornih vrsta te visoku pozitivnu korelaciju fitolitofilnih i omnivornih vrsta.Aims of this study were to determine the changes of ichthyofauna composition during the ten-year period and to determine the correlation between ichthyofauna composition and water turbidity. I determined the ichthyofauna composition through the qualitative, quantitative, and ecological guilds analysis. The results of qualitative analysis indicate that 12 fish species inhabit the Butoniga reservoir. According to the quantitative analysis results, the biomass and abundance of alborella (Alburnus arborella Bonaparte, 1841), common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758), gibel carp (Carassius gibelio Bloch, 1782), pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus Linnaeus, 1758) anditalian chub (Squalius squalus Bonaparte, 1837) decreased. At the same time, the biomass of tench (Tinca tinca Linnaeus, 1758) while the its abundance decreased. Roach (Rutilus rutilus Linnaeus, 1758) and pikeperch (Sander lucioperca Linnaeus, 1758) increased their biomass and abundance, while the northern pike (Esox lucius Linnaeus, 1758) only increased its biomass. Ecological guilds analysis results indicate that the fish who live in the water column, phyto-lithophilous, omnivorous, euritopic and allochthonous species are dominant. I used the linear regression method to determine the correlation between ichthyofauna composition and water turbidity. I chose the bivariate model in which the turbidity is independent variable and proportions of phytophilous, phyto-lithophilous, omnivorous and piscivorous fish are dependent variables. The results of linear regression analysis indicate that the correlation of phytophilous fish proportion is very strong and negative, the correlation of piscivorous fish is strong and negative and the correlation of phyto-lithophilous and omnivorous fish is strong and positive

    Factor analysis

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    U ovom diplomskom radu proučavali smo teorijsku pozadinu faktorske analize te njenu primjenu na konkretnom skupu podataka. Faktorska analiza je statistička metoda koja kao cilj ima pronalaženje manjeg broja neopaženih varijabli (faktora) koje objašnjavaju što veći dio varijabilnosti početnog skupa podataka. Početne varijable koje su korelirane tada možemo prikazati kao linearne kombinacije nekoreliranih faktora, iz cijih težina možemo uvidjeti koliki je utjecaj određenog faktora na neku od varijabli. Na samome početku smo definirali faktorski model te objasnili od kojih se sve komponenti sastoji. Zatim smo proučavali razne metode procjene faktora koje su sve imale isti cilj, a to je ekstrakcija maksimalne varijance iz skupa podataka sa svakim faktorom. Kod odabira broja faktora u modelu uvidjeli smo da postoje razni kriteriji pomoću kojih možemo odrediti broj potrebnih faktora, koji su na kraju davali identične rezultate. Nakon što smo došli do rješenje nerijetko je teško interpretirati dobivene rezultate pa smo se u takvim slučajevima oslanjali na rotacije koje su nam olakšale donošenje zaključaka na način da su poboljšavale samu interpretaciju našeg rješenja. Na samome kraju, dali smo tri primjera u kojima smo sproveli faktorsku analizu.In this master’s thesis, we examined the theoretical background of factor analysis and its application to a specific dataset. Factor analysis is a statistical method aimed at finding a smaller number of unobserved variables (factors) that explain a larger portion of the variability in the original dataset. The initial correlated variables can then be represented as linear combinations of uncorrelated factors, from which we can determine the influence of a particular factor on each variable based on their weights. At the outset, we defined the factor model and explained its components. We then explored various factor estimation methods, all with the same goal of extracting maximum variance from the dataset with each factor. When selecting the number of factors in the model, we found various criteria to determine the necessary number of factors, which ultimately yielded identical results. After obtaining the solution, interpreting the results can often be challenging, so in such cases, we relied on rotations to facilitate decision-making by improving the interpretation of our solution. Finally, we provided three examples where we conducted factor analysis

    Visual mathematics

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    U ovom radu su prikazani slikovni i klasični dokazi nekih matematičkih tvrdnji. Naglasak je na vizualnim dokazima poznatijima pod nazivom „dokazi bez riječi“. Općenito, dokaz bez riječi je jedna ili niz slika koji pomažu čitatelju da vizualno razumije zašto je određena matematička tvrdnja točna. Istodobno, on daje ideju o tome kako bi se ta tvrdnja mogla formalno dokazati. Iako vrlo intuitivni, slikovni dokazi znaju imati nedostatke kao što su nepokrivanje svih slučajeva, manjak sistematičnosti ili naprosto pogrešna čitateljeva interpretacija. Zbog toga će se vizulani dokazi pokazati u svom punom sjaju kada je uz njih kvalitetan popratni tekst i analiza slike. Cilj ovog rada je pokazati da se formalni i vizualni dokazi nadopunjuju i da zajedno čine najinformativniju i većini najlakše shvatljivu cjelinuIn this thesis, visual and classical proofs of certain mathematical statements are presented. The emphasis is on visual proofs, more commonly known as ”proofs without words.” Generally, a proof without words consists of one or a series of images that help the reader visually understand why a specific mathematical statement is true. At the same time, it provides an idea of how that statement could be formally proven. Although very intuitive, visual proofs may have drawbacks such as not covering all cases, lacking systematicity or simply being subject to the reader’s misinterpretation. Therefore, visual proofs shine in their full glory when accompanied by a high-quality supporting text and image analysis. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate that formal and visual proofs complement each other, creating the most informative and easily understandable whole when presented together

    GENOMICS AND PECULIARITIES OF THE REPETITIVE DNAs OF THE OYSTERS IN THE FAMILY OF OSTREIDAE

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    Ponavljajuća DNA u mnogim organizmima čini velik, ali neistražen dio genoma. Za vrstu Crassostrea gigas bioinformatički je utvrđeno da repeatom dominantno grade satDNA i PGE, a najbrojnija satDNA je Cg170. Bioinformatički su utvrđeni satelitomi srodnih vrsta kamenica C. gigas, Crassostrea angulata, Crassostrea virginica i Ostrea edulis. U sklopu centromere C. gigas najbrojnije DNA su transpozoni i satDNA, a u heterokromatinu najbrojniji su DNA transpozoni. Više od 75 % satelitoma te vrste pokazalo je sličnost s elementima Helitron. Analizom postranih regija monomera ili nizova satDNA utvrđeno je da se samo jedna satDNA nalazi isključivo u sklopu elementa Helitron, dvjema je većina monomera/nizova monomera samostalna, a osam satDNA u podjednakim je omjerima prisutno samostalno i u sklopu elementa. Niz satDNA zajednički je svim ispitanim vrstama, a C. gigas i C. angulata dijele najveći broj zajedničkih satDNA. U C. gigas nije otkriveno tipično nakupljanje satDNA na određenim kromosomskim pozicijama, čime je u ovoj vrsti ustanovljen novi (visokoraspršeni) obrazac organizacije satDNA na razini genoma.Repetitive DNA constitutes big, but still uninvestigated genome part. For the oyster Crassostrea gigas it was bioinformatically determined that the repeatome is mainly constituted of satDNAs and mobile elements, and the most abundant satDNA is Cg170. The satellitomes of four closely related species, C. gigas, Crassostrea angulata, Crassostrea virginica and Ostrea edulis, were bioinformatically determined. The most abundant sequences in the centromere of C. gigas are DNA transposons and satDNAs, while in heterochromatin the most abundant are DNA transposons. More than 75% of satellitome of this species showed similarity to Helitrons. Analysis of conserved boxes adjacent to monomers or tandem repeats of satDNAs showed that only one satDNA exists integrated into Helitrons, two have majority of their monomers/tandem repeats as standalone organizational form, and eight satDNAs have equally present monomers/tandem repeats in both forms. All analyzed species have several satDNAs in common, but C. gigas and C. angulata share the highest number of common satDNAs. SatDNAs in C. gigas did not show typical clustering at certain chromosomal positions but new organizational pattern: highly scattered across the genome

    Application of Arduino microcontroller for motion analysis

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    Ovaj istraživački rad se bavi primjenom Arduino mikrokontrolera u pokusima fizike, a fokus je stavljen na pokuse s gibanjima. U radu se pobliže upoznaje s radom u platformama za programiranje mikrokontrolera. Izradom kôda programiraju se komponente. Koristeći mikrokontroler, akcelerometar, i senzor za udaljenost, dobivamo podatke koje grafički prikazujemo i analiziramo rezultate triju pokusa s pokusnim kolicima. Prvi i drugi pokus uključuju gibanje kolica na kosini pri različitim nagibima kosine, a treći periodičko titranje kolica na ravnoj podlozi. U ovom radu istražujemo potencijal za unapređenje obrazovanja učenika u fizic

    Dosimetric verification of convolution algorithm for absorbed dose calculation in Leksell Gamma Knife brain radiosurgery

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    U planiranju radiokirurgije mozga Leksellovim gama nožem koristi se računalni sustav za izračun i optimizaciju apsorbirane doze. Najčešće korišteni algoritam u sustavu za planiranje terapije Leksell GammaPlan (LGP, Elekta AB, Stockholm, Švedska) je TMR 10 (Elekta AB, Stockholm, Švedska), temeljen na omjeru tkivo-maksimum. On pretpostavlja da je gustoća tkiva ekvivalentna gustoći vode te da su sastav i gustoća svih tkiva homogeni. U neposrednoj blizini heterogenih struktura, predana apsorbirana doza i doza koju je izračunao TMR 10 algoritam mogu se znatno razlikovati. Uz TMR 10 algoritam dostupan je i konvolucijski algoritam. On konvoluira funkcije koje opisuju kako se energija prenosi iz primarnog fotonskog snopa na sekundarne elektrone sa funkcijama koje opisuju kako se ta energija dalje prenosi u tkivo. Time se uzimaju u obzir razlike medu tkivima. U ovom radu proveli smo dozimetrijsku provjeru točnosti konvolucijskog algoritma za jednostavne jednoizocentričke raspodjele doze Leksellovog gama noža, uz pretpostavku da se njime točnije računa apsorbirana doza u odnosu na TMR 10 algoritam. Za provjeru su korišteni radiokromski film GAFChromic EBT3 (Ashland Advanced Materials, Bridgewater, New Jersey, SAD), ionizacijske komore Semiflex TM31010 i PinPoint3D TM31022 (PTW, Freiburg, Njemačka) i silicijski detektor Diode E (PTW, Freiburg, Njemačka). Rezultati ovog rada ne podržavaju pretpostavku da konvolucijski algoritam točnije računa apsorbiranu dozu od TMR 10 algoritma za ciljne volumene u središtu mozga. TMR 10 algoritam daje rezultate unutar 2.1% od eksperimentalnih vrijednosti, čime daje točnije rezultate od konvolucijskog algoritma za većinu mjernih točaka, čija su odstupanja do 3.1%. Konvolucijski algoritam sustavno podcjenjuje apsorbiranu dozu. Sve računalno određene raspodjele doze i izlazni faktori su u odličnom slaganju s referentnim vrijednostima.In the planning process of Leksell Gamma Knife brain radiosurgery a treatment planning system is used for the calculation and optimization of the absorbed dose. The most commonly used algorithm in Leksell Gamma Plan treatment planning (LGP, Elekta AB, Stockholm, Sweden) system is the TMR 10 algorithm (Elekta AB, Stockholm, Sweden), based on the tissue maximum ratio. It assumes tissue-water equivalency along with the homogeneity of tissue composition and density. Near heterogeneous structures, the dose delivered to the target volume and the dose calculated by the TMR 10 Algorithm can differ significantly. The convolution algorithm is available alongside the TMR 10 algorithm. It convolves functions describing the energy transfer between the primary photon beam and the secondary electrons with functions describing how that energy is further distributed in tissue. That way it accounts for the differences between tissues. This study aimed to verify the convolution algorithm’s accuracy for simple mono-isocentric dose distributions of Leksell Gamma Knife under the assumption that it might perform more accurately than the TMR 10 algorithm in the absorbed dose calculation. The detectors used were the GAFChromic EBT3 radiochromic film (Ashland Advanced Materials, Bridgewater, New Jersey, USA), the Semiflex TM31010 and the PinPoint3D TM31022 cylindrical ionization chambers (PTW, Freiburg, Germany) and the Diode E silicon detector (PTW, Freiburg, Germany). The results of this study do not support the hypothesis that the convolution algorithm performs better than the TMR 10 algorithm in calculation of the absorbed dose for the mid-brain locations of interest. The TMR 10 algorithm performs within 2.1% or less relative to the experimental values, yielding more accurate results than the convolution algorithm for most measurement points, which differ up to 3.1%. The convolution algorithm systematically underestimated the absorbed dose. All output factors and dose profiles calculated with both algorithms were in excellent agreement with reference values

    Razvoj prostornog zora u nastavi matematike u osnovnoj i srednjoj školi

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    U ovom diplomskom radu povezujemo razvoj prostornog zora s Van Hiele modelom razvoja geometrijskog mišljenja. U uvodnom dijelu ukratko smo opisali što je geometrija, čime se bavi i koji je njezin značaj te se osvrnuli na zastupljenost geometrije u Nacionalnom matematičkom kurikulumu. Opisali smo Van Hiele teoriju geometrijskog mišljenja te njenu primjenu u nastavi matematike. Zatim smo razradili niz aktivnosti primjerenih učenicima osnovne i srednje škole kojima učenici razvijaju prostorni zor s osobitim naglaskom na kvalitativna svojstva i povezivanje dvodimenzionalnih i trodimenzionalnih geometrijskih objekata te njihove transformacije. Za svaku aktivnost je razrađen oblik rada, tijek aktivnosti, dani su primjeri nastavnih listića i rješenja te zaključci do kojih učenici trebaju doći. Na kraju smo opisali mogućnosti primjene 3D printanja u nastavi matematikeIn this thesis, we connect the development of spatial vision with the Van Hiele model of geometric thinking. In the introduction, we briefly described what geometry is, what it deals with, and its importance, as well as the representation of geometry in the National Mathematics Curriculum. We described the Van Hiele theory of geometric thinking and its application in mathematics education. Furthermore, we developed a series of activities suitable for elementary and high school students through which students develop spatial vision with a special emphasis on qualitative properties and the connection between two-dimensional and three-dimensional geometric objects and their transformations. For each activity, we elaborated the form of work, the course of the activity, examples of worksheets and its solutions, as well as the conclusions that students should arrive at. Finally, we described the possibilities of applying 3D printing in mathematics education

    The perspective of the spatial redevelopment of the '"TEF'" location in Šibenik

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    Posljednjih nekoliko desetljeća, otkako je Tvornica ferolegura i elektroda Šibenik zatvorena, Grad pokušava ekološki sanirati i prenamijeniti lokaciju bivše tvornice. Danas, kada je natječaj za investitore već otvoren, ovim radom se želi istražiti perspektiva prenamjene brownfielda TEF te definirati optimalne sadržaje koji bi se trebali nalaziti na revitaliziranoj lokaciji. U tom cilju u ovom radu je korišteno nekoliko različitih metoda istraživanja. Metoda analogije primijenjena je za utvrđivanje trendova prenamjene s obzirom na iskustva drugih bivših industrijskih i lučkih gradova. Korištena je i GIS metoda kartiranja kojom se istražila prostorna raspodjela gradskih funkcija na području grada Šibenika te dostupnost istih. Anketno istraživanje provedeno je kako bi se prikupila mišljenja i preferencije građana o budućim funkcijama revitaliziranog područja TEF-a. Sinteza rezultata, uzimajući u obzir relevantnu literaturu i prostorno plansku dokumentaciju, rezultirala je formulacijom četiri razvojna scenarija. Ti su scenariji evaluirani putem različitih čimbenika razvoja, a konačni rezultati ukazuju na optimalnu prenamjenu TEF-a u zonu mješovite namjene s odgovarajućim turističkim sadržajima, potvrđujući tako jednu od prethodno postavljenih hipoteza.Over the past few decades, since the closure of the Ferroalloy and Electrode Factory (TEF) in Šibenik, the City has endeavoured to environmentally remediate and repurpose the former factory site. Today, with investor competition already underway, this study aims to explore the perspective of repurposing the TEF brownfield and define optimal featuresto be situated on the revitalized location. To achieve this goal, several research methods have been employed in this study. The analogy method was applied to identify repurposing trends based on experiences of other former industrial and port cities. Additionally, a GIS mapping method was used to investigate the spatial distribution of urban functions in the Šibenik area and their accessibility. Survey research was conducted to gather opinions and preferences of citizens regarding future functions of the revitalized TEF area. Synthesizing the results, considering relevant literature and spatial planning documentation, led to the formulation of four development scenarios. These scenarios were evaluated based on various development factors, and the final results indicate the optimal repurposing of TEF into a mixeduse zone with appropriate tourism facilities, thereby confirming one of the previously established hypotheses

    Image segmentation into points, lines and edges

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    Segmentacija slike bavi se njenom podjelom na sastavne dijelove ili objekte, a detaljnost te podjele ovisi o samoj primjeni slike. Segmentacija netrivijalnih slika je jedan od najizazovnijih zadataka kod procesiranja slika. Metode za detektiranje izoliranih točaka, linija ili rubova temelje se na otkrivanju oštre, lokalne promjene intenziteta. Pikseli ruba su pikseli kod kojih dolazi do nagle promjene intenziteta funkcije slike, a sam rub, ili bolje rečeno segment ruba, je skup povezanih piksela ruba. Takve nagle promjene funkcije slike otkrivaju se proučavanjem njene prve i druge derivacije, odnosno njihovih aproksimacija. U radu su obrađene osnovne metode za detektiranje izoliranih točaka i linija. Posebna pažnja se posvećuje detekciji rubova jer takvi algoritmi imaju najširu primjenu i vrijednu ulogu u analizi slika. Opisano je nekoliko metoda detekcije ruba, medu kojima je najznačajniji Cannyjev algoritam. Kako algoritmi detekcije ponekad vraćaju nepovezane rubove, često su popraćeni algoritmima povezivanja rubnih segmenata, pa je predstavljeno i nekoliko metoda povezivanja. Na kraju rada su prikazani rezultati obrađenih algoritama detekcije na konkretnim primjerima, implementiranim u softverskom paketu Octave.Segmentation subdivides an image into its constituent regions or objects, and the level of detail to which the subdivision is carried depends on the application of the image. Segmentation of nontrivial images is one of the most challenging tasks in image processing. Methods of detecting isolated points, lines and edges are based on detecting a sharp, local change in intensity. Edge pixels are pixels at which the intensity of the image function changes abruptly, and an edge, or more precisely an edge segment, is a set of connected edge pixels. Such abrupt changes in intensity in the image function are detected using its first and second derivatives, i.e. their approximations. This thesis describes basic methods of detecting isolated points and lines. Special attention is afforded to edge detection, as edge detection algorithms have a wide range of application and play a valuable role in image analysis. Several edge detection algorithms are described, the most significant of which is the Canny detector. Seeing how edge detection algorithms sometimes produce broken edges, they are often accompanied by edge linking algorithms, so several such methods are described as well. At the end of the thesis, we showcase the results of the described detection algorithms on concrete examples, implemented in Octave

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