Cape Peninsula University of Technology
CPUT Electronic Theses and Dissertations RepositoryNot a member yet
2175 research outputs found
Sort by
A big data analytics framework to improve healthcare service delivery in South Africa
No full textThesis (MTech (Information Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.Healthcare facilities in South Africa accumulate big data, daily. However, this data is not being utilised to its full potential. The healthcare sector still uses traditional methods to store, process, and analyse data. Currently, there are no big data analytics tools being used in the South African healthcare environment.
This study was conducted to establish what factors hinder the effective use of big data in the South African healthcare environment. To fulfil the objectives of this research, qualitative methods were followed. Using the case study method, two healthcare organisations were selected as cases. This enabled the researcher to find similarities between the cases which drove them towards generalisation. The data collected in this study was analysed using the Actor-Network Theory (ANT). Through the application of ANT, the researcher was able to uncover the influencing factors behind big data analytics in the healthcare environment. ANT was essential to the study as it brought out the different interactions that take place between human and non-human actors, resulting in big data. From the analysis, findings were drawn and interpreted. The interpretation of findings led to the developed framework in Figure 5.5. This framework was developed to guide the healthcare sector of South Africa towards the selection of appropriate big data analytics tools.
The contribution of this study is in twofold; namely, theoretically and practically. Theoretically, the developed framework will act as a useful guide towards the selection of big data analytics tools. Practically, this guide can be used by South African healthcare practitioners to gain better understanding of big data analytics and how they can be used to improve healthcare service delivery
Functional and rheological properties of Bambara groundnut starch-catechin complex obtained by chemical grafting
No full textThesis (MTech (Food Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.The aim of this study was to produce Bambara groundnut (BGN) starch-catechin complex using chemical initiators (ascorbic acid and hydrogen peroxide) and cyclodextrin (alpha and beta) with the view to obtain a functional ingredient for the food industry. BGN starch was successfully extracted from BGN flour through dry milling method, yielding 32% of BGN starch. Native BGN starch was chemically modified using ascorbic acid (1% w/w) and hydrogen peroxide (165% w/w) as redox, biocompatible initiator for grafting catechin to the BGN starch. In addition, cyclodextrin (alpha and beta) were also used as initiators for modifying BGN starch through complexation methods. Complexation methods used included the microwave, co-evaporation and kneading. The characterization of native and modified BGN starches was carried out by performing scanning electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and fluorescence spectroscopy analysis. Functional, thermal and rheological properties of native and modified BGN starches were evaluated. The pasting properties of BGN starches were determined using the Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA). According to the SEM profile, native BGN starch had round, oval and elliptical shapes typical for legume starches. Native BGN starch displayed a typical type-C crystallinity which is common among legumes with strong peaks at 2θ of 15o, 17o and 23o. BGN starches modified through complexation methods had sharper peaks indicating an increase in starch crystallinity; however, following chemical modification there was loss in starch crystallinity which was evidenced by the amorphous region in the chemically modified BGN starches. Structure of native and modified BGN starches was confirmed by FTIR. The FTIR spectra of native BGN starch showed variable peaks at 3285.34 cm-1, 2931.69 cm-1, 1634.36 cm-1, 1336.77 cm-1 which are attributed to OH stretching, C-H stretching, water bending vibrations and C-O stretching, respectively. Furthermore, the FTIR results confirmed that native BGN starch is made up of glucose molecules just like all other starches. All modified BGN starches displayed a new absorption peak at 1020 cm-1 wavelength, thus indicating that starch modification was successful. On the other hand, all BGN starch-catechin complexes displayed a new absorption peak in the range of 1520 -1560 cm-1, attributed to the C-C stretching within the aromatic ring of the catechin. The successful grafting of catechin to BGN starch was also confirmed by the fluorescence spectroscopy results, where all the BGN starch-catechin complexes had an emission peak at 320 nm while native BGN starch had an emission peak at 270 nm. Antioxidant capacity of BGN starch was determined through DPPH and ORAC antioxidant assays. Within the DPPH assay, the antioxidant activity ranged from 2.26 to 38.31 μmol TE/g. The antioxidant activity of modified BGN starch-catechin complexes was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher than the ones modified without catechin. On the other hand, within the ORAC assay, the antioxidant activity ranged from 0.07 to 126.71 μmol TE/g. As opposed to the results obtained in DPPH assay, the antioxidant activity of chemically modified BGN starch-catechin complexes was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher than that of complexed BGN starch-catechin complexes. Chemical modification significantly increased the swelling capacity of native BGN starch while complexation methods significantly reduced it
Perception of employees concerning information security policy compliance : case studies of a European and South African university
No full textThesis (MTech (Information Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.This study recognises that, regardless of information security policies, information about institutions continues to be leaked due to the lack of employee compliance. The problem is that information leakages have serious consequences for institutions, especially those that rely on information for its sustainability, functionality and competitiveness. As such, institutions ensure that information about their processes, activities and services are secured, which they do through enforcement and compliance of policies. The aim of this study is to explore the extent of non-compliance with information security policy in an institution. The study followed an interpretive, qualitative case study approach to understand the meaningful characteristics of the actual situations of security breaches in institutions. Qualitative data was collected from two universities, using semi-structured interviews, with 17 participants. Two departments were selected: Human Resources and the Administrative office. These two departments were selected based on the following criteria: they both play key roles within an institution, they maintain and improve the university’s policies, and both departments manage and keep confidential university information (Human Resources transects and keeps employees’ information, whilst the Administrative office manages students’ records). This study used structuration theory as a lens to view and interpret the data. The qualitative content analysis was used to analyse documentation, such as brochures and information obtained from the websites of the case study’s universities. The documentation was then further used to support the data from the interviews. The findings revealed some factors that influence non-compliance with regards to information security policy, such as a lack of leadership skills, favouritism, fraud, corruption, insufficiency of infrastructure, lack of security education and miscommunication. In the context of this study, these factors have severe consequences on an institution, such as the loss of the institution’s credibility or the institution’s closure. Recommendations for further study are also made available
The treatment of biodiesel wastewater using an integrated electrochemical and adsorption process
No full textThesis (Master of Engineering in Chemical Engineering)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.The production of biodiesel is an energy and water intensive process. The wastewater that is produced during this process is high in concentrations of COD, BOD, FOG and various other contaminants. Since it contains low levels of nutrients, it is difficult to degrade using natural processes such as conventional activated sludge wastewater treatment. The discharge of untreated biodiesel wastewater also raises serious environmental concern. It interferes when remediated with biological processes and results in additional costs during the production of biodiesel when penalties and fines are applied. Conventional treatment processes are not capable of treating contaminants and pollutants in biodiesel to satisfactory concentrations and hence advanced treatment processes are necessary. In this research, a lab scale integrated treatment process was used to investigate the successful reduction of contaminants, in particular COD, BOD and FOG. The integrated treatment process used in this study consisted of three consecutive steps; acidification, electrochemical oxidation and adsorption using chitosan as an adsorbent. The electrochemical oxidation process with IrO2-Ta2O5/Ti anodes was applied to treat biodiesel wastewater. Different operating conditions were tested to establish favourable conditions. The current density applied as well as the concentration of NaCl as the supporting electrolyte greatly affected the process. A NaCl concentration of 0.08M was deemed sufficient, whereas a current density of 1 mA/cm² showed superior performance compared to lower or higher current densities.
Adsorption of pollutants in biodiesel wastewater was investigated using Chitosan as the adsorbent. Various chitosan concentrations, initial pH of the wastewater and repetitive adsorption stages were investigated. It was discovered that all three operating conditions greatly affect the performance of the process. The three consecutive adsorption stages using a chitosan concentration of 4.5 g/L at a pH of 2 resulted in the highest pollutant removal.
It was observed that the integrated treatment process could reduce COD, BOD and FOG levels by 94%, 86% and 95% respectively. This concludes that the treated effluent complies with local industrial effluent discharge standards, which could be disposed safely without further treatment
Intravenous fluid resuscitation : surveillance of penetrating injury in the pre-hospital environment
No full textThesis (Master of Emergency Medical Care)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.Physical injury is a major cause of premature death and disability worldwide (WHO, 2015). Mortality statistics for South Africa indicate that approximately half of all injury-related deaths were intentionally inflicted, often as a result of sharp-force injuries (Donson 2009). Cape Town is reputed to be a violent city (Nicol et al., 2014). Pre-hospital emergency care providers are often the first medical contact for injured patients. Previously, it was understood that high volume crystalloid administration would improve survival and was standardised in the management of shock (Santry & Alam 2010). However, over-administration of crystalloid fluid can cause patient harm by potentially worsening injuries and can be detrimental to a patients survival. Current evidence supports the practice of lower volume crystalloid intravenous fluid administration- permissive hypotension. Little is known about pre-hospital emergency care providers intravenous fluid management practices for penetrating injury. Injury surveillance data for victims of penetrating injury is also scarce with the majority of current data taken from mortality sources. Surveilling pre-hospital cases may yield opportunities for prevention from premature mortality and morbidity. The aim of this study is to undertake surveillance of penetrating injury and related intravenous fluid resuscitation in the pre-hospital emergency care environment. A prospective observational descriptive survey was conducted in the Cape Metropole1. Over three consecutive months, emergency care providers documented parameters related to mechanism of injury, scene vital signs, hospital vital signs, intravenous fluid resuscitation and basic patient demographic information for patients with penetrating injury. A predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria was used to sample patients
The economic contribution of the Design Indaba : a case study of the International Buyers’ Programme
No full textThesis (MTech (Tourism and Hospitality Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.Events are happenings that embody certain objectives; business events, sport events and festivals comprise the three general types of events that attract most attention. Design Indaba (DI) is one of the world’s leading design and business events launched in 1995 as a conference, but incorporating an Expo from 2004. The DI Expo triggered a need for buyer and exhibitor interaction and led to the launch of the DI Buyers’ Day, a programme aimed at bringing buyers and exhibitors together on a day set aside for buyers to view the products and services offered at the Expo before the general public. This study seeks to identify the economic contribution of the DI Buyers’ Day Programme to the event, to buyers, exhibitors and to Cape Town as a tourism destination. The study profiles the exhibitors and buyers before focusing on buyers’ spending patterns at the Expo and in Cape Town, their level of awareness and involvement in the event, their satisfaction with and perceptions of the event. Buyers were surveyed post event via electronic mail, while exhibitors were surveyed at the Cape Town International Convention Centre (CTICC) during the Expo dates of 28 February 2014 to 2 March 2014. Key Informant interviews were conducted with the event organiser and one of the event stakeholders (Department of the Premier, Western Cape Provincial Government) in order to gain insights from relevant parties prior to the event.
The study adopted a mixed-method approach, combining qualitative research (to get an in-depth set of opinions from buyers and exhibitors), with quantitative research concentrating on a stratified sample of the participants. The latter data collected from buyers and exhibitors was analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software – Version 22.0, which enabled the data to be tabulated and graphically represented. The qualitative data was analysed using the constant comparative method.
The research shows that both exhibitors and buyers regard the programme as a significant platform to build their brands and access business opportunities. However, emerging creatives and entrepreneurs feel that they need additional pre-event assistance/training to be able to maximise the opportunity to make connections with buyers who view their products/services. The event organisers also mentioned that if more governmental departments could be involved, more funding would be available to deal with key questions in terms of creating new markets, growing exports and creating jobs. Overall, the DI Buyers’ programme is one of the biggest trade shows in South Africa, attracting the largest number of buyers. More international buyers should be invited to the event, and design facet categories created so that they can be paired with the appropriate exhibitor. A single day for the DI Programme is also too short: an additional day should be added or a pre-event and post-event networking session should be created solely for exhibitors and buyers
A framework for ad hoc mobile technology-enhanced learning in a higher education context
No full textThesis (DTech (Information Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.Although the use of mobile technology features prominently in all walks of life, learning and teaching supported by its ad hoc use in higher education contexts is an under-researched topic. Moreover, elements constituting best practices for quality improvement and aimed at informing decision-making stakeholders, are spread across disparate frameworks, reported in literature. The study aimed to meet the following objectives: • O1: To identify the elements that inform strategic decisions for ad hoc mobile technology-enhanced learning. • O2: To inform the structure of the framework, defined by its constituent components. These objectives were associated with two main research questions, addressed via five secondary research questions that guided the exploration of elements associated with the ad hoc use of mobile technology-enhanced learning in a specific higher education environment. The study consequently proposed a consolidated and synthesised set of theoretically based and empirically determined elements, leading to a framework of interrelated guidelines. A moderate constructionist approach adapted from Järvensivu and Törnroos (2010) underpins the dual-purpose research design. At first, a systematic literature review explored existing frameworks applicable to e-learning, m-learning, technology-enhanced learning and blended-learning modalities. The review was subsequently expanded to include additional sources that addressed diverse aspects of mobile technology-enhanced learning. I undertook an extensive qualitative data analysis of the 55 articles resulting from the systematic literature review. Analysis techniques incorporated open, axial and selective coding, memoing, thematic analysis and the construction of network maps using ATLAS.ti V8.0, a CAQDAS tool. Outcomes of the analysis established an initial set of theoretically grounded elements, comprising a hierarchy of 11 constructs, five categories, 16 sub-categories and 60 items. Network maps demonstrated the interlinking of elements for each of the five categories titled: A. Enablement, B. Environment, C. Interactivity, D. Dynamics and E. Mobility. A final network map consolidated these individual maps, presenting the foundations for a framework for the ad hoc use of mobile technology-enhanced learning in higher education contexts.
The theoretically based elements established foundations for the empirical portion of the study – a single exploratory case study defined by an architectural technology domain. The case study supported the inclusion of multiple perspectives and complex, natural contexts where mobile technology usage by stakeholders was the focus of the study. Empirical data was collected during six studies from purposively selected faculty respondents. Qualitative data analysis of collected data yielded additional empirically determined elements namely: eight constructs, eight sub-categories and 35 items. These empirically determined elements augmented findings of the systematic literature review. Additional categories did not emerge; however support for theoretically based elements was demonstrated via network maps
Performance of zeolite ZSM-5 synthesised from South African fly ash in the conversion of methanol to hydrocarbons
No full textThesis (Master of Engineering in Chemical Engineering)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.Zeolites have found applications as heterogeneous or solid catalyst in the petrochemical and refining industries. Zeolite ZSM-5 in particular is a highly siliceous solid catalyst with a porous network that consists of medium pore structure (pore openings 5-5.5 A). The solid catalyst (ZSM-5) is well known for its high temperature stability and strong acidity, which makes it an established catalyst used for different petrochemical processes such as Methanol-To-Gasoline (MTG), isomerisation, disproportionation, and cracking. Unlike in the past, the synthesis of zeolite ZSM-5 from other sources that contains silica (Si) and alumina (Al) with the addition of a template (TPBr) as a structure-directing agent is eminent. Its synthesis can be achievable from coal fly ash that is a waste material and a cheap source of Si and Al. Coal fly ash is a waste material that is produced during the combustion of coal to generate electricity. The elemental composition of coal fly ash consists of mostly SiO2 and Al2O3 together with other significant and trace elements. Zeolite ZSM-5 catalyst synthesised from coal fly ash by previous authors required an excessive amount of additional source of silica even though the XRD spectra still show the presence of quartz and mullite phase in the final products. These phases prevented the use of fly ash (solid) as a precursor to synthesise zeolite ZSM-5 products. However, the synthesis of high purity zeolite ZSM-5 products by extracting silica and alumina from South African fly ash and then using it with small amounts of fumed silica was investigated This aim was achieved by fusing fly ash (FA) with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) under hydrothermal condition set at 550 oC for 1 hour 30 minutes. The quartz and mullite phase observed by previous authors was digested by the fusion process. Thereafter, the treatment of fused fly ash filtrate (FFAF) with concentrated H2SO4 (98-99%), precipitated silica and removed Al that therefore increased the Si/Al ratio from 1.97 in fly ash (FA) to 9.5 in the silica extract (named fused fly ash extract). This route was designed to improve the quality of the final products and reduced the amount of fumed silica added to the synthesis mixture prior to hydrothermal synthesis. In this line of investigation, the process of adding fumed silica to the hydrothermal gel was optimised. H-FF1 with a Si/Al ratio of 9.5 was synthesised using the silica extract without the addition of fumed silica. Its XRD, SEM and relative crystallinity results proved that H-FF1 was inactive and hence was not further characterised and utilised in the conversion of methanol to hydrocarbons (MTH). Purer phase zeolite ZSM-5 products (H-FF2 and H-FF3) that were synthesised from silica extract with the addition of small amounts of fumed silica were characterised and successfully used in the methanol to hydrocarbons (MTH) reaction. The synthesised ZSM-5 products had different Si/Al ratio, different morphology, crystal size, BET surface area, and relative crystallinity as well as different trends in the MTH reaction. It was also observed that H-FF2 and H-FF3 (pure phase) solid catalyst deactivated faster than the commercial H-ZSM-5 in the MTH reaction. However, the MTH conversion over H-FF2 competed with that of the commercial H-ZSM-5 within 3 hours of time on stream (TOS) but later deactivated at a faster rate. This was caused by the large crystal size and reduced BET surface area of H-FF2 when compared to the commercial H-ZSM-5. However, H-FF2 performed better than H-FF3 on stream (MTH reaction) due to its smaller crystal size and higher BET. This study has successfully utilised a route that synthesised high purity zeolite ZSM-5 products from the South African fused fly ash extract (FFAE) with the addition of small amounts of fumed silica. The properties of the synthesised zeolite ZSM-5 products (H-FF2 and H-FF3) were similar to that of the commercial H-ZSM-5 as well as active in the MTH reaction. This promoted the utilisation of a waste material (coal fly ash) to synthesise highly siliceous zeolite ZSM-5 products that avoided the presence of mineral phases from fly ash in the final products
The effect of gypsum phase components on the rheokinetics of cement paste
No full textThesis (Doctor of Engineering in Civil Engineering)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.Rheological properties of most ordinary Portland cements are dictated by the hydration reactions that their different phases experience. Cement clinker has four main phases with aluminate being the most reactive. Once in contact with water, the aluminate phase reacts rapidly and generally impedes the early hydration of other cement compounds such as calcium silicates that are responsible for the strength of cement systems. Consequently, the obtained matrix is stiff without much strength. Alternatively, calcium sulphate bearing materials are added within the clinker as set regulators of the aluminate phase hydration. For this purpose, natural gypsum is moslty gound with cement clinker as a source of sufficient sulphate, thereby keeping the cement paste plastic for a certain amount of time, allowing the hydration of silicate phases that are responsible for the early and later strength. However, the heat generated within the mill during the grinding process of clinker and gypsum causes a partial dehydration of natural gypsum into hemihydrate. The final ground cement product is thus comprised of two unexpected types of calcium sulphate bearing materials in an unpredictable proportion. Due to the difference in their solubility, the hydration of the aluminate phase can variably be altered which consequently affects the rheokinetics of the cement paste. Currently, the effect of the available amount of hemihydrate and natural gypsum in the cement sulphate phase, on both the hydration and rheology of ordinary Portland cements (OPC), are not well-understood. An ordinary Portland cement clinker was sampled during the production process of CEM I under stable kiln operations at a local cement plant. This was ground without any form of calcium sulphate bearing material and the final product was considered as relatively pure cement clinker. The degree of natural gypsum degeneration was achieved by partially replacing fractions of hemihydrate with those of natural gypsum. Firstly, the individual effect of these calcium sulphate bearing materials on the hydration kinetics was studied by varying their concentrations from 2-7% within the cement system. Secondly, the effect of their mix proportions at an optimum calcium sulphate concentration on cement paste rheokinetics was investigated. This research confirmed the findings of previous investigations relative to the effect of calcium sulphate on the hydration kinetic , giving new insight on the rheokinetics of cement paste with mix proportions of various calcium bearing materials. Results showed that the reaction rates of cement systems with hemihydrate were faster than those with natural gypsum and generally tended to decrease with the increase in their concentrations. Cements with hemihydrate experiencing shorter dormant durations than those with natural gypsum, likely due to the fact that the consumption rate of calcium sulphate was higher in cement systems with hemihydrate than those with natural gypsum. Consequently, before the exhaustion of sulphate ions, cement systems with hemihydrate had higher degrees of hydration and became almost similar thereafter. More ettringite and portlandite were formed in cement systems with hemihydrate as compared to those with natural gypsum. The amount of ettringite increased with the increase in calcium sulphate concentration up to 4% and thereafter remained constant. Conversely, the amount of portlandite decreased with the increase in calcium sulphate and also remained unchanged after 4%. The strength development of the cement microstructure depended on the concentration of hemihydrate within the suspension. The rigidification of the newly formed network was affected at higher hemihydrate fractions. Rheological parameters were more pronounced when the concentration of hemihydrate exceeded 50%. Below this hemihydrate concentration, cements had almost similar flow properties as those with only natural gypsum. Large changes in yield stress values and variation in plastic viscosity values of approximately 50% were observed. The trend of mixes dynamic yield stress were similar to their corresponding strength rate developments. This rheological behaviour was primarily attributed to the morphology change of ettringite that was triggered by the presence of a higher hemihydrate concentration. It was also noticed that physical performances of cement systems depended on their respective microstructure developments
Chemometrics, physicochemical and sensory characteristics of pearl millet beverage produced with bioburden lactic acid bacteria pure cultures
No full textThesis (MTech (Food Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical, chemical and sensory characteristics of non-alcoholic pearl millet beverage produced using isolated and purified cultures of bioburden lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Traditional non-alcoholic pearl millet beverage (TNAPMB) was produced through spontaneous fermentation. The slurry was fermented for 36 h at 37°C while monitoring the microbial growth at 3 h interval. LAB were grown on deMan, Rogosa and Sharpe agar and identified using Vitek 2 system. The initial numbers of LAB were 7.04 log cfu/ml and increased to 8.00 log cfu/ml after 21 h. The beverage was
dominated by LAB and contaminants and their survival was in succession. LAB from the genera Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, Streptococcus and Enterococcus were the main fermenting species in TNAPMB. Pearl millet extract (PME) was produced by hydrating pearl millet flour (PMF) with water (1:10, PMF:Water). To the mixture sprouted rice flour (10%), ground ginger (10%) and pectin (0.6%) were added. Stable PME was used in the production of plain non-alcoholic pearl millet beverage (PNAPMB). PME was pasteurized at 98°C for 30 min, hot filled and cooled to 25°C. The fluid was inoculated with
Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Pediococcus pentosaceus and Enterococcus gallinarum each at 0.05, 0.075 and 0.1%, respectively, using factorial design and fermented for 18 h at 37°C. The pH of the beverage ranged between pH 3.32 and pH 3.90. L. mesenteroides, P. pentosaceus, E. gallinarum, the interaction between L. mesenteroides and P. pentosaceus and the interaction between L. mesentoroides and E. gallinarum had a significant effect (p ˂ 0.05) on the pH of PNAPMB except the interaction between P. pentosaceus and E. gallinarum (p = 0.631). The total titratable acidity (TTA) of the beverage ranged from 0.50 to 0.72%. All cultures had a significant influence (p ˂ 0.05) on the TTA of the beverage with the exception of the interaction between L. mesenteroides and E. gallinarum (p = 0.102). However, Monte Carlo simulation showed that E. gallinarum caused an increase in the pH and a decrease in the TTA of the beverage. During fermentation, the pH of the beverage is desired to decrease while the TTA increases, hence E. gallinarum was removed. The interaction between L. mesenteroides and P. pentosaceus at 0.05% and 0.025%, respectively produced an acceptable PNAPMB with potential for commercialization. Furthermore, moringa supplemented non-alcoholic pearl millet beverage (MSNAPMB) was produced by adding 4% of moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf powder extract during the production of PNAPMB. The physicochemical, nutritional, microbial (LAB) and sensory characteristics of the PNAPMB, MSNAPMB and TNAPMB were determined. LAB were significantly (p < 0.05) affected by the fermentation period and increased from 3.32 to 7.97 log cfu/ml and 3.58 to 8.38 log cfu/ml in PNAPMB and SNAPMB, respectively. The pH of PNAPMB decreased from pH 5.05 to pH 4.14 while the pH of MSNAPMB decreased from pH 5.05 to pH 3.65 during the 18 h fermentation. The growth of LAB during fermentation had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on the pH of the beverages. The TTA increased from 0.14 to 0.22% and increased from 0.17 to 0.38%, in PNAPMB and MSNAPMB, respectively. The TTA of the beverage was affected significantly (p < 0.05) by the 18 h of fermentation. The protein content was 1.62, 2.17 and 1.50% in PNAPMB, MSNAPMB and TNAPMB, respectively. PNAPMB sample was deemed acceptable in comparison to the MSNAPMB. The total colour difference (ΔE) was 5.91 and 10.60 in PNAPMB and MSNAPMB, respectively in comparison to the TNAPMB. Volatile compounds with beneficial effect such
as anti-inflammatory and anti-pathogenic properties were identified in the beverages. Principal component analysis indicated that the variations in characteristics of PNAPMB and MSNAPMB could be explained using total fat, saturated fat, total sugar, ash, moisture, proteins, chroma (C), hue and b*. The results showed that isolated pure cultures could be used as starter cultures in the production of non-alcoholic cereal beverages at a commercial level with predictable quality and safety properties