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The prevalence of maturity onset diabetes of the young (Mody) in a population from the Western Cape
No full textThesis (MSc(Biomedical Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019Background: Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) is a monogenic type of diabetes caused by a single gene mutation. Up to date 14 different MODY subtypes have been identified. Mutations in the glucokinase (MODY 3) and hepatic nuclear factor 1 alpha (HNF1A) (MODY 2) are the most frequent causes of MODY in all populations studied. Patients with MODY are misdiagnosed with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Identifying patients with MODY is important as it affects treatment, for example, MODY 2 patients need no treatment, whereas those diagnosed with MODY 3 are very sensitive to low doses of sulphonylureas. To date, no data is available on the prevalence of MODY in populations from Africa. Thus, we aimed to investigate and report on the incidence of MODY, specifically mutations in the HNF1A gene in a population from the Western Cape. Methods: In this study, we screened for HNF1A MODY (MODY 3) mutations (rs115080759, rs140491072 rs137853245, and rs142318174) in 1639 (males = 406) individuals using real-time PCR. Positive MODY samples were confirmed by subsequent sequencing. All individuals underwent an oral glucose tolerance test. Results: The mean age of participants was 47.1±15.6 in males and 49.9±15.1 females. We identified 12 (0.73%) individuals with HNF1A gene polymorphisms; 12/1642 of rs115080759. Seven participants with a SNP in rs115080759 presented with normoglycemia, one with prediabetes, and four with diabetes. No polymorphism was detected in three SNPs; rs140491072, rs137853245 and rs142318174. Discussion and conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first African study on MODY, and the incidence is similar to that reported in other studies. The results suggest that MODY is misdiagnosed with other types of diabetes in Africa; therefore, our findings support the introduction of diagnostic genetic testing for MODY in South Africa
The effects of performance measurement on small and medium enterprises’ performance in the hospitality industry in Cape Town
No full textThesis (Masters in Management Accounting)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the hospitality industry in Cape Town are failing to make use of adequate performance measurement systems (PMSs) that aim to collect, analyse and report information regarding the performance of these industries. This lack of adequate PMSs has a direct negative impact on products, processes and services that are delivered in the industry, which in return affects SMEs’ overall performance to attain industry goals. Considering the impact that SMEs in the hospitality industry have on South Africa’s economy, this research investigated the effects of performance measurement on SMEs’ performance in the hospitality industry in Cape Town to assess the high rate of failure of these entities. Furthermore, the research determined the extent to which performance measurement is utilised by SMEs in the hospitality industry and to find out a comprehensive approach to motivate SMEs in establishing or making use of adequate performance measurement tools. The quantitative research approach was used. It allowed the researcher to measure variables existing in the social context. The research found that SMEs in the hospitality industry in Cape Town inappropriately use the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) measures by focusing only on well-known traditional aspects. It was also found that lack of resources, lack of quality personnel, misconception of performance measurement, the focus on short-term rather than long-term strategies by SMEs, and lack of time, were the factors influencing the SMEs in the hospitality industry to not use performance measurement. It was recommended that for SMEs in the hospitality industry to improve their performance, they must use appropriately and match both financial and non-financial measures. The research concludes that due to SMEs being in the hospitality industry environment, the use of performance measurement is inevitable; organisations should know that their success comes by balancing and properly using the aspects of BSC. Lack of adequate use of this system will always negatively affect the evolution of the organisation’s performance against their initial expectation, whether in occupancy rate, return on investment or meeting budget targets
Mechanical properties of friction stir welded dissimilar aluminium alloys (1050 and 5083 aluminium alloy plates)
No full textThesis (Master of Engineering (Mechanical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019Friction stir welding is a solid-state joining process. This welding technique is energy efficient and environmentally friendly. It is also categorized as the best welding technique when compared to other conventional welding techniques. FSW does not face problems faced by the other conventional welding techniques like the solidification process, the loss of alloying elements, the presence of segregation, porosities, blowhole and cracks formed in the weld joint. It can also be used to join high strength aerospace aluminium alloys and other metallic alloys that are hard to weld by conventional welding. Friction stir welding is considered to be the most important development in the welding of aluminium alloys. Generally, the mechanical properties of conventionally welded aluminium joints are poor and not attractive. This study reports on the analysis of the mechanical properties of the friction stir welded dissimilar aluminium alloys (1050-H14 and 5083-H111). The study was conducted using 6 mm thick 1050-H14 and 5083-H111 aluminium alloy plates which were cut to fit the friction stir welding machine. The profile of the pin was triangular threaded with 20 mm shoulder diameter and 6 mm pin diameter. The triangular threaded pin had 1mm pitch and the height of 5.8 mm. The FSW parameters were chosen using Taguchi method. The rotational speed and transverse that was set during the test was 1000 rpm and 30 mm/min respectively. Tool tilting angle used during all the tests was kept constant at 2 degrees. Computerized numerical control (CNC) wire cutter was used to cut the specimens. This type of cutting was selected because it does not introduce heat during cutting and to ensure that the microstructure integrity is maintained. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints were studied using tensile test, bending test, optical microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and microshardness test. The tensile test results showed that the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of AA5083 parent material is higher than the one of the welded joint. It was also noticed that all tensile test specimens fractured on advancing side (AA1050). The bending results presented good ductility, allowing for very high bend angles and no cracks were observed. The bending load was applied at the center of the specimens but the bending of all the specimens was on the side of AA1050. There was a variation in grain size between AA1050 and AA5083 parent materials where AA1050 had higher grain sizes while AA5083 had smaller grain sizes. The grain size for the base metal AA1050 was ranging between 25 − 33 μm while the grain size for AA5083 base metal ranged between 6.6 − 8 μm. The grain size for the stir zone or welded region ranged between 7.3-11.4 μm. The fracture of the tensile test specimens was also investigated through SEM. All the specimens show a cup like dimpled fracture which is a characterization of ductile failure mode. The microhardness of AA1050 base material is about 40 while the one for AA5083 base material ranges around 80. There is notable decrease in microhardness from the AA5083 side towards the center which then followed by the notable drastic increase towards the center of the weld
Continuous improvement practices within a nanosatellite manufacturing capability
No full textThesis (Master of Engineering (Quality))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019This study investigates the current innovation and development process approaches, with the intention of understanding and elucidating the internal dynamics of continuous quality improvement strategies within the disruptive technological innovation and development set-up of the French South African Institute of Technology (F'SATI) in the Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT). The research objectives were to look for answers within a innovation and development process approach by investigating the flexibility of the development process, setting up of an improvement targets, monitoring and measuring performance, applicability, and the use of risk-based thinking, lean manufacturing principle applications, and possible means to sustained good working practice for future innovation and development activities. Mixed research methodology was used to obtain meaningful and value-added results. Data was collected through group interviews (n1= 3 groups), a structured questionnaire completed by innovation and development full-time employees (n2 = 10 employees) and thorough review of documented organisational knowledge. Thematic data analysis was used to analyse qualitative data from the interviews, SPSS software was also used to analyse the quantitative data, and Cronbach's Alpha was used to test quantitative dataset reliability. Furthermore, an expert judgment approach was used to validate the results obtained from the research study through presentation of research findings to the innovation and development team. It was evident from the findings that even though continuous improvement approaches and a well-established systems engineering approach was in place, personnel capacity and resource capabilities, adopted organisational policies and procedures, and constant application of internal operational procedures remains a challenge within the F'SATI. The study recommends that the innovation and development centre needs to increase personnel capacity, with respect to required technical and interpersonal skills, more resources that are fit for purpose, to making use of value-adding business relations with external providers through a benchmarking approach, and to be released from dependency on the CPUT procurement system, in order to improve turnaround and delivery times
A concentrated solar and photovoltaic thermal cooled system for domestic use
No full textThesis (Master of Engineering (Mechanical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019Electric power shortage remains one of the biggest problems in Africa. Over 600 million people on the continent lack access to electricity. Researchers and engineers around the continent are looking at solar energy as a quick and environmental friendly solution to this crisis. Solar PV panels are considered to be the best way to generate electrical power from the sun's radiation. However, the conversion efficiency is known to be between 10-15%. This is not considered to be cost effective by many people. Over 80% of incident energy is dissipated as heat. Research shows that, PV panels lose efficiency due to overheating of the cells. As a solution to the above, this research work presents a design that overcomes a big part of the downsides of using photovoltaic panels. A concentrated solar photovoltaic thermal cooled system (CSPVT) was developed. The system aimed to improve the efficiency of PV modules while also producing useful thermal energy simultaneously. The CSPVT consists of the following: a concentrating reflector, a PV panel, a water cooling system and a sun tracking mechanism. The cooling system is introduced to prevent overheating of the PV panel and to produce hot water for domestic use; the reflector is meant to increase the intensity of sunlight onto the panel so that more energy can be generated and/or collected from the system using the same PV surface; the tracking mechanism ensures that the panel and reflector surfaces are pointed to the sun at all times throughout the day. The methodology used was a design, construct and test, supplemented by both MATLAB® programming and TRNSYS simulation for validation. The performance of the CSPVT was analysed under Cape Town meteorological conditions and compared to an identical non-modified PV panel. Experimental results showed an increase of at least 60.1% on electrical yield, coming from both concentration and tracking compared to the normal fixed PV panel. TRNSYS predicted an electricity yield increase of 40% and a combined electricity and thermal efficiency of 82% from the CSPVT. The actual overall efficiency of the normal PV panel was 11% compared to a combined 62.4% (14.5% electrical and 48% thermal) from the CSPVT. The study showed that the CSPVT has a great potential in improving both the efficiency and the total energy yield of PV panels. A quick economic analysis also showed the system to be cost effective because of concurrent generation of electricity and useful thermal energy in a space that is less than half of what would have been necessary if two systems were used. As an improvement, the study recommends use of pumping in place of natural convection to control the cell temperatures better and improve the electric efficiency further
Product design challenges of small to medium enterprises in the Western Cape : a design thinking approach
No full textThesis (MTech (Design))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019The study aimed to investigate how product design SMEs in the Western Cape could be supported. The study's research questions illustrated how important SMEs are in the South African economy, brought to light the key challenges product design SMEs face and provided support criteria to promote growth within the sector. Small to Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are seen as a vital driving force for South African economy, employment rate as well as innovation making it an important sector to support sustainable development. However South Africa SME failure rate is ranked one of the highest in the world with majority of SMEs failing to make it past their second year of operation. In illustrating and understanding the challenges product design SMEs face in Cape Town the study provided support measures to develop sustainable product design businesses. Previous literature has failed to investigate product design SMEs and the value they provide within South Africa, additionally not a lot is known about the challenges these business face. A Design Thinking (DT) approach was used within the study alongside blended research methods. These methods included; online surveys, semi-structured interviews and a design workshop. The study utilised 'Lewin's Change Management Model' as a conceptual framework as well as 'The Braun and Clarke 6 step method to Thematic Analysis" for Data analysis. The research found that, through the enterprise demographic, product design SME in Cape Town diverse into multiple fields, majority of the SMEs had been operation between 5-10 years, most generated an annual turnover of R500 000 − R 5 million and employed 1 − 20 employees as well as majority of the SMEs operated from the city bowl. The research additionally illustrated that majority of common business challenges consisted of financial resources, human resources as well as management. The research also uncovered a number of emerging themes in relation to product design SME challenges and through co-defining these challenges found that managing clients, project scope and design unknowns as the most important challenges. Ideation with participants in addressing these challenges formed possible solutions parameters such as good communication and transparency with clients, detailed definition and recognition process to manage project scope as well as systems for early identification of design unknowns within the creative process. The research also co-defined existing tool and systems currently in place within the product design SMEs sector that aid in building a sustainable business. These tools and systems consisted of; project forecasting programs, tools to streamline business workflow, project priority systems, financial forecasting tools and effective networking within the design industry
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) iIn the Diep And Plankenburg Rivers and potential remediation using charred Vitis vinifera (GRAPE) leaf litter
Full text linkThesis (DPhil (Chemistry))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in freshwater systems may aggravate the water crisis currently being experienced in the Western Cape province of South Africa. However, there is dearth of data on the levels of PAHs, necessary for effective assessment of water quality as well as remediation strategies. This study therefore assessed levels of PAHs in two important freshwater systems in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. The potential of grape leaf litter for PAH abatement was also investigated.
A solid-phase extraction - gas chromatography - flame ionisation detection (SPE-GC-FID) method was developed to simultaneously determine the 16 United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) priority PAHs in environmental samples. Levels of 16 US EPA priority PAHs were assessed in water, sediment and plants from seven selected sites on the Diep and Plankenburg Rivers. Seasonal variations of some water quality parameters and PAHs levels in water and sediment samples were determined from the selected sites. Activated carbons produced from Vitis vinifera (grape) leaf litter were utilised for PAH-remediation.
The SPE-GC-FID method developed for the 16 US EPA priority PAHs determination gave acceptable linearity (R2 > 0.999). Instrument detection limits ranged between 0.02 and 0.04 µg/mL and instrument quantification limits of between 0.06 and 0.13 µg/mL. Recovery studies were also acceptable (70.35 - 100.83%) with the exception of naphthalene that had lower recoveries.
The average ∑16 PAHs detected in water samples at a given site, over a one-year period ranged from 73.90 to187.11 µg/L. The highest PAHs levels were detected in water samples from industrial areas of both rivers; chrysene (Chy) followed by benzo[a]anthracene (BaA) were the most abundant PAHs detected in water samples. Higher PAHs levels were detected in sediment samples relative to water samples; the average ∑16 PAHs detected in sediment samples at a given site, over a one-year period ranged from 6.048 to 39.656 µg/g. PAHs levels were also highest in sediment samples from industrial areas of the two rivers; benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF) followed by benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF) were the most abundant PAHs detected in sediment samples. The average ∑16 PAHs detected in plant samples [Phragmites australis (common reed) and Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth)] at a given site, ranged between 62.11 and 226.72 µg/g. Highest levels of PAHs were therefore detected in plant samples, suggesting possible bioaccumulation of PAHs in plant tissues. The bioaccumulation of PAHs by the plants also indicates the phytoremediation potential of these plants for PAHs remediation.
The levels of PAHs measured in water and sediment samples were subjected to probabilistic risk assessment to predict the possibility of regulatory values being exceeded. The average percentage exceedence of 63.26 and 42.81 were obtained for PAHs in water samples of the Diep and Plankenburg Rivers respectively, while the corresponding average percentage exceedence obtained for sediment samples were 63.71 and 77.20.
Vitis vinifera (grape) leaf litter showed enormous prospect as precursor for activated carbon. The yield of activated carbons obtained from grape leaf litter ranged from 44.65 to 58.40% and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of up to 616.60 m2/g was obtained for activated carbons. The estimated adsorption capacities of the ZnCl2 and H3PO4 activated carbons for phenanthrene removal from aqueous solutions were 94.12 and 89.13 mg/g respectively.
The environmental samples analysed were heavily contaminated with the 16 US EPA priority PAHs and the probabilistic risk assessment suggested risks of the carcinogenic PAHs at the levels measured in the environment. Vitis vinifera leaf litter, showed enormous potential as renewable precursor for activated carbon production, capable of removing varied contaminants from wastewater
Synthesis and characterisation of Au/TiO2 composites for plasmon-enhanced visible light driven photocatalytic degradation of reactive orange 16 dye
Full text linkThesis (Master of Applied Science in Chemistry)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019Photocatalysis is one of the methods that have gained popularity for degradation of organic pollutants in water. Metal oxides, such as ZnO, Fe2O3, and TiO2 are considered to be good and efficient photocatalysts. TiO2, in particular, has been the most investigated because it is naturally abundant, non-toxic and stable. However, the wide band gap of TiO2 (3.2 eV), make TiO2 only to absorb UV light. For this reason, plasmon enhanced-photocatalysis has emerged as one of the appealing processes to achieve visible light utilization by TiO2. This process exploits the Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) of the metal nanoparticles such as gold to harvest the visible light and bring about photocatalytic process. LSPR is the effect of the oscillation of electrons in noble metals when they are in contact with light. Due to the LSPR phenomena, noble metals are able to increase the lifetime of the charge carriers and increase electron/hole generation semiconductors photocatalysts under visible light.
In this study, TiO2 was coupled with gold nanoparticles in order to facilitate visible light absorption and to improve the photocatalytic performance. Gold nanoparticles (nanospheres and nanorods) were synthesised using the Turkivich and seed mediated methods. These were characterised by UV-visible spectrophotometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for optical properties, size and morphology. The concentration of the as prepared gold samples was measured using the inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Gold nanospheres and gold nanorods were loaded into TiO2 using the nucleation and growth method to obtain the Au/TiO2 plasmonic composites. To investigate to effect of the gold size, two AuNRs samples with different aspect ratios (1.9 and 3.4) were prepared and used to form the nanocomposites with TiO2. Another Au/TiO2 composite sample was prepared by loading AuNS to compare the behaviour of the two shapes. The characterisation results of these samples from the transmission electron microscopy TEM and SEM confirmed the expected shapes (spheres and rods) and the formation of the nanocomposites. The energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) results showed the presence of the all the expected elements in the composites materials, further confirming the successful synthesis of the Au/TiO2 composites. The absorption spectra of the prepared nanocomposites showed the plasmonic peaks of the gold nanoparticles in the visible region, which also confirmed the formation of the composite materials.
The photocatalytic performance of the photocatalysts was investigated for the degradation of reactive orange 16. From the results obtained in this study, it was found that the photocatalysts
loaded with AuNRs gave higher photodegradation efficiencies compared to the one loaded with AuNS. The photocatalytic efficiency was found to increase with an increase on the aspect ratio of the AuNRs. For AuNRs (1.9) the achieved efficiency was 84.56 % and 86.65 % for AuNRs (3.4). Meanwhile, direct photolysis did not have an effect on the photodegradation of Reactive Orange 16 (RO 16). The combined effect of AuNRs and AuNS showed a drastic improvement on the photocatalytic efficiency and the rates of the process which was attributed to the synergistic effects of the transverse and the longitudinal plasmons peaks of both nanospheres and nanorods. The photocatalyst prepared with the mixed nanospheres and nanorods gave an efficiency of up to 90.15 % for the 1:1 ratio at 60 min reaction time.
A number of reaction parameters were investigated for their effect on the photodegradation efficiency including: pH, Au content, and temperature. The photocatalytic degradation of RO 16 was very slow in very acidic (pH 2.5) and very basic conditions (pH 11.5). The highest degradation efficiency was achieved at pH of about 6.7. Furthermore, the rate of degradation also increased with an increase in temperature from 15 oC to 30 oC due to the reduction of the activation energy. The increase in Au loading from 0.1 wt % to 0.2 wt % increased the photocatalytic performance of the catalyst from 56.29 % to 86.65 %. However, further increase in gold loading blocked the light penetration and hence, caused a decrease on the efficiency to 66.35 %
Ethylene-1-octene elastomers: Molecular structure characterization by advanced analytical methods
Full text linkThesis (Master of Applied Sciences in Chemistry)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019Polyolefin elastomers are non-crystallising materials which are challenging to characterize with conventional crystallization-based techniques such as crystallization analysis fractionation (CRYSTAF) and temperature rising elution fractionation (TREF). However, interaction chromatography (IC) offers an alternative pathway for the chemical composition distribution definition of these materials. This work details the development of comprehensive characterization methods of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) elastomers. In the first part of this work, four preparative fractionation methods namely, solution crystallization fraction (p-SCF), preparative temperature rising elution fractionation (p-TREF), modified p-TREF, and preparative molar mass fractionation (p-MMF) were compared for the analysis of an LLDPE elastomer with 12.8 mol% 1-octene content. While p-TREF showed the coelution effect at low elution temperatures, sufficient amount of fractions with narrow molar mass dispersity were obtained with the p-MMF method. Despite the limitations with the TREF method, it was demonstrated that both fractionation techniques provide detailed information on the complex nature of the LLDPE elastomer molecular structure after subsequent analysis with several other offline techniques such as solvent gradient interaction chromatography (SGIC). The modified p-TREF method also produced fractions with interestingly narrow dispersities and showed significant molar mass influence on its fractionation mechanism. The molar mass influence on the collected fractions was also observed with the p-SCF method, and both methods are a subject for future study. It was shown that when using a binary solvent mixture in which one of the solvents limits the solubility of the polyolefin chains, the separation is molar mass dependent even if column temperature is the active variable. In the second part of this work, four LLDPE copolymers with increasing amounts of 1-octene but similar molar masses were utilized to investigate the influence of chemical composition on the p-MMF technique. For all four LLDPE copolymers, eight fractions with decreasing molar masses were collected at different non-solvent/solvent ratios as the amount of non-solvent in the non-solvent/solvent mixture was increased. It was shown that chemical composition of these samples was independent of the fraction number, but was influenced by the average chemical composition of their respective bulk sample. Consequently, it was concluded that the molecular structure complexity of the four samples decreased with increasing 1-octene content. Finally, three commercial LLDPE elastomers with high 1-octene contents were comprehensively studied. Preparative molar mass fractionation was employed to obtain fractions which were further analysed using size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It was found that at bulk level, the samples appear to exhibit microstructural homogeneity, however, their respective p-MMF fractions exhibit multimodal chemical composition distributions. Furthermore, the p-MMF fractions showed an increase in their chemical composition heterogeneity as the molar mass decreased. Ultimately, it was concluded that the p-MMF method is the most suitable technique that provides in-depth insight on the molecular structure complexity of LLDPE elastomers
Management accounting practices and the performance of manufacturing small and medium enterprises in Cape Town
Full text linkThesis (MTech (Cost and Management Accounting))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in South Africa play a pivotal role in the economy. However, sustainability and operational problems are hindering these business entities, and researchers continue to report extremely high rates of business failure. Arguably, not making adequate use of management accounting practices (MAPs) could be a contributory factor to this status quo. These MAPs are a set of established accounting tools and techniques that have been developed through practice to provide timeous, accurate and relevant information for decision making in a firm. In this regard, MAPs can be used to aid operational efficiency and improve the overall performance of the business. This study sought to determine the extent of MAPs utilisation and the relationship with perceived organisational performance in manufacturing SMEs located in Cape Town. A quantitative approach was adopted using a structured questionnaire to collect data. Through a stratified random sampling technique using sub-industries in the manufacturing sector as the basis for stratification, a total of 104 usable responses were obtained. This data was analysed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). The results showed that the mostly utilised MAPs were costing, budgeting and performance measurement techniques. Decision support systems were used to a lower extent, and strategic management accounting techniques were rarely used. The intensity in competition and rising costs of productions were cited as the most influential factors in the adoption of MAPs. These results implied that manufacturing SMEs relied on basic MAPs and did not fully utilise the more sophisticated ones. Using the Spearman’s rank of the correlation coefficient, the associative relationship between MAPs utilisation and perceived organisational performance was tested. Results showed a moderate positive significant relationship between costing, budgeting and performance measurement techniques utilisation and increasing operating profits. A weaker positive significant relationship was found between decision making support, strategic management accounting techniques and increasing operational profits. These results implied that there was a positive relationship between MAPs utilisation and perceived organisational performance represented by operational profits. This study extends the current knowledge of MAPs utilisation and performance links in SMEs particularly in developing economies. Also, this research is vital to SME owners in considering adoption of MAPs, and it is recommended that they take the initiative to explore these tools. Furthermore, the Department of Small Business Development (DSBD) can incorporate strategic MAPs in their training materials. Lastly, accounting advisory firms need to expand their services rendered to the SMEs to include the utilisation of relevant MAPs